1
|
Yang Y, He H, Chen Y, Chen B, Esfahani EB, Mohseni M, Xu N, Nesterenko P. Towards elevated perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) enrichment in water: Sequential liquid-liquid extraction pretreatment for ion chromatography detection. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142227. [PMID: 38704046 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The widespread detection of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the environment has raised significant concerns. The standard PFOA analytical method relies on expensive solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) instruments, making routine use prohibitive. We herein proposed a cost-effective yet novel enrichment method for determining PFOA at ng L-1 level. This method entailed a two-step sample preparation process: firstly, PFOA was extracted and enriched using a forward-extraction under acidic conditions, followed by a backward-extraction and enrichment step utilizing alkaline water. The enriched samples were subsequently subjected to a common ion chromatography (IC). Results reveal that maintaining a forward-extraction pH below its pKa value (2.8) is essential, as protonated PFOA proves effective in enhancing the enrichment factor (EF). The challenge lied in driving PFOA from forward-extractant to aqueous backward-extractant due to the decreased hydrophobicity of deprotonated PFOA (log Kow2 = 1.0). In addition, we found that evaporating forward-extractant with alkaline backward-extractant (containing 5% methanol) reduced potential analytical uncertainties associated with PFOA evaporation and sorption. Under optimal conditions, the method achieved a detection limit of 9.2 ng L-1 and an impressive EF value of 719. Comparison with SPE-LC-MS/MS confirmed the proposed method as a promising alternative for PFOA determination. Although initially targeted for PFOA, the novel methodology is likely applicable to preconcentration of other poly-fluoroalkyl substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Huan He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Yuheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China.
| | - Ehsan Banayan Esfahani
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pavel Nesterenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorob'evy Gory, GSP-3, Moscow, 119899, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Luo P, Wang X, Peng H, Zhou G, Peng J. Fabrication of ionic liquid functionalized silica with different anions and the application in mixed-mode and chiral chromatography. Talanta 2024; 270:125547. [PMID: 38101029 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
To realize the potential of ionic liquid functionalized silica to prepare mixed-mode and chiral stationary phases, two ionic liquid silane reagents with different anions were synthesized via a high-efficiency click reaction. Then they were decorated onto the surface of silica by a one-step bonding reaction. The functionalized silica was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and elemental analysis (EA). Two stationary phases provided satisfactory performance when compared with a commercial mixed-mode column. Notably, Sil-C10Im-D-BCS with D-3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonate (D-BCS) as anion presented chiral separation capacity towards 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthol. The separation mechanism was investigated through multiple pathways, and the results revealed that the prepared stationary phases can retain and separate solutes through multiple interactions, like hydrophobic effect, ion exchange, hydrogen-bond interaction, etc. Quantum chemical calculation (QC) was employed to obtain the optimized structures and the binding energy of anions to cations. The results provided some insights into the retention mechanism from a molecular perspective. This work demonstrated the superiority of ionic liquid functionalized silica as mixed-mode stationary phases and the potential of chiral ionic liquid as chiral selectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xingrui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huanjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Jingdong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Torigoe T, Takahashi M, Heravizadeh O, Ikeda K, Nakatani K, Bamba T, Izumi Y. Predicting Retention Time in Unified-Hydrophilic-Interaction/Anion-Exchange Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS/MS) for Comprehensive Structural Annotation of Polar Metabolome. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1275-1283. [PMID: 38186224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The accuracy of the structural annotation of unidentified peaks obtained in metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) can be enhanced using retention time (RT) information as well as precursor and product ions. Unified-hydrophilic-interaction/anion-exchange liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS/MS) has been recently developed as an innovative method ideal for nontargeted polar metabolomics. However, the RT prediction for unified-HILIC/AEX has not been developed because of the complex separation mechanism characterized by the continuous transition of the separation modes from HILIC to AEX. In this study, we propose an RT prediction model of unified-HILIC/AEX/HRMS/MS, which enables the comprehensive structural annotation of polar metabolites. With training data for 203 polar metabolites, we ranked the feature importance using a random forest among 12,420 molecular descriptors (MDs) and constructed an RT prediction model with 26 selected MDs. The accuracy of the RT model was evaluated using test data for 51 polar metabolites, and 86.3% of the ΔRTs (difference between measured and predicted RTs) were within ±1.50 min, with a mean absolute error of 0.80 min, indicating high RT prediction accuracy. Nontargeted metabolomic data from the NIST SRM 1950-Metabolites in frozen human plasma were analyzed using the developed RT model and in silico MS/MS prediction, resulting in a successful structural estimation of 216 polar metabolites, in addition to the 62 identified based on standards. The proposed model can help accelerate the structural annotation of unknown hydrophilic metabolites, which is a key issue in metabolomic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taihei Torigoe
