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Chernyak M, Hutchison D, Smith J. Papillary thyroid cancer and cutaneous melanoma: An often underrecognized pair. JAAD Case Rep 2024; 50:22-24. [PMID: 39036614 PMCID: PMC11259985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Chernyak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Dana Hutchison
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Janellen Smith
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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2
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Fangninou FF, Yu Z, Li Z, Guadie A, Li W, Xue L, Yin D. Metastatic effects of environmental carcinogens mediated by MAPK and UPR pathways with an in vivo Drosophila Model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129826. [PMID: 36084456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis includes tumor invasion and migration and underlies over 90% of cancer mortality. The metastatic effects of environmental carcinogens raised serious health concerns. However, the underlying mechanisms remained poorly studied. In the present study, an in vivo RasV12/lgl-/- model of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, with an 8-day exposure was employed to explore the metastatic effects of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2). At 1.0 mg/L, PCB126, PFOA, and CdCl2 significantly increased tumor invasion rates by 1.32-, 1.33-, and 1.29-fold of the control, respectively. They also decreased the larval body weight and locomotion behavior. Moreover, they commonly disturbed the expression levels of target genes in MAPK and UPR pathways, and their metastatic effects were significantly abolished by the addition of p38 inhibitor (SB203580), JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and IRE1 inhibitor (KIRA6). Notably, the addition of the IRE inhibitor significantly influenced sna/E-cad pathway which is essential in both p38 and JNK regulations. The results demonstrated an essential role of sna/E-cad in connecting the effects of carcinogens on UPR and MAPK regulations and the resultant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangnon Firmin Fangninou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; UNEP Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Awoke Guadie
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch 21, Ethiopia
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lei Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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3
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Barricklow Z, DiVincenzo MJ, Angell CD, Carson WE. Ulcerated Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review of the Clinical, Histologic, and Molecular Features Associated with a Clinically Aggressive Histologic Phenotype. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:1743-1757. [PMID: 36065342 PMCID: PMC9440663 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s372287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ulceration in melanoma is associated with poor clinical outcomes and is the third most powerful predictor of survival in the AJCC Melanoma Staging System after tumor thickness and mitotic activity. The aggressive biological behavior associated with ulceration has been hypothesized to be the result of an intrinsic biological attribute that favors dissemination and presents locally with the loss of epidermal integrity. Among the features of ulcerated melanoma, many show promise as potential prognostic tools, markers of differential immunogenicity and indicators of oncogenic drivers of invasion and metastasis. The incidence of ulcerated melanoma is greater in males, increases with age and with systemic inflammatory risk factors (diabetes, smoking, low vitamin D, elevated body mass index). Patients with ulcerated primary tumors seem to exclusively benefit from adjuvant interferon (IFN) therapy, which is likely the consequence of an altered tumor microenvironment. When ulceration is present, there is a higher density of macrophages and dendritic cells and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6. There is also an increased expression of proteins involved in tumor antigen presentation in ulcerated melanomas. Histologically, vascular density, vasculogenic mimicry and angiotropism are all significantly correlated with ulceration in melanoma. The presence of ulceration is associated with reduced protein expression of E-cadherin and PTEN and elevated levels of N-cadherin and the matrix metalloproteinases. Differential microRNA expression also holds promise as a potential prognostic biomarker of malignancy and disease spread within the setting of ulceration. However, the molecular and cellular differences associated with the ulcerated state are complex and further study will aid in determining how these differences can be harnessed to improve care for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Barricklow
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mallory J DiVincenzo
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Colin D Angell
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E Carson
