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Bhattacharjee M, Manoharan S, Sathisaran U, Tamatam A, Perumal E. MAO inhibiting phytochemicals from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3887-3905. [PMID: 37243713 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2216298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizin, a natural compound that is substantially present in Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Gg) root. Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) inhibitor is used for the treatment of several important neuropsychological diseases like Parkinson's disease. Gg is known to possess psychoactive properties which relates to its MAO inhibitory potential. This study sought to determine the MAO inhibition property of glycyrrhizin from Gg root extract. The Aqueous extract containing glycyrrhizin was isolated from the root of Gg and characterized using TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS techniques. In silico docking was conducted using Extra precision Glide 2018, Schrödinger docking suite. In addition, the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME. The binding energies of the glycyrrhizin correlated well with their in vitro MAO inhibitory potential. Glycyrrhizin exhibited potent inhibitory activity towards MAOB whereas, an aqueous extract of Gg root inhibits both A and B forms of MAO enzyme. Further, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation showed that liquiritigenin and methoxyglabridin showed higher stability than other inhibitor compounds from the Gg root extract. These observations suggest that the phytochemicals from the Gg root extract have potent MAO inhibition properties, which can be exploited for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Bhattacharjee
- Defence Research and Development Organisation, Bharathiar University Center for Life Sciences (DRDO-BU CLS), Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suryaa Manoharan
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umamaheswari Sathisaran
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Anand Tamatam
- Nutrition, Biochemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory (DRDO-DFRL), Mysore, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Defence Research and Development Organisation, Bharathiar University Center for Life Sciences (DRDO-BU CLS), Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Singh S, Chib S, Akhtar MJ, Kumar B, Chawla PA, Bhatia R. Paradigms and Success Stories of Natural Products in Drug Discovery Against Neurodegenerative Disorders (NDDs). Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:992-1015. [PMID: 36606589 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230105110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) are multifaceted complex disorders that have put a great health and economic burden around the globe nowadays. The multi-factorial nature of NDDs has presented a great challenge in drug discovery and continuous efforts are in progress in search of suitable therapeutic candidates. Nature has a great wealth of active principles in its lap that has cured the human population since ancient times. Natural products have revealed several benefits over conventional synthetic medications and scientists have shifted their vision towards exploring the therapeutic potentials of natural products in the past few years. The structural mimicking of natural compounds to endogenous ligands has presented them as a potential therapeutic candidate to prevent the development of NDDs. In the presented review, authors have summarized demographical facts about various NDDs including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and various types of sclerosis in the brain. The significant findings of new active principles of natural origin along with their therapeutic potentials on NDDs have been included. Also, a description of clinical trials and patents on natural products has been enlisted in this compilation. Although natural products have shown promising success in drug discovery against NDDs, still their use is associated with several ethical issues which need to be solved in the upcoming time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO620, PC 130 Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Santos SJM, Valentini A. In silico investigation of Komaroviquinone as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro): Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and QM/MM approaches. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 126:108662. [PMID: 37950976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has highlighted the urgent need for new therapeutic agents to combat the spread of the virus. The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) has emerged as a promising target. In this study, we conducted an in silico investigation to explore the potential of Komaroviquinone, an icetexane diterpene, as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19. We employed molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and QM/MM methodologies to compare the binding affinity, molecular interactions, and stability of Komaroviquinone and the FDA-approved antiviral drug Nirmatrelvir with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protein. The study demonstrated that Komaroviquinone exhibits strong interaction with Mpro, with a binding energy comparable to Nirmatrelvir. The ADMET analysis revealed that Barbatusol, Brussonol, and Komaroviquinone possess superior solubility, permeability, and intestinal absorption compared to Nirmatrelvir, as well as more favorable distribution properties and lower toxicity profiles. Notably, Nirmatrelvir displayed toxicity and hepatotoxicity, which were not present in the natural compounds. Thus, it is suggested that Komaroviquinone may be a promising candidate for the development of effective and safer therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Experimental validation is necessary to confirm its potential as a treatment for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J M Santos
