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Yu Z, Fu S, Li L, Liu Y. Quality characteristics of goat milk powder produced by freeze drying followed by UV-C radiation sterilization. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101495. [PMID: 38827021 PMCID: PMC11140183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Goat milk was directly freeze-dried into milk powder after freezing and then sterilized using UV-C radiation to produce low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose UV-C radiation sterilized freeze-dried goat milk powder (LGP, MGP and HGP). UV-C sterilization effectively reduced the total bacteria count and coliform bacteria in the goat milk powder while preserving the active proteins, and maintaining the color unchanged. Additionally, LGP, MGP, and HGP all exhibited a moisture content below 5 g/100 g and water activity below 0.5. Upon reconstitution, the milk powder formed uniform and stable emulsion. During accelerated storage tests, the increased Aw did not compromise the microbial quality of milk powder, and there were no significant changes in active proteins as confirmed via SDS-PAGE results. Furthermore, the color parameters (a*, b* and ΔE) showed a strong correlation with hydroxymethyl furfural levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhezhe Yu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shangchen Fu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linqiang Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Liang N, Mohamed H, Pung RF, Waite-Cusic J, Dallas DC. Optimized Ultraviolet-C Processing Inactivates Pathogenic and Spoilage-Associated Bacteria while Preserving Bioactive Proteins, Vitamins, and Lipids in Human Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12198-12208. [PMID: 38752986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Holder pasteurization (HoP) enhances donor human milk microbiological safety but damages many bioactive milk proteins. Though ultraviolet-C irradiation (UV-C) can enhance safety while better preserving some milk proteins, it has not been optimized for dose or effect on a larger array of bioactive proteins. We determined the minimal UV-C parameters that provide >5-log reductions of relevant bacteria in human milk and how these treatments affect an array of bioactive proteins, vitamin E, and lipid oxidation. Treatment at 6000 and 12 000 J/L of UV-C resulted in >5-log reductions of all vegetative bacteria and bacterial spores, respectively. Both dosages improved retention of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, IgM, lactoferrin, cathepsin D, and elastase and activities of bile-salt-stimulated lipase and lysozyme compared with HoP. These UV-C doses caused minor reductions in α-tocopherol but not γ-tocopherol and no increases in lipid oxidation products. UV-C treatment is a promising approach for donor human milk processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjian Liang
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Hussein Mohamed
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Rachel F Pung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Joy Waite-Cusic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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3
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Núñez-Delgado A, Mizrachi-Chávez VM, Welti-Chanes J, Macher-Quintana ST, Chuck-Hernández C. Breast milk preservation: thermal and non-thermal processes and their effect on microorganism inactivation and the content of bioactive and nutritional compounds. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1325863. [PMID: 38455872 PMCID: PMC10919153 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1325863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Breast Milk (HBM) is widely acknowledged as the best nutritional source for neonates. Data indicates that, in 2019, 83.2% of infants in the United States received breast milk at birth, slightly reducing to 78.6% at 1 month. Despite these encouraging early figures, exclusive breastfeeding rates sharply declined, dropping to 24.9% by 6 months. This decline is particularly pronounced when direct breastfeeding is challenging, such as in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) and for working mothers. Given this, it is vital to explore alternative breast milk preservation methods. Technologies like Holder Pasteurization (HoP), High-Temperature Short-Time Pasteurization (HTST), High-Pressure Processing (HPP), UV radiation (UV), and Electric Pulses (PEF) have been introduced to conserve HBM. This review aims to enhance the understanding of preservation techniques for HBM, supporting the practice of extended exclusive breastfeeding. It explicitly addresses microbial concerns, focusing on critical pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Cytomegalovirus, and explores how various preservation methods can mitigate these risks. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of retaining the functional elements of HBM, particularly its immunological components such as antibodies and enzymes like lysozyme and Bile Salt Stimulated Lipase (BSSL). The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of HBM treatment, critically assess existing practices, identify areas needing improvement, and advocate for extended exclusive breastfeeding due to its vital role in ensuring optimal nutrition and overall health in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Núñez-Delgado
- Tecnologico, de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Welti-Chanes
