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Liao J, Wang X, Wang H, Hou M, Zhou S, Shi Z, Zhan Y, Ni S, Wang R. Geographical impact on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in hilly terrain topsoil: A case study at Chongqing, SW, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 487:137085. [PMID: 39799672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.137085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/31/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2025]
Abstract
The distribution and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environments are influenced by both anthropogenic sources and natural landscape features. While previous research has primarily focused on human activities as drivers of PAH pollution, the role of terrain-especially in cities with complex topographies-remains underexplored. To investigate the effect of terrain features on PAH distribution and transport, we analyzed topsoil samples evenly distributed in Chongqing, a city with hilly terrain (elevation: 48-2300 m). PAH concentrations (Σ16PAHs) ranged from 170.3 to 4426.4 ng/g (mean: 688.3 ng/g). Low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs were the most prevalent pollutants, with high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs predominantly accumulating in valleys formed by the hilly terrain. Multivariate receptor model methods identified fossil fuel combustion as the primary source of PAHs. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that elevation changes in the terrain significantly affect PAH accumulation, amplifying the influence of human activities. Integrating principal component analysis multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) with ARCGIS kriging interpolation provided a novel approach to visualizing source apportionment and mapping the spatial distribution of PAH pollution. These findings highlight that hilly terrain plays a significant role in PAH distribution, with valleys acting as key sinks and obstructing transport, particularly in urbanized areas. Combustion sources tend to accumulate near their origin, while petroleum-derived PAHs are transported over longer distances and accumulate in areas with significant elevation changes. The TEQBaP and optimized ILCR model, with a regional cancer risk of 3.69 × 10⁻⁵, indicate a low overall health risk. Most health risks arise from oral ingestion and dermal exposure, with risk increasing with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghai Liao
- Department of Geochemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Geochemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; Key Laboratory of Sedimentary Basin and Oil and Gas Resources, China Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources & Chengdu Center of Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
| | - Hangjia Wang
- Department of Geochemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Mingcai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Sedimentary Basin and Oil and Gas Resources, China Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources & Chengdu Center of Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Sizhuo Zhou
- Department of Geochemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Zeming Shi
- Department of Geochemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhan
- Department of Geochemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Shijun Ni
- Department of Geochemistry, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sedimentary Basin and Oil and Gas Resources, China Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources & Chengdu Center of Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China; College of Materials and Chemistry& Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
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Di Bella M, Sabatino G, De Rosa G, Leonelli C, D'Alessandro M, De Vittor C, Esposito V, Graziano M, Tripodo A, Volpi V. Transformations of crude oil into tar: a case study from a plastitar-contaminated site in NE Sicily, Italy (Western Mediterranean). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2025; 210:117355. [PMID: 39615338 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/26/2024] [Indexed: 12/09/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the aging of industrial crude oil to simulate the chemical transformations that occur when it is exposed to environmental conditions over time. It was triggered by the finding of plastitar - a mixture of tar and plastic waste - on the coast of Milazzo, Sicily. Research began with a chemical characterization of the tar component of plastitar, followed by aging experiments designed to simulate environmental conditions such as seawater, UV light and sunlight. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the chemical changes during the aging process and compare the results with local tar samples. The results showed significant chemical changes in the aged crude oil, including oxidation, degradation of hydrocarbons and the formation of oxygenated compounds. In particular, the FTIR spectra of the aged crude oil closely matched those of the local tar and provided valuable insights that could help address similar coastal pollution issues in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Di Bella
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sabatino
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra-MIFT, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d' Alcontres, 31, 98158 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
| | - Cristina Leonelli
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Michela D'Alessandro
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
| | - Cinzia De Vittor
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
| | - Valentina Esposito
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
| | - Marco Graziano
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tripodo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra-MIFT, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d' Alcontres, 31, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Volpi