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Lee B, Sahoo A, Sawada J, Marchica J, Sahoo S, Layng FIAL, Finlay D, Mazar J, Joshi P, Komatsu M, Vuori K, de Jong PR, Ray A, Perera RJ. MicroRNA-211 Modulates the DUSP6-ERK5 Signaling Axis to Promote BRAF V600E-Driven Melanoma Growth In Vivo and BRAF/MEK Inhibitor Resistance. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:385-394. [PMID: 32888955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are important posttranscriptional regulators of cell fate in both normal and disease states. miR-211 has previously been shown to be a direct regulator of metabolism in BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma cells in vitro. Here, we report that miR-211 expression promotes the aggressive growth of BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma xenografts in vivo. miR-211 promoted proliferation through the posttranscriptional activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 5 signaling, which has recently been implicated in the resistance to BRAF and MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitors. We therefore examined whether miR-211 similarly modulated melanoma resistance to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor cobimetinib. Consistent with this model, miR-211 expression increased melanoma cell resistance to both the inhibitors, and this resistance was associated with an increased ERK5 phosphorylation. miR-211 mediates these effects by directly inhibiting the expression of DUSP6, an ERK5 pathway-specific phosphatase and now shown to be an miR-211 target gene. These results dissect the role of the miR-211-DUSP6-ERK5 axis in melanoma tumor growth and suggest a mechanism for the development of drug-resistant tumors and a target for overcoming resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongyong Lee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Junko Sawada
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA; Department of Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - John Marchica
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sanjay Sahoo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Fabiana I A L Layng
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Darren Finlay
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph Mazar
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Masanobu Komatsu
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA; Department of Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Petrus R de Jong
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Animesh Ray
- Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA; Department of Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA.
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5
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Silvestri S, Porcellato I, Mechelli L, Menchetti L, Iussich S, De Maria R, Sforna M, Bongiovanni L, Brachelente C. E-Cadherin Expression in Canine Melanocytic Tumors: Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Survival Analysis. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:608-619. [PMID: 32578507 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820934385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a glycoprotein involved in cell-cell adhesion, has a pivotal role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process through which neoplastic epithelial cells develop an invasive phenotype. In human cutaneous melanomas, decreased E-cadherin expression is associated with shorter survival and increased Breslow thickness, whereas in the dog its role is poorly understood. Tumor thickness and modified Clark level were recently proposed as useful features to assess canine melanocytic tumors, but no studies investigated their association with E-cadherin expression. We performed immunohistochemistry on 77 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary canine melanocytic tumors. A 3-tier and a 2-tier classification system for assessing E-cadherin expression were tested, with the latter being more informative for the assessment of canine melanocytic tumors. E-cadherin expression was lower in cutaneous melanomas than melanocytomas, as well as in amelanotic tumors compared to pigmented tumors. In amelanotic melanomas, absent E-cadherin expression was associated with an unfavorable outcome, suggesting a potential use of this marker in defining the prognosis of amelanotic melanomas. E-cadherin expression was lower in tumors with greater tumor thickness and modified Clark level ≥IV, suggesting its possible utility in identifying the most invasive tumors. The expression of E-cadherin in oral melanomas was heterogeneous, but was associated with pigmentation and clinical outcome; thus, E-cadherin evaluation could be advantageous to detect the most aggressive neoplasms. However, cutaneous melanomas without E-cadherin expression frequently had a favorable clinical outcome. Hence, its importance as prognostic factor should be carefully considered depending on the tumor origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Bongiovanni
- 90051University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- Present address: Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Wieczorek-Szukala K, Kopczynski J, Kowalska A, Lewinski A. Snail-1 Overexpression Correlates with Metastatic Phenotype in BRAF V600E Positive Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2701. [PMID: 32825554 PMCID: PMC7565998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer to metastasize is regulated by various signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), also implicated in the upregulation of Snail-1 transcription factor in malignant neoplasms. B-type Raf kinase gene (BRAF)V600E, the most common driving mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid cancer cells through changes in the Snail-1 level, increasing cell migration and invasion. However, little is known about the mechanism of Snail-1 and BRAFV600E relations in humans. Our study included 61 PTC patients with evaluated BRAFV600E mutation status. A total of 18 of those patients had lymph node metastases-of whom 10 were BRAFV600E positive, and 8 negative. Our findings indicate that the expression of Snail-1, but not TGFβ1, correlates with the metastatic phenotype in PTC. This is the first piece of evidence that the upregulation of Snail-1 corresponds with the presence of BRAFV600E mutation and increased expression of Snail-1 in metastatic PTC samples is dependent on BRAFV600E mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janusz Kopczynski
