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Ceci L, Gaudio E, Kennedy L. Cellular Interactions and Crosstalk Facilitating Biliary Fibrosis in Cholestasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:553-565. [PMID: 38216052 PMCID: PMC10883986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Biliary fibrosis is seen in cholangiopathies, including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In PBC and PSC, biliary fibrosis is associated with worse outcomes and histologic scores. Within the liver, both hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and portal fibroblasts (PFs) contribute to biliary fibrosis, but their roles can differ. PFs reside near the bile ducts and may be the first responders to biliary damage, whereas HSCs may be recruited later and initiate bridging fibrosis. Indeed, different models of biliary fibrosis can activate PFs and HSCs to varying degrees. The portal niche can be composed of cholangiocytes, HSCs, PFs, endothelial cells, and various immune cells, and interactions between these cell types drive biliary fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of biliary fibrosis and the roles of PFs and HSCs in this process. We will also evaluate cellular interactions and mechanisms that contribute to biliary fibrosis in different models and highlight future perspectives and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Ceci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Interplay between Mast Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangiopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115872. [PMID: 35682552 PMCID: PMC9180565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated cholangiopathies are characterised by the destruction of small and large bile ducts causing bile acid stasis, which leads to subsequent inflammation, fibrosis, and eventual cirrhosis of the liver tissue. A breakdown of peripheral hepatic immune tolerance is a key feature of these diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a major anti-inflammatory immune cell subset, and their quantities and functional capacity are impaired in autoimmune liver diseases. Tregs can undergo phenotypic reprogramming towards pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 profiles. The inflamed hepatic microenvironment influences and can impede normal Treg suppressive functions. Mast cell (MC) infiltration increases during liver inflammation, and active MCs have been shown to be an important source of pro-inflammatory mediators, thus driving pathogenesis. By influencing the microenvironment, MCs can indirectly manipulate Treg functions and inhibit their suppressive and proliferative activity. In addition, direct cell-to-cell interactions have been identified between MCs and Tregs. It is critical to consider the effects of MCs on the inflammatory milieu of the liver and their influence on Treg functions. This review will focus on the roles and crosstalk of Tregs and MCs during autoimmune cholangiopathy pathogenesis progression.
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Mast Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangitis and Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030375. [PMID: 35159185 PMCID: PMC8834285 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis, which is impaired bile flow from the liver into the intestine, can be caused by cholangitis and/or bile duct obstruction. Cholangitis can arise from bacterial infections and cholelithiasis, however, immune-mediated cholangitis in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by a strong immune response targeting the biliary epithelial cells (BECs). Persistent biliary inflammation further represents a risk for biliary neoplasia, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) by driving chronic cellular stress in the BECs. Currently, immune-mediated cholangitis is considered a Th1-Th17-dominant disease, however, the presence of Th2-related mast cells (MCs) in tissue samples from PBC, PSC and CCA patients has been described, showing that these MCs are active players in these diseases. Here, we reviewed and discussed experimental and clinical data supporting a pro-fibrotic role for MCs in immune-mediated cholangitis as well as their participation in supporting tumor growth acting as angiogenesis promoters. Thus, although MCs have classically been identified as downstream effectors of Th2 responses in allergies and parasitic infections, evidence suggests that these MCs are relevant players in biliary inflammation and neoplasia. The availability of strategies to prevent MCs’ activation represents a therapeutic opportunity in biliary diseases.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in a Pediatric Patient With Neurofibromatosis Type 1. ACG Case Rep J 2021; 8:e00605. [PMID: 34007861 PMCID: PMC8126552 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of a 15-year-old adolescent boy with neurofibromatosis type 1 who presented with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The literature available on the association of neurofibromatosis type 1 with inflammatory bowel disease is limited to 7 clinical case reports, and none had comorbid primary sclerosing cholangitis. We present a review of the published literature on this rare association and add the findings of our patient.