- Tecnologico, de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
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4
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Rogowska A, Król-Górniak A, Railean V, Kanawati B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Michalke B, Sugajski M, Pomastowski P, Buszewski B. Deciphering the complexes of zinc ions and hen egg white lysozyme: Instrumental analysis, molecular docking, and antimicrobial assessment. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123490. [PMID: 37816265 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
In the research presented in this manuscript, an intricate study has been carried out on the interaction of zinc ions with the hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) protein. Utilizing a spectroscopic technique, the alterations that arise due to the binding of Zn2+ to the HEWL were scrutinized, underscoring the paramount significance of deprotonated carboxyl and thiol groups in the process of binding. The binding phenomena were substantiated using capillary electrophoresis integrated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS). Further spectrometric assessments (MALDI-TOF MS and FT-ICR-MS) shed light on the direct interaction of zinc ions with the functional groups of the protein. Importantly, high-resolution FT-ICR-MS techniques elucidated the capability of a single protein molecule to bind to multiple zinc ions. The empirically derived spectroscopic data received additional confirmation via a molecular docking study of the Zn2+ binding process, which highlighted a substantial affinity between the predicted 3D model of zinc-lysozyme complexes. Predominantly, the interaction between the bound entities was observed at the cysteine residues. Lastly, the conducted antimicrobial tests revealed that the zinc-lysozyme complexes manifest an inhibitory effect against bacterial (E. coli and S. aureus) and yeast (C. albicans) strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Anna Król-Górniak
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Phillipe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mateusz Sugajski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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5
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Anderson CE, Boehm AB. Sunlight Inactivation of Enveloped Viruses in Clear Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21395-21404. [PMID: 38062652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped virus fate in the environment is not well understood; there are no quantitative data on sunlight inactivation of enveloped viruses in water. Herein, we measured the sunlight inactivation of two enveloped viruses (Phi6 and murine hepatitis virus, MHV) and a nonenveloped virus (MS2) over time in clear water with simulated sunlight exposure. We attenuated UV sunlight wavelengths using long-pass 50% cutoff filters at 280, 305, and 320 nm. With the lowest UV attenuation tested, all decay rate constants (corrected for UV light screening, k̂) were significantly different from dark controls; the MS2 k̂ was equal to 4.5 m2/MJ, compared to 16 m2/MJ for Phi6 and 52 m2/MJ for MHV. With the highest UV attenuation tested, only k̂ for MHV (6.1 m2/MJ) was different from the dark control. Results indicate that the two enveloped viruses decay faster than the nonenveloped virus studied, and k̂ are significantly impacted by UV attenuation. Differences in k̂ may be due to the presence of viral envelopes but may also be related to other differing intrinsic properties of the viruses, including genome length and composition. Reported k̂ values can inform strategies to reduce the risk from exposure to enveloped viruses in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Anderson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Evaluation of Shifts of Gene Transcription Levels of Unicellular Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Due to UV-C Irradiation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030633. [PMID: 36985207 PMCID: PMC10059774 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Green algae produce valuable lipids as carbon-recycling resources. Collecting whole cells with the intracellular lipids could be efficient without cell burst; however, direct use of the cells causes microbial contamination in environments. Then, UV-C irradiation was selected to satisfy the requirements of avoiding the cell burst and sterilizing cells with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. UV-C irradiation with 1.209 mW·cm−2 showed enough sterilization activity for 1.6 × 107 cells·mL−1 of C. reinhardtii in a depth of 5 mm for 10 min. The irradiation showed no effects to composition and contents of the intracellular lipids. From the viewpoint of transcriptomic analysis, the irradiation displayed possibilities of (i) inhibition of the synthesis of lipids due to decrement of the transcription of related genes, such as diacylglycerol acyl transferase and cyclopropane fatty acid synthase, and (ii) activation of lipid degradation and the production of NADH2+ and FADH2 due to increment of the transcription of related genes, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Irradiation until cell death could be insufficient to shift the metabolic flows even though the transcriptions were already shifted to lipid degradation and energy production. This paper is the first report of the response of C. reinhardtii to UV-C irradiation on the transcription level.