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Omidreza Heravizadeh
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ikeda
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohta Nakatani
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen H, Qiu D, Shi J, Wang N, Li M, Wu Y, Tian Y, Bu X, Liu Q, Jiang Y, Hamilton SE, Han P, Sun S. In-Depth Structure and Function Characterization of Heterogeneous Interchain Cysteine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugates. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:212-221. [PMID: 38230295 PMCID: PMC10789146 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), integrating high specificity of antigen-targeting antibodies and high potency of cell-killing chemical drugs, have become one of the most rapidly expanding therapeutic biologics in oncology. Although ADCs were widely studied from multiple aspects, overall structural elucidation with comprehensive understanding of variants is scarcely reported. Here, for the first time, we present a holistic and in-depth characterization of an interchain cysteine-conjugated ADC, focusing on conjugation and charge heterogeneity, and in vitro biological activities. Conjugation mapping utilized a bottom-up approach, unraveled positional isomer composition, provided insights into the conjugation process, and elucidated how conjugation affects the physicochemical and biological properties of an ADC. Charge profiling combined bottom-up and top-down approaches to interrogate the origin of charge heterogeneity, its impact on function, and best practice for characterization. Specifically, we pioneered the utilization of capillary isoelectric focusing-mass spectrometry to decode not only critical post-translational modifications but also drug load and positional isomer distribution. The study design provides general guidance for in-depth characterization of ADCs, and the analytical findings in turn benefit the discovery and development of future ADCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Chen
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Danye Qiu
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 1150 Lanfeng Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- WuXi
Process Development Analytical Science, WuXi Biologics, 200
Meiliang Road, Binhu District, WuXi, Jiangsu 214092, China
| | - Muchen Li
- WuXi
Process Development Analytical Science, WuXi Biologics, 200
Meiliang Road, Binhu District, WuXi, Jiangsu 214092, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Analytical
Sciences, WuXi Biologics, 31 Yiwei Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Biologics
Innovation & Discovery, WuXi Biologics, 227 Meisheng Road, Waigaoqiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln
Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yanrui Jiang
- Analytical
Research & Development, MSD, Industrie Nord 1, Schachen (Luzern) CH-6105, Switzerland
| | - Simon E. Hamilton
- Analytical
Research & Development, MSD, 120 Moorgate, London EC2M 6UR, U.K.
| | - Ping Han
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Analytical
Research & Development, Merck &
Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln
Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Factors affecting mixed-mode retention properties of cation-exchange stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463934. [PMID: 36972662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Cation-exchange stationary phases were characterized in different chromatographic modes (HILIC, RPLC, IC) and applied to the separation of non-charged hydrophobic and hydrophilic analytes. The set of columns under investigation included both commercially available cation-exchangers and self-prepared PS/DVB-based columns, the latter consisting of adjustable amounts of carboxylic and sulfonic acid functional groups. The influence of cation-exchange site and polymer substrate on the multimodal properties of cation-exchangers was identified using selectivity parameters, polymer imaging and excess adsorption isotherms. Introducing weakly acidic cation-exchange functional groups to the unmodified PS/DVB-substrate effectively reduced hydrophobic interactions, whilst a low degree of sulfonation (0.09 to 0.27% w/w sulphur) mainly influenced electrostatic interactions. Silica substrate was found to be another important factor for inducing hydrophilic interactions. The presented results demonstrate that cation-exchange resins are suitable for mixed-mode applications and offer versatile selectivity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Virk RK, Garla R, Kaushal N, Bansal MP, Garg ML, Mohanty BP. The relevance of arsenic speciation analysis in health & medicine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137735. [PMID: 36603678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long term exposure to arsenic through consumption of contaminated groundwater has been a global issue since the last five decades; while from an alternate standpoint, arsenic compounds have emerged as unparallel chemotherapeutic drugs. This review highlights the contribution from arsenic speciation studies that have played a pivotal role in the progression of