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Wang W, Shui L, Liu Y, Zheng M. C-Kit, a Double-Edged Sword in Liver Regeneration and Diseases. Front Genet 2021; 12:598855. [PMID: 33603771 PMCID: PMC7884772 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.598855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an important role of c-kit in embryogenesis and adulthood. Activation of the SCF/KIT signal transduction pathway is customarily linked to cell proliferation, migration and survival thus influence hematopoiesis, pigmentation, and spermatogenesis. The role of c-kit in the liver is controversial, it is however argued that it is a double-edged sword in liver regeneration and diseases. First, liver c-kit+ cells, including oval cells, bile epithelial cells, and part of hepatocytes, participate in liver tissue repair by regenerating target cells according to the type of liver injury. At the same time, c-kit+ mast cells, act as immature progenitors in circulation, playing a critical role in liver fibrosis. Furthermore, c-kit is also a proto-oncogene. Notably, c-kit overexpression regulates gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Various studies have explored on c-kit and hepatocellular carcinoma, nevertheless, the intricate roles of c-kit in the liver are largely understudied. Herein, we extensively summarize previous studies geared toward providing hints for future clinical and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyan Shui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kundu D, Kennedy L, Meadows V, Baiocchi L, Alpini G, Francis H. The Dynamic Interplay Between Mast Cells, Aging/Cellular Senescence, and Liver Disease. Gene Expr 2020; 20:77-88. [PMID: 32727636 PMCID: PMC7650013 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x15960509906371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are key players in acute immune responses that are evidenced by degranulation leading to a heightened allergic response. Activation of mast cells can trigger a number of different pathways contributing to metabolic conditions and disease progression. Aging results in irreversible physiological changes affecting all organs, including the liver. The liver undergoes senescence, changes in protein expression, and cell signaling phenotypes during aging, which regulate disease progression. Cellular senescence contributes to the age-related changes. Unsurprisingly, mast cells also undergo age-related changes in number, localization, and activation throughout their lifetime, which adversely affects the etiology and progression of many physiological conditions including liver diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of mast cells during aging, including features of aging (e.g., senescence) in the context of biliary diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjyoti Kundu
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vik Meadows
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- †Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- ‡Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- *Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- ‡Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Rasky A, Habiel DM, Morris S, Schaller M, Moore BB, Phan S, Kunkel SL, Phillips M, Hogaboam C, Lukacs NW. Inhibition of the stem cell factor 248 isoform attenuates the development of pulmonary remodeling disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 318:L200-L211. [PMID: 31747308 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00114.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor c-kit have been implicated in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and fibrosis. Ingenuity Integrated Pathway Analysis of gene expression array data sets showed an upregulation of SCF transcripts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lung biopsies compared with tissue from nonfibrotic lungs that are further increased in rapid progressive disease. SCF248, a cleavable isoform of SCF, was abundantly and preferentially expressed in human lung fibroblasts and fibrotic mouse lungs relative to the SCF220 isoform. In fibroblast-mast cell coculture studies, blockade of SCF248 using a novel isoform-specific anti-SCF248 monoclonal antibody (anti-SCF248), attenuated the expression of COL1A1, COL3A1, and FN1 transcripts in cocultured IPF but not normal lung fibroblasts. Administration of anti-SCF248 on days 8 and 12 after bleomycin instillation in mice significantly reduced fibrotic lung remodeling and col1al, fn1, acta2, tgfb, and ccl2 transcript expression. In addition, bleomycin increased numbers of c-kit+ mast cells, eosinophils, and ILC2 in lungs of mice, whereas they were not significantly increased in anti-SCF248-treated animals. Finally, mesenchymal cell-specific deletion of SCF significantly attenuated bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis and associated fibrotic gene expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that SCF is upregulated in diseased IPF lungs and blocking SCF248 isoform significantly ameliorates fibrotic lung remodeling in vivo suggesting that it may be a therapeutic target for fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Opsidio, LLC, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Susan Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Opsidio, LLC, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sem Phan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Cory Hogaboam