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7
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Liu Y, Hettinga K, Liu D, Zhang L, Zhou P. Current progress of emerging technologies in human and animals' milk processing: Retention of immune-active components and microbial safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4327-4353. [PMID: 36036722 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human milk and commercial dairy products play a vital role in humans, as they can provide almost all essential nutrients and immune-active components for the development of children. However, how to retain more native immune-active components of milk during processing remains a big question for the dairy industry. Nonthermal technologies for milk processing are gaining increasing interest in both academic and industrial fields, as it is known that thermal processing may negatively affect the quality of milk products. Thermosensitive components, such as lactoferrin, immunoglobulins (Igs), growth factors, and hormones, are highly important for the healthy development of newborns. In addition to product quality, thermal processing also causes environmental problems, such as high energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This review summarizes the recent advances of UV-C, ultrasonication (US), high-pressure processing (HPP), and other emerging technologies for milk processing from the perspective of immune-active components retention and microbial safety, focusing on human, bovine, goat, camel, sheep, and donkey milk. Also, the detailed application, including the instrumental design, technical parameters, and obtained results, are discussed. Finally, future prospects and current limitations of nonthermal techniques as applied in milk processing are discussed. This review thereby describes the current state-of-the-art in nonthermal milk processing techniques and will inspire the development of such techniques for in-practice applications in milk processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology, Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen, University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dasong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Kontopodi E, Hettinga K, Stahl B, van Goudoever JB, M van Elburg R. Testing the effects of processing on donor human Milk: Analytical methods. Food Chem 2022; 373:131413. [PMID: 34700038 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Holder pasteurization is the current recommended method for donor human milk treatment. This method effectively eliminates most life-threatening contaminants in donor milk, but it also greatly reduces some of its biological properties. Consequently, there is a growing interest for developing novel processing methods that can ensure both microbial inactivation and a higher retention of the functional components of donor milk. Our aim was to offer a comprehensive overview of the analytical techniques available for the evaluation of such methods. To suggest an efficient workflow for the analysis of processed donor milk, a safety analytical panel as well as a nutritional value and functionality analytical panel are discussed, together with the principles, benefits, and drawbacks of the available techniques. Concluding on the suitability of a novel method requires a multifactorial approach which can be achieved by a combination of analytical targets and by using complementary assays to cross-validate the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kontopodi
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Human Milk Bank, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands.
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Human Milk Bank, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Emma Children's Hospital, Human Milk Bank, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Sinkiewicz-Darol E, Martysiak-Żurowska D, Puta M, Adamczyk I, Barbarska O, Wesołowska A, Bernatowicz-Łojko U. Nutrients and Bioactive Components of Human Milk After One Year of Lactation: Implication for Human Milk Banks. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:284-291. [PMID: 34520401 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Specifying the nutrient content and bioactive compounds in milk from long-term lactation for the purpose of finding additional sources of donors' milk for human milk banks. METHOD Human milk samples were collected from 43 mothers of term infants (term infant human milk, TIHM) (3-6 weeks of lactation) and 50 mothers who have breastfed for over a year (long-nursing human milk, LNHM). The milk collection time was 24 hours. The analyses of fat, protein, carbohydrate and energy content were performed with human milk analyzer MIRIS (Miris HMA™ ); lactoferrin and vitamin C content using high performance liquid chromatography in reversed phase (RP-HPLC); total antioxidant activity (TAC) and lysozyme by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) via spectrophotometric methods. Sociodemographic characteristics of both groups of mothers have been compiled. RESULTS Higher fat content and energy value was found in LNHM than in TIHM. Protein content in LNHM and TIHM did not differ. Carbohydrate content was lower in LNHM than in TIHM. TAC, CAT and GPx activity were higher in LNHM compared to TIHM. No significant differences in the content of lysozyme, lactoferrin and vitamin C between the studied groups were found. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that after 12 months of lactation, human milk still has significant nutritional value, does not lose bioactive components and can be considered for use in human milk banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Torun, Torun
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz
| | - Dorota Martysiak-Żurowska
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk
| | - Małgorzata Puta
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk
| | - Iwona Adamczyk
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Torun, Torun
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz
| | - Olga Barbarska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital; Medical University of Warsaw, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Warsaw
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital; Medical University of Warsaw, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Warsaw
| | - Urszula Bernatowicz-Łojko