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale-OGS, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
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Mehrnia MR, Momeni M, Shavandi M, Pourasgharian Roudsari F. Enhanced phenanthrene biodegradation in river sediments by harnessing calcium peroxide nanoparticles and minerals in Sphingomonas sp. DSM 7526 cultivation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2025; 46:87-97. [PMID: 38619987 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2341444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Coupling chemical oxidation and biodegradation to remediate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sediment has recently gained significant attention. In this study, calcium peroxide nanoparticles (nCaO2) were utilized as an innovative oxygen-releasing compound for in-situ chemical oxidation. The study investigates the bioremediation of phenanthrene (PHE)-contaminated sediment inoculated with Sphingomonas sp. DSM 7526 bacteria and treated with either aeration or nCaO2. Using three different culture media, the biodegradation efficiencies of PHE-contaminated anoxic sediment, aerobic sediment, and sediment treated with 0.2% w/w nCaO2 ranged from 57.45% to 63.52%, 69.87% to 71.00%, and 92.80% to 94.67%, respectively. These values were significantly higher compared to those observed in non-inoculated sediments. Additionally, the type of culture medium had a prominent effect on the amount of PHE removal. The presence of minerals in the culture medium increased the percentage of PHE removal compared to distilled water by about 2-10%. On the other hand, although the application of CaO2 nanoparticles negatively impacted the abundance of sediment bacteria, resulting in a 30-42% decrease in colony-forming units after 30 days of treatment, the highest PHE removal was obtained when coupling biodegradation and chemical oxidation. These findings demonstrate the successful application of bioaugmentation and chemical oxidation processes for treating PAH-contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Mehrnia
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Momeni
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Shavandi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Group, Environment and Biotechnology Research Division, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran
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Song Q, Xiao S, Zeng X, Zhang B, Zhu Z, Liang Y, Yu Z. Presence of polycyclic aromatic compounds in river sediment and surrounding soil: Possible impact from shale gas wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176186. [PMID: 39265685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Shale gas has been extensively extracted in the Sichuan Basin in China in recent years. To gain insight into the potential impact of shale gas wastewater (SGW) discharge, sediment in a small river receiving treated SGW, as well as cultivated soil and paddy soil irrigated by the river water were collected. The occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated/oxygenated derivatives (APAHs/OPAHs), and thiophenes were investigated, the resultant potential ecological risks were assessed subsequently. The total concentration of PACs varied in the range of 1299.9-9286.4, 2069.4-11,512.3, and 475.7-2927.9 ng/g in sediment, cultivated soil and paddy soil, respectively, with thiophenes followed by APAHs being the abundant components in all the studied samples, demonstrating the potential impact of SGW discharge on sediment and surrounding soil environment. Based on the measured concentrations, potential ecological risks posed by PAHs and APAHs were calculated, and moderate to high ecological risks were observed in partial sampling sites, which mainly caused by 3-4 rings PAHs and APAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Biao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Teng T, Yang Y, Li H, Song J, Ren J, Liu F. Mechanisms of intestinal injury in polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis caused by low-concentration fluorene pollution: Microbiome and metabonomic analyses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134925. [PMID: 38889458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis is used for bioremediation; however, its ability to remove fluorene, a common environmental pollutant, from sediments remains unclear, especially at low concentrations of fluorene (10 mg/kg). In this study, we explored the mechanism of intestinal injury induced by low concentrations of fluorene and the reason intestinal injury is alleviated in high fluorene concentration groups (100 and 1000 mg/kg) using histology, ecological biomarkers, gut microbiome, and metabolic response analyses. The results show that P. aibuhitensis showed high tolerance to fluorene in sediments, with clearance rates ranging 25-50 %. However, the remediation effect at low fluorene concentrations (10 mg/kg) was poor. This is attributed to promoting the growth of harmful microorganisms such as Microvirga, which can cause metabolic disorders, intestinal flora imbalances, and the generation of harmful substances such as 2-hydroxyfluorene. These can result in severe intestinal injury in P. aibuhitensis, reducing its fluorene clearance rate. However, high fluorene concentrations (100 and 1000 mg/kg) may promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as Faecalibacterium, which can replace the dominant harmful microorganisms and improve metabolism to reverse the intestinal injury caused by low fluorene concentrations, ultimately restoring the fluorene-removal ability of P. aibuhitensis. This study demonstrates an effective method for evaluating the potential ecological risks of fluorene pollution in marine sediments and provides guidance for using P. aibuhitensis for remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Teng
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Huihong Li
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Song
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Junning Ren
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Ocean College, Yantai Institute of China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, Shandong, China.