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Sato K, Glaser S, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Preclinical insights into cholangiopathies: disease modeling and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:461-472. [PMID: 30990740 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1608950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The common predominant clinical features of cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and biliary atresia (BA) are biliary damage/senescence and liver fibrosis. Curative therapies are lacking, and liver transplantation is the only option. An understanding of the mechanisms and pathogenesis is needed to develop novel therapies. Previous studies have developed various disease-based research models and have identified candidate therapeutic targets. Areas covered: This review summarizes recent studies performed in preclinical models of cholangiopathies and the current understanding of the pathophysiology representing potential targets for novel therapies. A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the combination of the searched term 'cholangiopathies' with one or two keywords including 'model', 'cholangiocyte', 'animal', or 'fibrosis'. Papers published within five years were obtained. Expert opinion: Access to appropriate research models is a key challenge in cholangiopathy research; establishing more appropriate models for PBC is an important goal. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and have led to novel therapeutic approaches, especially for PSC. Further studies on the pathophysiology of PBC and BA are necessary to identify candidate targets. Innovative therapeutic approaches such as stem cell transplantation have been introduced, and those therapies could be applied to PSC, PBC, and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- c Department of Medical Physiology , Texas A&M University Collage of Medicine , Temple , TX , USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Heather Francis
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Liu J, Yang Y, Zheng C, Chen G, Shen Z, Zheng S, Dong R. Correlation of Interleukin-33/ST2 Receptor and Liver Fibrosis Progression in Biliary Atresia Patients. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:403. [PMID: 31632941 PMCID: PMC6781650 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Biliary Atresia (BA) is a devastating pediatric liver disease and characterized by aggressive liver fibrosis progression. The Interleukin-33 (IL-33)/ST2 receptor signaling axis has been demonstrated to be involved in several autoimmune and liver diseases. Since immune dysregulation is a contributor to BA pathogenesis, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-33/ST2 receptor in the progression of liver fibrosis in BA patients. Materials and Methods: The study included 36 BA patients (18 good- and 18 poor-prognosis BA patients); and 8 cholestasis infants as the control group. Patients' information and clinical data were retrospectively collected and compared. Liver fibrosis stage was determined by Masson's trichrome staining. Gene expression levels of IL-33, ST2 receptor, and TFG-β1 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. MC count, IL-33, TGF-β1, and Interleukin-13 (IL-13) expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Serum IL-33 expression level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Co-expression of MC and ST2 receptor was detected by immunofluorescence. In vitro mast cell was cultured with IL-33 stimulation, and ST2 receptor and TGF-β1 expressions were detected. Results: Compared with cholestasis control, BA patients had significantly higher GGT level and Masson score. Expression levels of IL-33, TGF-β1, and IL-13 were significantly increased in BA patients compared to control group, especially in poor-prognosis BA patients. Co-expression of ST2 receptor and MC was found in BA liver tissues. The MC count was markedly higher in BA patients especially in poor-prognosis subgroup. Serum IL-33 level was significantly elevated in poor-prognosis BA patients and related to a higher Masson score. In vitro mast cell culture exhibited significant upregulation of ST2 receptor and TGF-β1 mRNA expression after IL-33 stimulation. Conclusions: IL-33/ST2 receptor signaling axis is correlated with liver fibrosis progression in BA patients, and mast cells participates in this process. These indicate potential prognostic evaluation factors for BA patients and can help in the postoperative management to achieve better long-term prognosis in BA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - YiFan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Jiang L, Fang P, Septer S, Apte U, Pritchard MT. Inhibition of Mast Cell Degranulation With Cromolyn Sodium Exhibits Organ-Specific Effects in Polycystic Kidney (PCK) Rats. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:308-326. [PMID: 29862868 PMCID: PMC6027616 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818777754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a monogenic disease characterized by development of hepatorenal cysts, pericystic fibrosis, and inflammation. Previous studies show that mast cell (MC) mediators such as histamine induce proliferation of cholangiocytes. We observed robust MC accumulation around liver cysts, but not kidney cysts, in polycystic kidney (PCK) rats (an animal model of ARPKD). Therefore, we hypothesized that MCs contribute to hepatic cyst growth in ARPKD. To test this hypothesis, we treated PCK rats with 1 of 2 different MC stabilizers, cromolyn sodium (CS) or ketotifen, or saline. The CS treatment decreased MC degranulation in the liver and reduced serum tryptase (an MC granule component). Interestingly, we observed an increase in liver to body weight ratio after CS treatment paralleled by a significant increase in individual cyst size. Hepatic fibrosis was not affected by CS treatment. The CS treatment increased hepatic cyst wall epithelial cell (CWEC) proliferation and decreased cell death. Ketotifen treatment also increased hepatic cyst size. In vitro, CS treatment did not affect proliferation of isolated hepatic CWECs from PCK rats. In contrast, CS decreased kidney to body weight ratio paralleled by a significant decrease in individual cyst size. The percentage of kidney to body weight ratio was strongly correlated with serum renin (an MC granule component). Ketotifen did not affect kidney cyst growth. Collectively, these data suggest that CS affects hepatic and renal cyst growth differently in PCK rats. Moreover, CS may be beneficial to renal cystic disease but may exacerbate hepatic cyst growth in ARPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Pingping Fang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Seth Septer