- Department of Pathology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Aldona Kowalska
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-319 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewinski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
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7
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Javanmard SH, Vaseghi G, Ghasemi A, Rafiee L, Ferns GA, Esfahani HN, Nedaeinia R. Therapeutic inhibition of microRNA-21 (miR-21) using locked-nucleic acid (LNA)-anti-miR and its effects on the biological behaviors of melanoma cancer cells in preclinical studies. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:384. [PMID: 32788885 PMCID: PMC7418194 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a cancer that has a high mortality rate in the absence of targeted therapy. Conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are associated with poor prognosis. The expression of miR-21 appears to be of clinical importance, and the regulation of its expression appears to be an opportunity for treatment. METHODS In this current study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of miR-21 inhibition in- vitro and in-vivo. In-vitro studies have investigated LNA-anti-miR-21 in mouse melanoma cells (B16F10), and in-vivo studies have proposed a model of melanoma in male C57BL/6 mice. To evaluate the anticancer effects of LNA-anti-miR-21, a QRT-PCR analysis was performed using the 2-ΔΔCT method to determine the degree of inhibition of oncomiR-21. The MTT test, propidium iodide/AnnexinV in-vitro, and tumor volume measurement using the QRT-PCR test with the 2-ΔΔCT method were used to estimate the inhibition of miR-21 and the expression of downstream genes including: SNAI1, Nestin (Nes), Oct-4, and NF-kB following miR-21 inhibition. Finally, immunohistochemistry was conducted for an in-vivo animal study. RESULTS MiR-21 expression was inhibited by 80% after 24 h of B16F10 cell line transfection with LNA-anti-miR-21. The MTT test showed a significant reduction in the number of transfected cells with LNA-anti-miR-21. The transfected cells showed a significant increase in apoptosis in comparison with the control and scrambled LNA groups. According to our in vivo findings, anti-miR-21 could reduce tumor growth and volume in mice receiving intraperitoneal anti-miR after 9 days. The expression of the SNAI1gene was significantly reduced compared to the controls. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no change in CD133 and NF-kB markers. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest LNA-anti-miR-21 can be potentially used as an anticancer agent for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golnaz Vaseghi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Laleh Rafiee
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PH Sussex UK
| | - Hajar Naji Esfahani
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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An Algorithmic Immunohistochemical Approach to Define Tumor Type and Assign Site of Origin. Adv Anat Pathol 2020; 27:114-163. [PMID: 32205473 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry represents an indispensable complement to an epidemiology and morphology-driven approach to tumor diagnosis and site of origin assignment. This review reflects the state of my current practice, based on 15-years' experience in Pathology and a deep-dive into the literature, always striving to be better equipped to answer the age old questions, "What is it, and where is it from?" The tables and figures in this manuscript are the ones I "pull up on the computer" when I am teaching at the microscope and turn to myself when I am (frequently) stuck. This field is so exciting because I firmly believe that, through the application of next-generation immunohistochemistry, we can provide better answers than ever before. Specific topics covered in this review include (1) broad tumor classification and associated screening markers; (2) the role of cancer epidemiology in determining pretest probability; (3) broad-spectrum epithelial markers; (4) noncanonical expression of broad tumor class screening markers; (5) a morphologic pattern-based approach to poorly to undifferentiated malignant neoplasms; (6) a morphologic and immunohistochemical approach to define 4 main carcinoma types; (7) CK7/CK20 coordinate expression; (8) added value of semiquantitative immunohistochemical stain assessment; algorithmic immunohistochemical approaches to (9) "garden variety" adenocarcinomas presenting in the liver, (10) large polygonal cell adenocarcinomas, (11) the distinction of primary surface ovarian epithelial tumors with mucinous features from metastasis, (12) tumors presenting at alternative anatomic sites, (13) squamous cell carcinoma versus urothelial carcinoma, and neuroendocrine neoplasms, including (14) the distinction of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma from well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, site of origin assignment in (15) well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor and (16) poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, and (17) the distinction of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor G3 from poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma; it concludes with (18) a discussion of diagnostic considerations in the broad-spectrum keratin/CD45/S-100-"triple-negative" neoplasm.