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Otugboyega JO, Madu FU, Otugboyega OO, Ojo AM, Adeyeye AJ, Ajayi JA. Biomonitoring and Biomathematical Modeling of Health Risks Associated with Dumpsite Grown Vegetables in Lagos State. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3333-3348. [PMID: 37848588 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of dumpsites to farm lands in several communities is a usual practice in Nigeria. Wastes accumulate heavy metals in a variety of forms. This study assessed the concentration, degrees of contamination, and attendant health risk of heavy metals (HMs), using two major indigenous vegetables (Amaranthus viridis and Talinum triangulare) grown on five major dumpsites in Lagos state. After wet digestion, the mean concentrations of the HMs in the vegetable samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Daily intake of metals (DIM), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) biomathematics were employed in the assessment of non-carcinogenic health risk. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment was used to assess carcinogenicity. The obtained result shows that the concentrations of HMs fell within the following ranges: (0.37 to 0.59), (0.07 to 1.36), (0.30 to 1.92), (0.00 to 0.03), and (0.00 to 0.04) mg/kg; for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr), respectively, with low to moderate variability. At Ikorodu dumping site, the Pb concentration was above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible range and has the highest contamination factor. DIM for Pb was also above threshold values (> 1) in both adults and children, while the THQ values for Fe, Pb, and Cd were above 1 (> 1) in both adults and children. HI values for the vegetables exceeded WHO normal range (> 1), except Abule-Egba dumps' samples (70% HI greater than 1 in adults and 90% HI greater than 1 in children). Additionally, the ILCR values of above 50% of the samples were above the WHO (10-6) limits, with the highest value in children (Cd, 1.064 × 10-3) indicating high risk of carcinogenicity over a life time of exposure. Thus, the results revealed great health risk from consumption of vegetables from the four major dumping sites, with children being at greater risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Olusoji Otugboyega
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Francis Ugochukwu Madu
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Adeleke Joseph Adeyeye
- Department of Water Resources Management, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - John Adekunle Ajayi
- Centre for Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria
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Wang S, Li C, Zhang L, Chen Q, Wang S. Assessing the ecological impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons petroleum pollutants using a network toxicity model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:117901. [PMID: 38092235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are significant petroleum pollutants that have long-term impacts on human health and ecosystems. However, assessing their toxicity presents challenges due to factors such as cost, time, and the need for comprehensive multi-component analysis methods. In this study, we utilized network toxicity models, enrichment analysis, and molecular docking to analyze the toxicity mechanisms of PAHs at different levels: compounds, target genes, pathways, and species. Additionally, we used the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) value and risk quotient (RQ) as an indicator for the potential ecological risk assessment of PAHs. The results showed that higher molecular weight PAHs had increased lipophilicity and higher toxicity. Benzo[a]pyrene and Fluoranthene were identified as core compounds, which increased the risk of cancer by affecting core target genes such as CCND1 in the human body, thereby influencing signal transduction and the immune system. In terms of biological species, PAHs had a greater toxic impact on aquatic organisms compared to terrestrial organisms. High molecular weight PAHs had lower effective concentrations on biological species, and the ecological risk was higher in the Yellow River Delta region. This research highlights the potential application of network toxicity models in understanding the toxicity mechanisms and species toxicity of PAHs and provides valuable insights for monitoring, prevention, and ecological risk assessment of these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- School of Energy, Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Congcong Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Binzhou University, Binzhou City, Shandong Province, 256600, PR China.
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- Shengli Geological Mud Logging Company of Sinopic Matrix Co., Ltd., Dongying, Shandong Province, 257000, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Shengli Geological Mud Logging Company of Sinopic Matrix Co., Ltd., Dongying, Shandong Province, 257000, PR China
| | - Shuoliang Wang
- School of Energy, Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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George II, Nawawi MGM, Mohd ZJ, Farah BS. Environmental effects from petroleum product transportation spillage in Nigeria: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1719-1747. [PMID: 38055166 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nigeria has struggled to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs) on environmental sustainability, transportation, and petroleum product distribution for decades, endangering human and ecological health. Petroleum product spills contaminate soil, water, and air, harming humans, aquatic life, and biodiversity. The oil and gas industry contributes to environmental sustainability and scientific and technological advancement through its supply chain activities in the transport and logistics sectors. This paper reviewed the effects of petroleum product transportation at three accident hotspots on Nigeria highway, where traffic and accident records are alarming due to the road axis connecting the southern and northern regions of the country. The preliminary data was statistically analysed to optimise the review process and reduce risk factors through ongoing data monitoring. Studies on Nigeria's petroleum product transportation spills and environmental impacts between the years 2013 and 2023 were critically analysed to generate updated information. The searches include Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Five hundred and forty peer-reviewed studies were analysed, and recommendations were established through the conclusions. The findings show that petroleum product transport causes heavy metal deposition in the environment as heavy metals damage aquatic life and build up in the food chain, posing a health risk to humans. The study revealed that petroleum product spills have far-reaching environmental repercussions and, therefore, recommended that petroleum product spills must be mitigated immediately. Furthermore, the study revealed that better spill response and stricter legislation are needed to reduce spills, while remediation is necessary to lessen the effects of spills on environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna Ignatius George
- Department of Petroleum Engineering (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
- Transport Technology Center, Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, NITT, P. M. B. 1147, Kaduna State, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Mohd Ghazali Mohd Nawawi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zaidi Jafaar Mohd
- Department of Petroleum Engineering (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bayero Salih Farah
- Office of the Director General Chief Executive, Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, NITT, P. M. B. 1147, Kaduna State, Zaria, Nigeria
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