- 2 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 3 Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 4 The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michele T Pritchard
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 3 Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- 4 The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Lampinen M, Fredricsson A, Vessby J, Martinez JF, Wanders A, Rorsman F, Carlson M. Downregulated eosinophil activity in ulcerative colitis with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:173-183. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0517-175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lampinen
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Annika Fredricsson
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johan Vessby
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Johana Fernandez Martinez
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Alkwin Wanders
- Department of Medical Biosciences; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marie Carlson
- Department of Medical Sciences; Gastroenterology Research Group; University Hospital; Uppsala Sweden
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Jarido V, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Demieville J, Thomson J, Stephenson K, Francis H. The emerging role of mast cells in liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G89-G101. [PMID: 28473331 PMCID: PMC5582878 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00333.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The depth of our knowledge regarding mast cells has widened exponentially in the last 20 years. Once thought to be only important for allergy-mediated events, mast cells are now recognized to be important regulators of a number of pathological processes. The revelation that mast cells can influence organs, tissues, and cells has increased interest in mast cell research during liver disease. The purpose of this review is to refresh the reader's knowledge of the development, type, and location of mast cells and to review recent work that demonstrates the role of hepatic mast cells during diseased states. This review focuses primarily on liver diseases and mast cells during autoimmune disease, hepatitis, fatty liver disease, liver cancer, and aging in the liver. Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential role of mast cells in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Jarido
- Baylor Scott & White Health and Medicine, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | | | | | - Joanne Thomson
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | | | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
- Baylor Scott & White Health and Medicine, Temple, Texas; and
- Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
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Hargrove L, Kennedy L, Demieville J, Jones H, Meng F, DeMorrow S, Karstens W, Madeka T, Greene J, Francis H. Bile duct ligation-induced biliary hyperplasia, hepatic injury, and fibrosis are reduced in mast cell-deficient Kit W-sh mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:1991-2004. [PMID: 28120369 PMCID: PMC5444972 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activated mast cells (MCs) release histamine (HA) and MCs infiltrate the liver following bile duct ligation (BDL), increasing intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM) and fibrosis. We evaluated the effects of BDL in MC-deficient (KitW-sh ) mice. Wild-type (WT) and KitW-sh mice were subjected to sham or BDL for up to 7 days and KitW-sh mice were injected with cultured mast cells or 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before collecting serum, liver, and cholangiocytes. Liver damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and alanine aminotransferase levels. IBDM was detected by cytokeratin-19 expression and proliferation by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fibrosis was detected by IHC, hydroxyproline content, and by qPCR for fibrotic markers. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression/secretion were evaluated. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) and histamine receptor (HR) expression were detected by qPCR and HA secretion by enzymatic immunoassay. To evaluate vascular cells, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C expression were measured. In vitro, cultured HSCs were stimulated with cholangiocyte supernatants and alpha-smooth muscle actin levels were measured. BDL-induced liver damage was reduced in BDL KitW-sh mice, whereas injection of MCs did not mimic BDL-induced damage. In BDL KitW-sh mice, IBDM, proliferation, HSC activation/fibrosis, and TGF-β1 expression/secretion were decreased. The HDC/HA/HR axis was ablated in sham and BDL KitW-sh mice. vWF and VEGF-C expression decreased in BDL KitW-sh mice. In KitW-sh mice injected with MCs, IBDM, proliferation, fibrosis, and vascular cell activation increased. Stimulation with cholangiocyte supernatants from BDL WT or KitW-sh mice injected with MCs increased HSC activation, which decreased with supernatants from BDL KitW-sh mice. CONCLUSION MCs promote hyperplasia, fibrosis, and vascular cell activation. Knockout of MCs decreases BDL-induced damage. Modulation of MCs may be important in developing therapeutics for cholangiopathies. (Hepatology 2017;65:1991-2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hargrove
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA,Texas A&M Health Science Center/College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | | | - Hannah Jones
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA,Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA,Texas A&M Health Science Center/College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA,Texas A&M Health Science Center/College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Walker Karstens
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Taronish Madeka
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - John Greene