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9
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Oh K, Cho S, Yoon H, Lee J, Ahn S, Hong S. High prevalence of
BRAF
V600E mutations in Korean patients with ameloblastoma: Clinicopathological significance and correlation with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:413-420. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu‐Young Oh
- Department of Oral Pathology School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
- Shinan‐gun Public Health Center Shinan‐gun Jeollanam‐do Korea
| | - Sung‐Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Hye‐Jung Yoon
- Department of Oral Pathology School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Jae‐Il Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Sun‐Ha Ahn
- Department of Oral Hygiene Kyungbuk College Yeongju Korea
| | - Seong‐Doo Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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10
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Koch A, Schwab A. Cutaneous pH landscape as a facilitator of melanoma initiation and progression. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 225:e13105. [PMID: 29802798 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence is on the rise and currently causes the majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Yet, therapies for metastatic melanoma are still insufficient so that new concepts are essential. Malignant transformation of melanocytes and melanoma progression are intimately linked to the cutaneous pH landscape and its dysregulation in tumour lesions. The pH landscape of normal skin is characterized by a large pH gradient of up to 3 pH units between surface and dermis. The Na+ /H+ exchanger NHE1 is one of the major contributors of acidity in superficial skin layers. It is also activated by the most frequent mutation in melanoma, BRAFV 600E , thereby causing pH dysregulation during melanoma initiation. Melanoma progression is supported by an extracellular acidification and/or NHE1 activity which promote the escape of single melanoma cells from the primary tumour, migration and metastatic spreading. We propose that viewing melanoma against the background of the acid-base physiology of the skin provides a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease and allows the development of novel therapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Koch
- Institute of Physiology II; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - A. Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II; University of Münster; Münster Germany
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11
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Wang H, Zhang YG, Ma J, Li JC, Zhang J, Yu YQ. Invasiveness-triggered state transition in malignant melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5354-5361. [PMID: 30478974 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are considered to have high morphological heterogeneity in human melanoma tissue. Here, we report that epithelial cancer cells are dominant in different development stages of human melanoma tissues. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that maintain melanoma cells in the epithelial state are further investigated in the A2058 cell line. We find that micropore (8 µm) transwell invasion, but not superficial migration in the scratch assay, can induce remarkable morphological changes between epithelial and mesenchymal melanoma cells within 4 days. The morphological switch is associated with dynamic changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) hallmarks E-cadherin and vimentin. Further immunoflurencent staining and co-immunoprecipitation assay showed the uncoupling of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in epithelial melanoma cells. Specific knockdown of M3 mAChR by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly abrogates the transition of spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells to epithelial cells. Collectively, we report a cellular model of invasiveness-triggered state transition (ITST) in which melanoma cell invasion can induce morphological changes between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. ITST is one of the biological basis for maintaining metastatic melanoma cells in the epithelial state. Furthermore, M3 mAChR receptor-mediated ITST provides a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit the development of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Guo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Chang Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao-Qing Yu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Yan S, Holderness BM, Li Z, Seidel GD, Gui J, Fisher JL, Ernstoff MS. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Expression Phenotype of Primary Melanoma and Matched Metastases and Relationship with Overall Survival. Anticancer Res 2017; 36:6449-6456. [PMID: 27919967 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