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Torun, Torun
- Department of Midwifery, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, St. Sophia's Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Kontopodi E, Stahl B, van Goudoever JB, Boeren S, Timmermans RAH, den Besten HMW, Van Elburg RM, Hettinga K. Effects of High-Pressure Processing, UV-C Irradiation and Thermoultrasonication on Donor Human Milk Safety and Quality. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:828448. [PMID: 35386262 PMCID: PMC8979557 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.828448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Holder pasteurization (HoP) is the current recommended treatment for donor human milk. Although this method inactivates microbial contaminants, it also negatively affects various milk components. High-pressure processing (HPP, 400, 500, and 600 MPa), ultraviolet-C irradiation (UV-C, 2,430, 3,645, and 4,863 J/L) and thermoultrasonication (TUS, 1,080 and 1,620 kJ/L) were investigated as alternatives to thermal pasteurization (HoP). We assessed the effects of these methods on microbiological safety, and on concentration and functionality of immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, lysozyme and bile salt-stimulated lipase, with LC-MS/MS-based proteomics and activity assays. HoP, HPP, TUS, and UV-C at 4863 J/L, achieved >5-log10 microbial reduction. Native protein levels and functionality showed the highest reduction following HoP, while no significant reduction was found after less intense HPP and all UV-C treatments. Immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, and lysozyme contents were also preserved after low intensity TUS, but bile salt-stimulated lipase activity was significantly reduced. This study demonstrated that HPP and UV-C may be considered as suitable alternatives to HoP, since they were able to ensure sufficient microbial inactivation while at the same time better preserving the bioactive components of donor human milk. In summary, our results provide valuable insights regarding the evaluation and selection of suitable processing methods for donor human milk treatment, which may replace HoP in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kontopodi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rian A H Timmermans
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ruurd M Van Elburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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11
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Martysiak-Żurowska D, Malinowska-Pańczyk E, Orzołek M, Kiełbratowska B, Sinkiewicz-Darol E. Effect of convection and microwave heating on the retention of bioactive components in human milk. Food Chem 2021; 374:131772. [PMID: 34896952 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive substances are very important components of human milk (HM), especially for premature newborns. The effects of convection (CH) and microwave heating (MWH) at 62.5 and 66 °C, on the level of selected bioactive components of HM: lysozyme (LZ), lactoferrin (LF), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), basal lipase (BL), cytokine TGF-2, vitamin C and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was compared. Regardless of the used heating methods the TAC of HM, determined by TEAC and ORAC-FL assay, proved to be insensitive to temperature pasteurization, in contrary to BL. MWH in the conditions of 62.5 for 5 min and 66 °C for 3 min are ensuring microbiological safety with a higher retention of most of the tested active HM proteins compared to CH. Only in the case of LZ the MWH had a more degradative effect on its concentration. Controlled conditions of MWH preserve the bioactive components of the HM better than CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Martysiak-Żurowska
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Edyta Malinowska-Pańczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Orzołek
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Kiełbratowska
- Department of Obstetrics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3a Str., 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Torun, Torun, 53-59 St. Jozef St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; Kazimierz Wielki University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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12
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Juncker HG, Ruhé EJM, Burchell GL, van den Akker CHP, Korosi A, van Goudoever JB, van Keulen BJ. The Effect of Pasteurization on the Antioxidant Properties of Human Milk: A Literature Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111737. [PMID: 34829608 PMCID: PMC8614754 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High rates of oxidative stress are common in preterm born infants and have short- and long-term consequences. The antioxidant properties of human milk limits the consequences of excessive oxidative damage. However, as the mother's own milk it is not always available, donor milk may be provided as the best alternative. Donor milk needs to be pasteurized before use to ensure safety. Although pasteurization is necessary for safety reasons, it may affect the activity and concentration of several biological factors, including antioxidants. This literature review describes the effect of different pasteurization methods on antioxidant properties of human milk and aims to provide evidence to guide donor milk banks in choosing the best pasteurization method from an antioxidant perspective. The current literature suggests that Holder pasteurization reduces the antioxidant properties of human milk. Alternative pasteurization methods seem promising as less reduction is observed in several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G. Juncker
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences—Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Eliza J. M. Ruhé
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
| | - George L. Burchell
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Chris H. P. van den Akker
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics–Neonatology, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences—Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Britt J. van Keulen
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.G.J.); (E.J.M.R.); (B.J.v.K.)