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, USA,Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA,Texas A&M Health Science Center/College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
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14
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Mackenzie AE, Milligan G. The emerging pharmacology and function of GPR35 in the nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:661-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Isolation and characterization of hepatic mast cells from cholestatic rats. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1198-1210. [PMID: 27548803 PMCID: PMC5079802 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells that release histamine and other mediators. MC number increases after bile duct ligation (BDL) and blocking mast cell-derived histamine decreases biliary proliferation. We aimed to isolate and characterize MCs from cholestatic livers. Rats were subjected to BDL starting at 6 h and up to 14 days. MC infiltration was evaluated by toluidine blue. BDL rats were perfused using standard collagenase perfusion. Following enzymatic digestion, tissue was passed through a fine gauge needle. Suspensions were incubated with MAb AA4, washed and incubated with goat anti-mouse-coated Dynal beads. MCs were stained with toluidine blue, and in isolated MCs the expression of FCɛRI and MC proteases was measured. The expression of histidine decarboxylase, histamine receptors, VEGF receptors, and TIE 1 and 2 was evaluated by qPCR. Histamine and VEGF-A secretion was measured in MC supernatants. MC purity was evaluated by CK-19, CK-8, albumin, VAP-1, and α-SMA expression. In vitro, cholangiocytes and HSCs were treated with isolated MC supernatants from BDL rats treated with either NaCl or cromolyn sodium (to block MC histamine release) and biliary proliferation and hepatic fibrosis were measured. MCs infiltrate the liver and surround bile ducts starting at day 2. We isolated a virtually pure preparation of mature, functional MCs. TEM images reveal distinct secretory granules and isolated MCs secrete histamine. MCs express FCɛRI, chymase, tryptase, RMCP-I, and RMCP-II, but were virtually void of other cell markers. Biliary proliferation and fibrosis increased following treatment with MC supernatants from BDL rats+NaCl and these parameters decreased in cells treated with MC supernatants from BDL+cromolyn sodium. In conclusion, we have isolated and characterized MCs from cholestatic livers. MCs regulate cholestatic liver injury and hepatic fibrosis. This tool provides a better understanding of the paracrine influence of mast cells on biliary/liver pathologies.
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16
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Jones H, Hargrove L, Kennedy L, Meng F, Graf-Eaton A, Owens J, Alpini G, Johnson C, Bernuzzi F, Demieville J, DeMorrow S, Invernizzi P, Francis H. Inhibition of mast cell-secreted histamine decreases biliary proliferation and fibrosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis Mdr2(-/-) mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:1202-1216. [PMID: 27351144 PMCID: PMC5033697 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatic fibrosis is marked by activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Cholestatic injury precedes liver fibrosis, and cholangiocytes interact with HSCs promoting fibrosis. Mast cells (MCs) infiltrate following liver injury and release histamine, increasing biliary proliferation. We evaluated if inhibition of MC-derived histamine decreases biliary proliferation and fibrosis. Wild-type and multidrug resistance 2 knockout mice (9-11 weeks) were treated with cromolyn sodium for 1 week to block MC-derived histamine. Biliary mass and proliferation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin 19 and Ki-67. Bile flow, bicarbonate excretion, and total bile acids were measured in all mice. Fibrosis was evaluated by sirius red/fast green staining and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for alpha-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, collagen type 1a, and transforming growth factor-beta 1. HSC activation was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in total liver and immunofluorescent staining in tissues for synaptophysin 9. Histamine serum secretion was measured by enzymatic immunoassay. Mouse liver and human liver samples from control or primary sclerosing cholangitis patients were evaluated for MC markers by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, cultured MCs were transfected with histidine decarboxylase short hairpin RNA to decrease histamine secretion and subsequently cocultured with cholangiocytes or HSCs prior to measuring fibrosis markers, proliferation, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 secretion. Treatment with cromolyn sodium decreased biliary proliferation, fibrosis, histamine secretion, and bile flow in multidrug resistance 2 knockout mice. Primary sclerosing cholangitis mice and patients have increased MCs. Knockdown of MC histidine decarboxylase decreased cholangiocyte and HSC proliferation/activation. CONCLUSION MCs are recruited to proliferating cholangiocytes and promote fibrosis. Inhibition of MC-derived histamine decreases fibrosis, and regulation of MC mediators may be therapeutic for primary sclerosing cholangitis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1202-1216).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jones
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Hargrove
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Allyson Graf-Eaton
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer Owens
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Temple, Texas, USA and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Temple, Texas, USA and Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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17