E-Cadherin and N-cadherin are important components of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The majority of studies on EMT in melanoma have been performed with cultured cell lines or pooled melanoma samples. The goal of our study was to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in matched tissue samples from primary and metastatic sites of melanoma and to determine the correlation with survival outcome. We analyzed tissues from 42 melanoma primary lesions and their corresponding metastases, as well as 53 benign nevi, for expression levels of E-cadherin and N-cadherin using immunohistochemical methods. There were heterogenous expression patterns of E- and N-cadherin in both primary and metastatic melanomas. Overall, metastatic tumor showed a decrease in E-cadherin expression and an increase in N-cadherin expression compared to the primary tumor, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p=0.24 and 0.28 respectively). A switch of membranous expression from E-cadherin to N-cadherin from primary to metastatic melanoma was seen in eight patients (19%). Aberrant E-cadherin expression (defined as negative to weak membranous E-cadherin or positive nuclear E-cadherin expression) was more frequently observed in metastatic than in primary melanomas (p=0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that absence of N-cadherin expression in primary melanomas and the presence of aberrant E-cadherin expression in primary melanomas and metastatic melanomas was associated with a significantly worse overall survival. Our data support the importance of E-cadherin and N-cadherin proteins in melanoma progression and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - Britt M Holderness
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - Zhongze Li
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - Gregory D Seidel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, U.S.A
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
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Adler NR, Haydon A, McLean CA, Kelly JW, Mar VJ. Metastatic pathways in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 30:13-27. [PMID: 27900851 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis represents the end product of an elaborate biological process, which is determined by a complex interplay between metastatic tumour cells, host factors and homoeostatic mechanisms. Cutaneous melanoma can metastasize haematogenously or lymphogenously. The three predominant models that endeavour to explain the patterns of melanoma progression are the stepwise spread model, the simultaneous spread model and the model of differential spread. The time course to the development of metastases differs between the different metastatic routes. There are several clinical and histopathological risk factors for the different metastatic pathways. In particular, patient sex and the anatomical location of the primary tumour influence patterns of disease progression. There is limited existing evidence regarding the relationship between tumour mutation status, other diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and the metastatic pathways of primary cutaneous melanoma. This knowledge gap needs to be addressed to better identify patients at high risk of disease recurrence and personalize surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki R Adler
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrew Haydon
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - John W Kelly
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Victoria J Mar
- Victorian Melanoma Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Skin and Cancer Foundation, Carlton, Vic, Australia
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Mitchell B, Dhingra JK, Mahalingam M. BRAF and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Lessons From Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Primary Cutaneous Melanoma. Adv Anat Pathol 2016; 23:244-71. [PMID: 27145091 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid carcinoma and primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) hint that dysregulation of BRAF might contribute to the noted association between PCM and thyroid carcinoma. A recent study evaluating the rate of BRAFV600E mutations among patients who had been diagnosed with primary papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and PCM showed that patients with either PCM or PTC were at an increased risk of developing the other as a second primary malignant neoplasm. Furthermore, the authors noted that samples from patients suffering from both malignancies exhibited a higher rate of incidence of the BRAFV600E mutation, compared with patients not suffering from both malignancies. These studies support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of these 2 malignancies might share a conserved molecular pattern associated with dysregulation of the BRAF protein. One mechanism through which BRAF might contribute to PCM and thyroid carcinoma progression is through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Specifically, the Snail/E-cadherin axis has been demonstrated as a pathway dysregulated by BRAF, leading to EMT in both malignancies. Our analysis focuses on the results of these recent investigations, and through a review of select molecules relevant to EMT, looks to provide a context by which to better understand the relevance and role of stromal-parenchymal signaling and the BRAF mutation in the pathogenesis of PTC and PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Mitchell
- *University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL †Department of Otolaryngology, Tufts Medical center, Boston, MA ‡Dermatopathology Section, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, VA Consolidated Laboratories, West Roxbury, MA
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