Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties of cyclotriphosphazenes bearing benzimidazolyl rings

The first peptide derivatives of dioxybiphenyl-bridged spiro cyclotriphosphazenes: In vitro cytotoxicity activities and DNA damage studies

In this study, we aimed to synthesize new peptide-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes from a series of tyrosine-based peptides and dioxyphenyl-substituted spirocyclotriphosphazenes, and to evaluate their in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity activities. Genotoxicity studies were conducted to understand whether the cytotoxic compounds cause cell death through DNA damage. The structures of the novel series of phosphazenes were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, MS, 1D (³¹P, ¹H, and ¹³C-APT NMR), and 2D (HETCOR) NMR spectroscopic techniques. In vitro cytotoxic activities were carried out against human breast (MCF-7), ovarian (A2780), prostate (PC-3), colon (Caco-2) cancer cell lines and human normal epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) at different concentrations by using an MTT assay. The compounds showed considerable reductions in cell viability against all human cancer cell lines. Especially, the compounds exhibited notable effects in A2780 cell lines (p < 0.05). The IC₅₀ values of the compounds in the A2780 cell line were calculated to be 1.914 µM for TG, 20.21 µM for TV, 20.45 µM for TA, 4.643 µM for TP, 5.615 µM for BTG, 1.047 µM for BTV, 27.02 µM for BTA, 0.7734 µM for BTP, 21.5 µM for DTG, 1.65 µM for DTV, 2.89 µM for DTA and 4.599 µM for DTP. DNA damage studies of the compounds were conducted by the comet assay method using tail length, tail density, olive tail moment, head length, and head density parameters, and the results showed that the cell death occurred through DNA damage mechanism. In a nutshell, these compounds show promising cytotoxic effects and can be considered powerful candidate molecules for pharmaceutical applications.

A Comprehensive Account on Recent Progress in Pharmacological Activities of Benzimidazole Derivatives

Nowadays, nitrogenous heterocyclic molecules have attracted a great deal of interest among medicinal chemists. Among these potential heterocyclic drugs, benzimidazole scaffolds are considerably prevalent. Due to their isostructural pharmacophore of naturally occurring active biomolecules, benzimidazole derivatives have significant importance as chemotherapeutic agents in diverse clinical conditions. Researchers have synthesized plenty of benzimidazole derivatives in the last decades, amidst a large share of these compounds exerted excellent bioactivity against many ailments with outstanding bioavailability, safety, and stability profiles. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the bioactivity of the benzimidazole derivatives reported in recent literature (2012-2021) with their available structure-activity relationship. Compounds bearing benzimidazole nucleus possess broad-spectrum pharmacological properties ranging from common antibacterial effects to the world's most virulent diseases. Several promising therapeutic candidates are undergoing human trials, and some of these are going to be approved for clinical use. However, notable challenges, such as drug resistance, costly and tedious synthetic methods, little structural information of receptors, lack of advanced software, and so on, are still viable to be overcome for further research.

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterizations of hexakis[(1-(4'-oxyphenyl)-3-(substituted-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one)]cyclotriphosphazenes: their in vitro cytotoxic activity, theoretical analysis and molecular docking studies

The hexachlorocyclotriphosphaze compound (N₃P₃Cl₆, HCCP) was reacted with excess (E)-(1-(4'-oxyphenyl)-3-(substituted-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-ones (2-11) to produce hexakis[(1-(4-oxyphenyl)-3-(substituted-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one)]cyclotriphosphazenes (CP 2-11). The structures of products (CP 2-11) were confirmed using elemental analysis, FT-IR, MS spectral analysis as well as ³¹P, ¹H and ¹³C-APT NMR techniques and their thermal properties determined by TGA and DSC techniques. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap and chemical reactivity identifiers were calculated and HOMO and LUMO images were viewed. According to the calculations, all the chemical potential values of CP 2-11 are negative and it shown that the molecules are stable. The in vitro cytotoxic of CP 2-11 investigated and their activity potentials were evaluated by molecular docking studies with Autodock Vina softwares. CP 2-11 compounds were found to demonstrate cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, LNCaP and PC-3). The CP 2-11 compounds reduced the cell viability against all cancer cell lines in the range 36%-90% especially. The results showed that these compounds are powerful candidate molecules for pharmaceutical applications.