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Choi JS, Kim JK, Yang YJ, Kim Y, Kim P, Park SG, Cho EY, Lee DH, Choi JW. Identification of cromolyn sodium as an anti-fibrotic agent targeting both hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:176-83. [PMID: 26453959 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, the late stage of fibrosis, are threatening diseases that lead to liver failure and patient death. Although aberrantly activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main cause of disease initiation, the symptoms are primarily related to damaged hepatocytes. Thus, damaged hepatocytes, as well as HSCs, need to be simultaneously considered as therapeutic targets to develop more efficient treatments. Here, we suggest cromolyn sodium as an anti-fibrotic agent to commonly modulate hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells. The differentially expressed genes from 6 normal and 40 cirrhotic liver tissues which were collected from GEO data were assessed by pharmacokinetic analysis using a connectivity map to identify agents that commonly revert abnormal hepatocytes and HSCs to normal conditions. Based on a series of analyses, a few candidates were selected. Candidates were tested in vitro to determine their anti-fibrotic efficacy on HSCs and hepatocytes. Cromolyn, which was originally developed as a mast cell stabilizer, showed the potential to ameliorate activated HSCs in vitro. The activation and collagen accumulation for HSC cell lines LX2 and HSC-T6 were reduced by 50% after cromolyn treatment at a low concentration without apoptosis. Furthermore, cromolyn treatment compromised the TGF-β-induced epithelial mesenchyme transition and replicative senescence rate of hepatocytes, which are generally associated with fibrogenesis. Taken together, cromolyn may be the basis for an effective cure for fibrosis and cirrhosis because it targets both HSCs and hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ki Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Yang
- Wonkwang Institute of Integrative Biomedical Science and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Park
- Department of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyenggi-do 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine & Hospital, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine & Hospital, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Wonkwang Institute of Integrative Biomedical Science and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-711, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-270, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Lu J, Chen B, Li S, Sun Q. Tryptase inhibitor APC 366 prevents hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting collagen synthesis induced by tryptase/protease-activated receptor 2 interactions in hepatic stellate cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:352-7. [PMID: 24735816 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is activated by mast cell tryptase. PAR-2 activation augments profibrotic pathways through the induction of extracellular matrix proteins. PAR-2 is widely expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but the role of tryptase/PAR-2 interaction in liver fibrosis is unclear. We studied the development of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats treated with mast cell tryptase inhibitor APC 366, and showed that APC 366 reduced hepatic fibrosis scores, collagen content and serum biochemical parameters. Reduced fibrosis was associated with decreased expression of PAR-2 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Our findings demonstrate that mast cell tryptase induces PAR-2 activation to augment HSC proliferation and promote hepatic fibrosis in rats. Treatment with tryptase antagonists may be a novel therapeutic approach to prevent fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Baian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Imam MH, Talwalkar JA, Lindor KD. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Liver Dis 2013; 17:269-77. [PMID: 23540502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC) is an aggressive and rare disease with intricate pathogenesis and multiple causes. Understanding the specific cause underlying each case of SSC is crucial in the clinical management of the disease. Radiologic imaging can help diagnose SSC and hence institute management in a timely manner. Management may encompass simple interventions, such as supportive therapy, antibiotics, and monitoring, or more serious measures, such as surgery, endoscopic intervention, or liver transplantation. Patients with AIDS cholangiopathy have limited therapeutic options and worsened survival. The disease should always be highly suspected in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis with questionable diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad H Imam
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Study Group, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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20
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Innate immune cells in liver inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:949157. [PMID: 22933833 PMCID: PMC3425885 DOI: 10.1155/2012/949157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system is the first line of defence against invading pathogens that is critical for the overall survival of the host. Human liver is characterised by a dual blood supply, with 80% of blood entering through the portal vein carrying nutrients and bacterial endotoxin from the gastrointestinal tract. The liver is thus constantly exposed to antigenic loads. Therefore, pathogenic microorganism must be efficiently eliminated whilst harmless antigens derived from the gastrointestinal tract need to be tolerized in the liver. In order to achieve this, the liver innate immune system is equipped with multiple cellular components; monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells which coordinate to exert tolerogenic environment at the same time detect, respond, and eliminate invading pathogens, infected or transformed self to mount immunity. This paper will discuss the innate immune cells that take part in human liver inflammation, and their roles in both resolution of inflammation and tissue repair.