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande Do Sul, 95770-000, Feliz, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Antoninho Valentini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Campus of Pici, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Karthikeyan S, Grishina M, Kandasamy S, Mangaiyarkarasi R, Ramamoorthi A, Chinnathambi S, Pandian GN, John Kennedy L. A review on medicinally important heterocyclic compounds and importance of biophysical approach of underlying the insight mechanism in biological environment. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14599-14619. [PMID: 36914255 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2187640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic derivatives have more interesting biological properties which hold a remarkable place in pharmaceutical industries due to their unique physiochemical properties and ease of adaption in various biological environments. Of many, the above-said derivatives have been recently examined for their promising action against a few malignancies. Specifically, anti-cancer research has benefited from these derivatives' natural flexibility and dynamic core scaffold. In any case, concerning some other promising anti-cancer drugs, heterocyclic derivative doesn't come without deficiencies. To be a successful drug candidate it should poses Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Eliminations (ADME) parameter, and must also have good binding interaction towards carrier protein as well as DNA and less in toxic nature, economically feasible. In this review, we described the overview of biologically important heterocyclic derivatives and their main application in medicine. Further, we focus types of biophysical techniques to understand the binding interaction mechanism.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Karthikeyan
- Division of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Chennai, India
- Centre for Healthcare Advancement, Innovation and Research, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Chennai, India
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Anitha Ramamoorthi
- Department of Chemistry, Velammal Intitute of Technology, Velammal Knowledge Park, Panchetti, India
| | - Shanmugavel Chinnathambi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ganesh N Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - L John Kennedy
- Division of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Chennai, India
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Sharma H, Raju B, Narendra G, Motiwale M, Sharma B, Verma H, Silakari O. QM/MM Studies on Enzyme Catalysis and Insight into Designing of New Inhibitors by ONIOM Approach: Recent Update. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Himani Sharma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Baddipadige Raju
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Gera Narendra
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Mohit Motiwale
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Bhavna Sharma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab (MML) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India
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Kar RK. Benefits of hybrid QM/MM over traditional classical mechanics in pharmaceutical systems. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103374. [PMID: 36174967 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) is one of the most reliable approaches for accurately modeling and studying the complex pharmaceutical discovery system. Classical mechanics has significantly accelerated the drug discovery process in the past decade. However, the current challenge is the large pool of false positives, which require extensive validation. Hybrid QM/MM is an effective solution for accurately studying ligand binding, structural mechanisms, free energy evaluation, and spectroscopic characterization. This article highlights the methodological details relevant to cost-effective hybrid QM/MM methods. This approach, combined with traditional pharmacoinformatics methods, could be a reliable strategy to balance the cost and accuracy of the calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv K Kar
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Sharma S, Hafeez A, Usmani SA. Nanoformulation approaches of naringenin- an updated review on leveraging pharmaceutical and preclinical attributes from the bioactive. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Adewole KE, Gyebi GA, Ishola AA, Falade AO. Computer-aided identification of cholinergic and monoaminergic inhibitory flavonoids from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2022; 19:e250522205232. [PMID: 35619271 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220525101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduced levels of acetylcholine and dopamine lead to Alzheimer's disease AD and Parkinson disease PD, respectively, due to the action of cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B. METHODS Therapeutic options for AD and PD involve respective cholinergic and monoaminergic inhibitors, and considering the adverse outcomes of cholinergic- and monoaminergic- inhibitory therapeutics, phytoconstituents may be promising alternatives. Reports have shown that different extracts of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa exhibit anticholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B inhibitory properties with potential to delay and prevent the development of AD and PD. However, there is limited knowledge on the multitarget cholinergic and monoaminergic inhibitory activities of individual compounds in this plant. Computational methods were used to identify the specific compounds responsible for the observed cholinergic and monoaminergic inhibitory activities of the H. sabdariffa calyx extracts. RESULTS Results confirm that three flavonoids: delphinidin-3-sambubioside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and quercetin-3-rutinoside showed strong binding affinity with acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B while the observed stability of the ligands-enzymes complexes over the MD simulation time suggests their cholinergic and monoaminergic inhibitory properties. CONCLUSION The three flavonoids may be responsible for the reported anticholinergic and monoaminergic inhibitory potentials of H. sabdariffa extracts and could be enlisted as multi-target inhibitory agents for cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Ezekiel Adewole
