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Yao T, Dong X, Wang X, Liu X, Fu L, Li L. Engineering exosomes for mRNA delivery: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 316:144662. [PMID: 40425113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2025] [Revised: 05/22/2025] [Accepted: 05/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a highly promising therapeutic approach with successful applications across various diseases. Developing safe and efficient carriers to preserve mRNA integrity during in vivo delivery is critical for ensuring the therapeutic efficacy of mRNA-based treatments. Exosomes, natural nanovesicles secreted by cells, possess several favorable properties, including excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, the unique ability to traverse physiological barriers and to target specific cell types, which make them attractive candidates for mRNA delivery. Moreover, exosomes can be engineered to increase their yield, enhance targeting specificity, improve cellular uptake efficiency, and extend their circulation time in the bloodstream. However, several challenges must be addressed urgently, including exosome heterogeneity, scalable production methods, and the efficient encapsulation of mRNA cargo. This review highlights the advantages and limitations of exosome-based mRNA delivery systems, discusses current strategies for engineering exosomes to improve mRNA delivery, and describes their applications in disease treatment-emphasizing their potential to advance precision medicine and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Xiangmin Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China
| | - Liyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China; Department of Hepatology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou City 310003, China.
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Chen L, Zhu Y, Yun T, Ye W, Ni Z, Hua J, Fu Y, Zhang C. In vitro expression of the goose astrovirus Cap protein delivered with a duck enteritis virus vector. BMC Vet Res 2025; 21:311. [PMID: 40317044 PMCID: PMC12046716 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/04/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goose astrovirus (GAstV) is an emerging pathogen that is widely distributed throughout China and can cause visceral gout, resulting in serious economic losses for the goose industry. Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of this virus encodes the precursor capsid protein, which is essential for the assembly and antigenicity of these virions. To construct a bi-valent vaccine for controlling GAstV and duck enteritis virus (DEV) infection, an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of the DEV vaccine strain pDEV-EF1 was used to establish a recombinant DEV vector for GAstV ORF2 gene delivery. METHODS GAstV ORF2 expression frame was inserted into the US7 and US8 intergenic region of DEV genome by Red E/T two-step recombinant technology, then the recombinant virus rDEV-GAstV ORF2 was rescued by transfecting recombinant clone pDEV-GAstV ORF2 into chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs). The expression of ORF2 in CEFs and formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) were analysed by Western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and immunogold electron microscopy (IEM), individually. And protein celluar localization was analysed by IFA. RESULTS Using this rDEV-GAstV ORF2 vector to infect CEFs was sufficient to elicit GAstV Cap protein expression, as confirmed by Western blotting and IFA. IEM also revealed the formation of VLPs within cells expressing this Cap protein. CONCLUSIONS DEV is a good viral vector for GAstV ORF2 gene delivery and these results provide a basis for the development of a bivalent vaccine for controlling DEV and GAstV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinchu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jionggang Hua
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro- Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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Cao C, Yang L, Song J, Liu Z, Li H, Li L, Fu J, Liu J. Cardiomyocyte regeneration after infarction: changes, opportunities and challenges. Mol Cell Biochem 2025:10.1007/s11010-025-05251-w. [PMID: 40097887 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-025-05251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a cardiovascular disease that poses a serious threat to human health. The traditional view is that adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have almost no regenerative ability, but recent studies have shown that they have regenerative potential under specific conditions. This article comprehensively describes the research progress of post-infarction cardiomyocyte regeneration, including the characteristics of cardiomyocytes and post-infarction changes, regeneration mechanisms, influencing factors, potential therapeutic strategies, challenges and future development directions, and deeply discusses the specific pathways and targets included in the regeneration mechanism, aiming to provide new ideas and methods for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianshu Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Giersing B, Mo AX, Hwang A, Baqar S, Earle K, Ford A, Deal C, Dull P, Friede M, Hall BF. Meeting summary: Global vaccine and immunization research forum, 2023. Vaccine 2025; 46:126686. [PMID: 39752894 PMCID: PMC11774247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 10/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
At the 2023 Global Vaccine and Immunization Research Forum (GVIRF), researchers from around the world gathered in the Republic of Korea to discuss advances and opportunities in vaccines and immunization. Many stakeholders are applying the lessons of Covid-19 to future emergencies, by advancing early-stage development of prototype vaccines to accelerate response to the next emerging infectious disease, and by building regional vaccine research, development, and manufacturing capacity to speed equitable access to vaccines in the next emergency. Recent vaccine licensures include: respiratory syncytial virus vaccines, both for the elderly and to protect infants through maternal immunization; a new dengue virus vaccine; and licensure of Covid-19 vaccines previously marketed under emergency use authorizations. Malaria vaccine implementation is expanding and a second malaria vaccine has been recommended by the World Health Organization. In a setback for human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development, the only remaining Phase 3 trial has been discontinued. In immunization, greater clarity is emerging on the challenges of achieving access and equity, along with strategies to address those challenges. A better understanding of behavioral and social determinants of vaccine uptake and a validated toolkit for measuring and modifying the drivers of vaccination is informing program design and service delivery, contributing to improved uptake. Implementation research, which has been essential for human papillomavirus and malaria vaccine delivery, will be critical for delivering the new respiratory syncytial virus vaccines and for many other vaccines currently in development. The growing diversity of vaccines and complexity of immunization programs are leading to greater interest in simplified regimens, combination vaccines, and other innovations to facilitate delivery. Collaboration emerged as the unifying theme of GVIRF 2023, underscoring that the combined efforts of many contributors have enabled progress thus far, and going forward will continue to be essential to ensure equitable access to vaccines for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Giersing
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Annie X Mo
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
| | - Angela Hwang
- Angela Hwang Consulting, PO Box 6601, Albany, California 94706, USA.
| | - Shahida Baqar
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
| | - Kristen Earle
- Vaccine Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
| | - Andrew Ford
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
| | - Carolyn Deal
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
| | - Peter Dull
- Vaccine Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
| | - Martin Friede
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - B Fenton Hall
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, MSC 9825, Bethesda, MD 20892-9825, USA.
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