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Ogawa S, Ochi T, Shimada H, Inagaki K, Fujita I, Nii A, Moffat MA, Katragadda M, Violand BN, Arch RH, Masferrer JL. Anti-PDGF-B monoclonal antibody reduces liver fibrosis development. Hepatol Res 2010; 40:1128-41. [PMID: 20880061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2010.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the usefulness of a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a therapeutic agent to treat chronic liver fibrosis. METHODS Liver fibrosis was induced in ICR mice by bile duct ligation (BDL) or BALB/c mice by weekly injection of concanavalin A (ConA) for 4 or 8 weeks. A mAb specific for mouse and human PDGF-B chain, AbyD3263, was generated, tested in vitro and administered twice a week throughout the experimental period. RESULTS AbyD3263 showed neutralizing activity against mouse and human PDGF-B chain in cell-based assays, as measured in vitro by inhibition of phosphorylation of PDGF receptor β and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells induced by PDGF-BB. The half life of AbyD3263 in mice exceeded 7 days and dosing of animals twice a week resulted in constant plasma levels of the mAb. Induction of liver fibrosis by BDL and ConA resulted in elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in plasma and hydroxyproline in the liver. Treatment with AbyD3263 did not modify ALT levels, but significantly reduced hydroxyproline content in the liver with a maximum reduction of 39% and 54% in the BDL and ConA models, respectively, compared to controls. Conclusios: Consistent with the notion that PDGF-BB plays an important role in the progression of liver fibrosis, AbyD3263 exhibits efficacy in pre-clinical disease models suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-B chain may be a therapeutic approach to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ogawa
- Inflammation Research Unit Pharmaceutical Sciences Biotherapeutics CoE, St. Louis Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development Asia Research, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA Discovery Biology Drug Safety Research & Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Taketoyo, Aichi, Japan
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22
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A review of mast cells and liver disease: What have we learned? Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:529-36. [PMID: 20363674 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are recognized as diverse and highly complicated cells. Aside from their notorious role in allergic inflammatory reactions, mast cells are being implicated in numerous disease processes from heart disease to cancer. Mast cells have been implicated in liver pathogenesis including hepatitis and host allograft rejection after liver transplantation. AIMS The aim of this review is to discuss the traditional function of mast cells, their location and anatomy with regards to hepatic vasculature and the role of mast cells in hepatic diseases including liver regeneration and rejection. Finally, we will touch on the role of mast cells in liver cancer. In conclusion, we hope that the reader comes away with a better understanding of the diverse and potential role(s) that mast cells may play in liver pathologies.
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Abstract
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis (SSC) is a disease that is morphologically similar to primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) but that originates from a known pathological process. Its clinical and cholangiographic features may mimic PSC, yet its natural history may be more favorable if recognition is prompt and appropriate therapy is introduced. Thus, the diagnosis of PSC requires the exclusion of secondary causes of sclerosing cholangitis and recognition of associated conditions that may potentially imitate its classic cholangiographic features. Well-described causes of SSC include intraductal stone disease, surgical or blunt abdominal trauma, intra-arterial chemotherapy, and recurrent pancreatitis. However, a wide variety of other associations have been reported recently, including autoimmune pancreatitis, portal biliopathy, eosinophillic and/or mast cell cholangitis, hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, primary immune deficiency, and AIDS-related cholangiopathy. This article offers a comprehensive review of SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Abdalian
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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