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Atik A, Gumus T. The effect of different doses of UV-C treatment on microbiological quality of bovine milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Optimization of UV-C Processing of Donkey Milk: An Alternative to Pasteurization? Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010042. [PMID: 33379250 PMCID: PMC7824723 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of UV-C light technology on the inactivation of six foodborne pathogens inoculated in raw donkey milk was evaluated. Fresh raw donkey milk was artificially inoculated with the following foodborne pathogens-L. inoccua (NCTC 11288), S. aureus (NCTC 6571), B. cereus (NCTC 7464), Cronobacter sakazakii (NCTC 11467), E. coli (NCTC 9001), Salmonella enteritidis (NCTC 6676)-and then treated with UV-C doses of up to 1300 J/L. L. innocua was the most UV-C-resistant of the bacteria tested, requiring 1100 J/L for complete inactivation, while the rest of the bacteria tested was destructed in the range of 200-600 J/L. Results obtained from this study indicate that UV-C light technology has the potential to be used as a non-thermal processing method for the reduction of spoilage bacteria and foodborne pathogens that can be present in raw donkey milk.
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15
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Ramírez R, Garrido M, Rocha-Pimienta J, García-Parra J, Delgado-Adámez J. Immunological components and antioxidant activity in human milk processed by different high pressure-thermal treatments at low initial temperature and flash holding times. Food Chem 2020; 343:128546. [PMID: 33214041 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of high pressure thermal (HPT) processing on the immunoglobulin (IgM, IgA and IgG), and cytokine content (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α), and antioxidant activity of human milk was analyzed after the application of different treatments between 200, and 800 MPa at low initial temperatures (between -15, and 50 °C) and for 1 s (flash treatments). Low pressures intensities did not induce changes in Igs while at 800 MPa, all combinations reduced the control levels. IL-6 and IL-10 were not affected by any of the treatments applied while IL-8 and TNF-α were reduced at treatments which combined temperatures at 50 °C. In general antioxidant activity was not affected at the processing conditions chosen. The flash HPT treatment applied at 600 MPa and at 0 °C could be the best choice to preserve immunological parameters and the antioxidant activity of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Ramírez
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Garrido
- Department of Physiology (Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group), Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Rocha-Pimienta
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Parra
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jonathan Delgado-Adámez
- Technological Agri-food Institute (INTAEX), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain.
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16
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Dhahir N, Feugang J, Witrick K, Park S, White S, AbuGhazaleh A. The effect of different ultraviolet-C light doses on microbial reduction and the components of camel milk. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2020; 27:99-111. [PMID: 32580589 DOI: 10.1177/1082013220935230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a result of increasing interest in non-thermal technologies as a possible alternative or complementary to milk pasteurization processing, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different ultraviolet-C light doses on the viability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and chemical changes to camel milk components. Pasteurized and inoculated camel milk samples were ultraviolet-C treated in a continuous flow system. The viability of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium was evaluated with both in vivo imaging system and traditional plate count agar method. Samples subjected to the 4.15, 8.30, and 12.45 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet-C treatment resulted in 1.9, 3.3, and 3.9-log reductions in E. coli O157:H7 and 0.9, 3, and 3.9-log reductions in S. Typhimurium, respectively. The measurement of secondary lipid peroxidation products (or ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substance values) showed no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the raw and ultraviolet-C treated milk samples. Additionally, no changes (P > 0.05) in the protein profiles of αs1-casein, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin were observed between both samples. Compared to the untreated raw milk, c9t11 conjugated linoleic acid decreased (P < 0.01) while t10c12 conjugated linoleic acid increased (P < 0.01) in the ultraviolet-C treated milk. Furthermore, three new volatile compounds were identified in the ultraviolet-C treated milk compared to the control. In conclusion, milk treated with the ultraviolet-C light at a dose of 12.45 mJ/cm2 did not meet the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements for the 5-log pathogen reduction. The ultraviolet-C treatment, on the other hand, had minimal effects on camel milk components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namariq Dhahir
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
| | - Jean Feugang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Katherine Witrick
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
| | - Seongbin Park