our understanding of the biological behaviour of arsenic in humans. We also discuss the limitations of the speciation studies and their association with the interpretation of arsenic metabolism. Chromatographic separation followed by spectroscopic detection as well as the utilization of biotinylated pull-down assays, protein microarray and radiolabelled arsenic have been instrumental in identifying hundreds of metabolic arsenic conjugates, while, computational modelling has predicted thousands of them. However, these species exhibit a variegated pattern, which supports more than one hypothesis for the metabolic pathway of arsenic. Thus, the arsenic species are yet to be integrated into a coherent mechanistic pathway depicting its chemicobiological fate. Novel biorelevant arsenic species have been identified due to significant evolution in experimental methodologies. However, these methods are specific for the identification of only a group of arsenicals sharing similar physiochemical properties; and may not be applicable to other constituents of the vast spectrum of arsenic species. Consequently, the identity of arsenic binding partners in vivo and the sequence of events in arsenic metabolism are still elusive. This resonates the need for additional focus on the extraction and characterization of both low and high molecular weight arsenicals in a combinative manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajbinder K Virk
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Roobee Garla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Naveen Kaushal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mohinder P Bansal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mohan L Garg
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Biraja P Mohanty
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Separation of phosphorothioate oligonucleotide impurities by WAX HPLC under high organic content elution conditions. Anal Biochem 2022; 659:114956. [PMID: 36270331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The separation of impurities in phosphorothioate diester (PS) oligonucleotides is complicated by (1) the presence of a very large number of diastereoisomers, e.g., 219 for a 20-mer oligonucleotide, (2) peak broadening due to the hydrophobic character of the sulfur atom, and (3) the chemical similarity of the impurities to the parent oligonucleotide and each other. Further difficulties arise due to the chemical nature of oligonucleotides, which display a complex mixture of ionic, hydrophobic, H-bonding, and other functionalities. To minimize hydrophobic interactions and peak broadening due to the PS modification, we have developed a novel method that combines a weak anion exchange (WAX) column with a mobile phase elution system designed to maximize separation by a single ionic/electrostatic interaction. We found that although chaotropes are helpful, the most significant beneficial effect of the hydrophilic WAX column is that high-organic, low-salt mobile phase is required for product elution. Separations are also benefitted by pH gradient effects on stationary phase electrostatic potential and analyte ionization. An extraordinary degree of separation is achieved by the new WAX method in comparison to SAX (strong anion exchange) chromatography. For the first time, the extent of deamination of PS oligonucleotides is directly determined by a chromatography-only method. The approach, representative results, and the mechanisms of separation are discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Polyelectrolyte-grafted anion exchangers with hydrophilic intermediate layers for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463498. [PMID: 36166883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of polymer-based anion exchangers is a persistent problem in suppressed anionic chromatography (SAC) due to its adverse effect on chromatographic performance. Herein we describe polyelectrolyte-grafted anion exchangers with modified hydrophilic intermediate layers. The anion exchangers were functionalized by successively grafting a linear cationic condensation polymer (LCCP), a preprepared polyelectrolyte. The carboxylic/hydroxylic intermediate layers formed during thiol-radical-mediated polymerization exert distinct effects on the phase capacity and hydrophobicity. The separation of typical inorganic anions, polarizable anions, and organic acids shows that the anion exchangers display good performance in SAC mode.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Z, Chen X, Zhang F, Yang B. A strong anion exchanger of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) substrate functionalized with cationic quaternary ammonium monomer. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3995-4000. [PMID: 36050904 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A strong anion exchanger applied for ion chromatography is described by grafting methacrylamido propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto hydrolyzed poly(glycidyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene) substrate. The anion exchanger has been in detail characterized and the final capacity of the anion exchanger can be readily manipulated by different monomer amounts. It exhibited obvious temperature-sensitive property and large tolerance to the samples with high ionic strength. The obtained anion exchanger demonstrated effective separation ability towards the common seven inorganic anions within 12 min and high separation efficiency, e.g. 58,000 /m of theoretical plate count for chloride. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongying Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East-China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East-China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feifang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East-China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bingcheng Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, East-China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Komiya M, Okada T. Aqueous-nonaqueous solvent-switching ion chromatography of halide impurities in ionic liquids. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Design of Experiment (DoE) for Optimization of HPLC Conditions for the Simultaneous Fractionation of Seven α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitors from Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors remain a subject of interest considering the latest findings showing their implication in wheat-related non-celiac sensitivity (NCWS). Understanding their functions in such a disorder is still unclear and for further study, the need for pure ATI molecules is one of the limiting problems. In this work, a simplified approach based on the successive fractionation of ATI extracts by reverse phase and ion exchange chromatography was developed. ATIs were first extracted from wheat flour using a combination of Tris buffer and chloroform/methanol methods. The separation of the extracts on a C18 column generated two main fractions of interest F1 and F2. The response surface methodology with the Doehlert design allowed optimizing the operating parameters of the strong anion exchange chromatography. Finally, the seven major wheat ATIs namely P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207 were recovered with purity levels (according to the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis) of 98.2 ± 0.7; 98.1 ± 0.8; 97.9 ± 0.5; 95.1 ± 0.8; 98.3 ± 0.4; 96.9 ± 0.5, and 96.2 ± 0.4%, respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed single peaks in each of the pure fractions and the mass analysis yielded deviations of 0.4, 1.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.9, and 0.1% between the theoretical and the determined masses of P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207, respectively. Overall, the study allowed establishing an efficient purification process of the most important wheat ATIs. This paves the way for further in-depth investigation of the ATIs to gain more knowledge related to their involvement in NCWS disease and to allow the absolute quantification in wheat samples.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen D, Shi F, Zhou Y, Xu W, Shen H, Zhu Y. Hyperbranched anion exchangers prepared from polyethylene polyamine modified polymeric substrates for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462508. [PMID: 34492579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High hydrophilic anion stationary phases play a crucial role in the separation behavior of ion chromatography. Herein, we report novel polymeric anion exchangers grafted with polyethylene polyamines, including ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and tetraethylene pentaamine, via a facile epoxy-amine polymerization method. The anion exchangers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and elemental analysis. The chromatographic performance of the stationary phases was evaluated with the separation of common inorganic anions, organic weak acids and highly polarizable anions. Seven common anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, SO42- and HPO42-) can be separated within 18 min by using hydroxide eluent in isocratic mode. By adopting different polyethylene polyamines as hyperbranched units, the four types of new stationary phases displayed high efficiencies and good reproducibility. The columns exhibit large exchange capacities at 76.5-184.8 μmol•column-1 (4.6 × 150 mm, i.d.) with efficiency up to 20293 plate m-1 (Cl-). The RSDs of the retention time were less than 0.27% and the RSDs of the efficiency were less than 1.95% by consecutive injections after working for two months. The self-fabricated column was successfully applied to determine the chloride content in exhaled breath condensate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingning Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Yangye Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Zhejiang University Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haoyu Shen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification of Zhejiang Province, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China..
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, Hangzhou 310028, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Solid-phase extraction of alkylphosphonic and O-alkyl alkylphosphonic acids followed by HPLC separation using porous graphitic carbon sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462420. [PMID: 34332314 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC separation of alkyl phosphonic acids on porous graphitic carbon adsorbent Hypercarb, based upon a step gradient of formic acid concentration in an aqueous mobile phase, was evaluated in this study. Analytes were detected by single quadrupole and triple quadrupole MS. Good separation was achieved for methyl phosphonic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, n-propylphosphonic acid, isopropylphosphonic acid, ethyl methylphosphonic acid, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, isobutyl methylphosphonic acid, pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid. Solid-phase extraction of these analytes on Hypercarb was also proposed, desorption was carried out with aqueous ammonium formate and water-methanol mixtures. LODs were 0.1-0.2 ng mL-1 for these analytes without SPE; solid-phase extraction resulted in the decrease of LODs at least 100-fold. Accuracy was proven by analyses of spiked samples of river water and snow meltwater.
Collapse
|