Utilizing gold nanoparticles in plasmonic photothermal therapy for cancer treatment

Optimizing near-infrared-activated gold nanostructures for targeted combination cancer therapy

The application of near-infrared (NIR)-activated gold nanostructures, particularly gold nanostars (AuNSs) and gold nanorods (AuNRs), has emerged as a promising strategy in targeted combination cancer therapy (Figure 1). These nanostructures leverage their unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, which enable effective absorption and conversion of NIR light into heat, facilitating photothermal therapy (PTT) to selectively destroy cancer cells. Recent advancements in the synthesis and functionalization of AuNSs and AuNRs have enhanced their biocompatibility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the mechanisms by which these gold nanostructures can be optimized for synergistic effects when combined with other therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). We discuss the importance of surface modifications that improve tumor targeting and retention, as well as the potential to overcome limitations associated with conventional therapies. The integration of AuNSs and AuNRs into multi-faceted treatment regimens represents a significant step forward in the development of effective cancer therapies, aiming to maximize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing side effects.

Emerging nanostructure-based strategies for breast cancer therapy: innovations, challenges, and future directions

Breast cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-associated deaths, is responsible for the majority of cases of cancer in women globally. Traditional therapies used for the treatment of cancer have some challenges such as low cellular absorption, multidrug resistance, and limited bioavailability. Current innovations in nanotechnology, such as nanoliposomes, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes, provide a promising approach to deal with these limitations. Nanostructures encapsulating anticancer agents such as doxorubicin, curcumin, paclitaxel, erlotinib, and docetaxel enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these agents and promote targeted drug delivery. Curcumin-loaded amorphous calcium carbonate nanoparticles encapsulating lipids and L-arginine exhibit higher cytotoxicity than free curcumin. Gold nanoparticles can also enhance treatment efficacy by specifically destroying tumor cells when used in photothermal therapy. This review focus on the abilities of nanoparticles to induce oxidative stress, prevent proliferation, and trigger apoptosis in cancer cells. Further research should focus on optimizing these nanoparticles to enhance the targeted drug delivery and address multi-drug resistance. Our review underscores recent developments in nanostructures, their therapeutic potential, and the challenges that need to be addressed for more effective breast cancer treatment.