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA.,Costal Research & Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Shecoya White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Amer AbuGhazaleh
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
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Wesolowska A, Sinkiewicz-Darol E, Barbarska O, Bernatowicz-Lojko U, Borszewska-Kornacka MK, van Goudoever JB. Innovative Techniques of Processing Human Milk to Preserve Key Components. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1169. [PMID: 31137691 PMCID: PMC6566440 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk not only contains all nutritional elements that an infant requires, but is also the source of components whose regulatory role was confirmed by demonstrating health-related deficiencies in formula-fed children. A human milk diet is especially important for premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In cases where breastfeeding is not possible and the mother's own milk is insufficient in volume, the most preferred food is pasteurized donor milk. The number of human milk banks has increased recently but their technical infrastructure is continuously developing. Heat treatment at a low temperature and long time, also known as holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min), is the most widespread method of human milk processing, whose effects on the quality of donor milk is well documented. Holder pasteurization destroys vegetative forms of bacteria and most viruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) herpes and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The macronutrients remain relatively intact but various beneficial components are destroyed completely or compromised. Enzymes and immune cells are the most heat sensitive elements. The bactericidal capacity of heat-pasteurized milk is lower than that of untreated milk. The aim of the study was for a comprehensive comparison of currently tested methods of improving the preservation stage. Innovative techniques of milk processing should minimize the risk of milk-borne infections and preserve the bioactivity of this complex biological fluid better than the holder method. In the present paper, the most promising thermal pasteurization condition (72 °C-75 °C,) and a few non-thermal processes were discussed (high pressure processing, microwave irradiation). This narrative review presents an overview of methods of human milk preservation that have been explored to improve the safety and quality of donor milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Neonatology, 63A Zwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Torun, Torun, 53-59 St. Jozef St., 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Olga Barbarska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Neonatology, 63A Zwirki i Wigury St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Bernatowicz-Lojko
- Human Milk Bank, Ludwik Rydygier' Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Torun, Torun, 53-59 St. Jozef St., 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | | | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Demazeau G, Plumecocq A, Lehours P, Martin P, Couëdelo L, Billeaud C. A New High Hydrostatic Pressure Process to Assure the Microbial Safety of Human Milk While Preserving the Biological Activity of Its Main Components. Front Public Health 2018; 6:306. [PMID: 30460221 PMCID: PMC6232532 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The main process used to pasteurize human milk is the low-temperature, long-time Holder method. More recently, the high-temperature, short-time method has been investigated. Both processes lead to the appropriate inactivation of vegetative bacterial forms but are ineffective against bacterial spores. Research Aims/Questions: We aimed to accomplish two main objectives: inactivation of all pathogens, including spores; and preservation of the activity of milk components. Design/Methods: Recently, a novel high-hydrostatic pressure process has been developed by HPBioTECH. Using the same raw human milk samples, we compared the effects of this method with those of the Holder method on vegetative and spore forms of pathogens and on bioactive components (lipase activity, immunoproteins). Results: Two main microbial strains were selected: Staphylococcus aureus (as a reference for vegetative forms) and Bacillus cereus (as a reference for spores). Use of the high-hydrostatic pressure process led to microbial decontamination of 6 log for both S. aureus and B. cereus. Additionally, the bioactivity of the main components of human milk was preserved, with activities of lipase, α-lactalbumin, casein, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and sIgA of ~80, 96-99, 98-100, 95-100, 93-97, and 63-64%, respectively. Conclusions: Use of this novel high-hydrostatic pressure process to generate microbiologically safe human milk may provide important benefits for preterm infants, including improved assimilation of human milk (leading increased weight gain) and improved resistance to infections. Because 10% of all human milk collected is contaminated by B. cereus, use of this method will also prevent waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Lehours
- Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice Martin
- UMR1313 GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Leslie Couëdelo
- Department Nutrition-Health & Lipid biochemistry of ITERG, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claude Billeaud
- Neonatology Nutrition, Lactarium Bordeaux-Marmande, CIC Pédiatrique 1401 Children's Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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