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, P.M.B. 536, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa, Nigeria.,NpsBC-Cr: Natural products and structural (Bio-Chem)-informatics Computing Research Lab. Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa, Nigeria
| | | | - Ayodeji Osmund Falade
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, P.M.B. 536, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Singh S, Sharma A, Monga V, Bhatia R. Compendium of naringenin: potential sources, analytical aspects, chemistry, nutraceutical potentials and pharmacological profile. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8868-8899. [PMID: 35357240 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2056726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin is flavorless, water insoluble active principle belonging to flavanone subclass. It exhibits a diverse pharmacological profile as well as divine nutraceutical values. Although several researchers have explored this phytoconstituent to evaluate its promising properties, still it has not gained recognition at therapeutic levels and more clinical investigations are still required. Also the neutraceutical potential has limited marketed formulations. This compilation includes the description of reported therapeutic potentials of naringenin in variety of pathological conditions alongwith the underlying mechanisms. Details of various analytical investigations carried on this molecule have been provided along with brief description of chemistry and structural activity relationship. In the end, various patents filed and clinical trial data has been provided. Naringenin has revealed promising pharmacological activities including cardiovascular diseases, neuroprotection, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activity. It has been marketed in the form of nanoformulations, co-crystals, solid dispersions, tablets, capsules and inclusion complexes. It is also available in various herbal formulations as nutraceutical supplement. There are some pharmacokinetic issue with naringenin like poor absorption and low dissolution rate. Although these issues have been sorted out upto certain extent still further research to investigate the bioavailability of naringenin from herbal supplements and its clinical efficacy is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Zengin G, Ak G, Ceylan R, Uysal S, Llorent-Martínez E, Di Simone SC, Rapino M, Acquaviva A, Libero ML, Chiavaroli A, Recinella L, Leone S, Brunetti L, Cataldi A, Orlando G, Menghini L, Ferrante C, Balaha M, di Giacomo V. Novel Perceptions on Chemical Profile and Biopharmaceutical Properties of Mentha spicata Extracts: Adding Missing Pieces to the Scientific Puzzle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:233. [PMID: 35050121 PMCID: PMC8779166 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mentha spicata is one of the most popular species in the genus, and it is of great interest as a gastrointestinal and sedative agent in the folk medicine system. In this study, different M. spicata extracts, obtained by the use of four solvents (hexane, chloroform, acetone and acetone/water) were chemically characterized using HPLC-ESI-MS n, which allowed for identification of 27 phenolic compounds. The extracts' antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties were investigated. In addition, neuroprotective effects were evaluated in hypothalamic HypoE22 cells, and the ability of the extracts to prevent the hydrogen peroxide-induced degradation of dopamine and serotonin was observed. The best antioxidant effect was achieved for all the extraction methods using acetone/water as a solvent. These extracts were the richest in acacetin, eriodictyol, hesperidin, sagerinic acid, naringenin, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, chrysoeriol and apigenin. The intrinsic antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties of the acetone/water extract could also explain, albeit partially, its efficacy in preventing prostaglandin E2 overproduction and dopamine depletion (82.9% turnover reduction) in HypoE22 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Thus, our observations can provide a scientific confirmation of the neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects of M. spicata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey; (G.Z.); (G.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey; (G.Z.); (G.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Ramazan Ceylan
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey; (G.Z.); (G.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Sengul Uysal
- Halil Bayraktar Health Services Vocational College, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey;
- Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Eulogio Llorent-Martínez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Campus Las Lagunillas, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaen, Spain;
| | - Simonetta Cristina Di Simone
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Monica Rapino
- Genetic Molecular Institute of CNR, Unit of Chieti, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Acquaviva
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Maria Loreta Libero
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Sheila Leone
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
| | - Marwa Balaha
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Viviana di Giacomo
- Botanic Garden “Giardino dei Semplici”, Department of Pharmacy, “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.C.D.S.); (A.A.); (M.L.L.); (A.C.); (L.R.); (S.L.); (L.B.); (A.C.); (G.O.); (L.M.); (M.B.); (V.d.G.)
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