Dental Anomalies in Consanguineous Marriage: A Clinical-Radiological Study

Exploring the genetics, mechanisms, and therapeutic innovations in non-syndromic tooth agenesis

Tooth agenesis is the congenital absence of one or more teeth in the normal series due to failures during dental development in the odontogenesis process. Although tooth development mechanisms are more precise in the literature, the etiology of non-syndromic tooth agenesis remains partially unknown. Mutations in genes that regulate the transcription factors involved in tooth development are associated with this condition. Despite advances in genetic research, questions remain about whose understanding might enable more precise and customized treatments. This study aimed to explain the molecular mechanisms associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis and treatment progression regarding the condition in genetics. The search was non-systematic and performed in MedLine (via PubMed). The inclusion criteria were observational and experimental studies published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, with open access and without time restrictions. The data analysis was narrative/descriptive. Fifty-three articles were selected. The primary genes associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis identified in the study include PAX9 and MSX1 - essential for molar and premolar formation; WNT10A and WNT10B - involved in cell signaling during odontogenesis; AXIN2 - related to the regulation of cell control and colorectal cancer risk; EDA and EDAR - crucial for ectodermal structures; and BMP4 - regulates cell differentiation and morphogenesis. These lesions directly affect tooth formation and quantity. Understanding these genetic foundations and the molecular mechanisms of tooth agenesis is essential to improve diagnosis, develop customized therapies, and enhance patients' quality of life. Continuous research is critical to establish genetic-based therapeutic innovations.

Management of primary second molar with poor prognosis in patient with bilateral premolar agenesis: A case report with 1-year follow-up

Bilateral mandibular premolar agenesis is rare, and it is essential to retain the primary teeth until they can be replaced with dental implants. Although internal root resorption and periapical lesions in primary teeth have a poor prognosis, MTA dressing and restoring teeth with SSC impede the progress of internal resorption.

Fusion of a Tooth with a Supernumerary Tooth: A Case Report and Literature Review of 35 Cases

Tooth fusion is a dental anomaly with a prevalence of 0.1% in permanent dentition. The aim of this paper is to present the occurrence, region of fusion, and prognosis of fused tooth which is a very rare case in the literature. The authors present a very rare case with a maxillary right lateral incisor fused to a supernumerary tooth on the palatal side. The eruption was delayed, but eruption occurred naturally at 9 years and 6 months. However, cone-beam computed tomography at 11 years and 6 months revealed it was diagnosed as a fused tooth. The authors undertook a literature review over the past 10 years and found 30 articles about fused teeth between permanent teeth and supernumerary teeth. It was more common in males than females and there were no differences depending on the occurrence. Mesiodistal fusion was more common in the incisor region, while labiopalatal fusion was more common in the molar region. Most cases required dental treatment with a surgical approach, root canal treatment, or orthodontic treatment. The present study highlights the importance of long-term follow-up and suggests the region of fusion and prognosis of the fused tooth may vary depending on the occurrence.

Consanguineous marriage as a key indicator of isolated congenital dental anomaly among South Indian population - A cross-sectional study

Background

Orofacial anomalies occur due to incomplete fusion of developmental lines in the head and neck region. Dental anomalies regarded as the most common orofacial anomalies either in isolated or syndromic forms arise due to genetic and environmental factors. Among genetic influences, consanguineous marriages are considered as a significant predisposition factor in the transmission of congenital defects and several autosomal recessive diseases from one generation to other with an increased risk of detrimental effects on offspring.

Aim

The present study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and significant association between consanguinity and isolated dental anomalies with that of nonconsanguineous parents among south-Indian population.

Methodology

A total of 116 participants with and without dental anomalies in isolated form pertaining to tooth size, shape, altered morphology, number and eruption were selected followed by brief case history. Participants with a positive history of consanguinity were categorized as Group A while others were categorized under Group B.

Results

Sixty-four out of 116 participants (55.17%) showed positive consanguinity (Group A) among which 18 females (56%) and 14 males (44%) presented with isolated dental anomalies. 12 females (66.6%) and 9 males (64.2%) in Group A showed significance with first cousin (P = 0.00204) whereas no significance was observed in other consanguinity type (P = 0.7287). Nonetheless, the overall frequency of isolated dental anomalies was slightly higher in Group A than Group B that was statistically significant (P = 0.0213).

Conclusion

A positive correlation between dental anomalies among offspring of consanguineous marriages revealed such prevalence may be attributed to increased risk of recessive deleterious gene expression or defective allele carried to offspring.

Consanguineous Marriages and Dental Anomalies: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study

Objective

To determine the correlation between consanguineous marriages and dental anomalies. Study Design. A cross-sectional analytical study.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional analytical multicentered study was carried out at Foundation University College of Dentistry after approval of the Ethical Research Committee (ERC) from September 2021 to November 2021 in Pakistan. All pediatric patients (4–10 years old) with dental malformations undergoing dental procedures or examinations and born with spontaneous vaginal delivery and uncomplicated cesarean section participated in the study. First, second, and third-degree relatives' marriages of parents were used to define consanguinity. The Basic Pay Scale was the reference of estimation of socioeconomic status. Participants with a history of orofacial trauma, pertinent parental history (infertility, hormonal treatment, or infectious diseases during pregnancy, conception with assisted reproductive techniques, prolonged complicated labor, premature deliveries, and twin births), and prolonged hospital admission immediately after birth were excluded from the study.

Results

The mean maternal and paternal age was recorded to be 23.86 ± 5.4 and 27.07 ± 9.6, respectively, whereas the mean age of participants was 6.60 ± 1.67. There were 297 children with congenital abnormalities, with 203 (68.4%) males and 94 (31.6%) females. The prevalence of consanguineous marriage was found to be in 210 (70.7%) participants. Congenital dental anomalies correlation was found to be significant with consanguineous marriages (p value <0.001). Consanguineous marriages were more frequent in the lower socioeconomic group when compared with the middle and upper socioeconomic groups, respectively (74.7% vs. 8.1% vs. 17.2%, p value 0.007).

Conclusion

Congenital dental anomalies were significantly prevalent in consanguineous marriages with greater incidence in lower socioeconomic groups. Consanguineous marriages have the propensity to transmute population conformation, but due to religious and social beliefs, literature is hesitant to ascribe congenital dental anomalies persuasive relevance with consanguinity.