1
|
Chiang N, Sibbald C, Levy R, Lara-Corrales I. Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Children and Adolescents: An Update on Pharmacologic Treatment Options. Paediatr Drugs 2023; 25:659-676. [PMID: 37782437 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-023-00595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin condition that manifests as painful, deep-seated, inflamed nodules and abscesses in the axillary, groin, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. The associated pain, malodour, and disfigurement contribute to its profound negative impact on psychosocial spheres and overall quality of life in affected individuals. Although the symptoms of HS classically begin in the second or third decade of life, HS affects children and adolescents as well. Despite this, there are limited pediatric data on treatment, which are largely based on expert opinion, extrapolation of efficacy data in adults with HS, and safety information from medication use in other pediatric diseases. On this basis, there exist several pharmacological modalities in the treatment of children and adolescents with HS including topical therapies, systemic therapies, and biologics. The goals of this review article are to: (1) review the efficacy of different pharmacological treatment modalities in children and adolescents with HS, and (2) review the safety and monitoring considerations of the different treatment options in children and adolescents with HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chiang
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cathryn Sibbald
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Rebecca Levy
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Irene Lara-Corrales
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tverring J, Månsson E, Andrews V, Ljungquist O. Pivmecillinam with Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid as step down oral therapy in febrile Urinary Tract Infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (PACUTI). Trials 2023; 24:568. [PMID: 37660037 PMCID: PMC10474767 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral treatment alternatives for febrile urinary tract infections are limited in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance. We aim to evaluate if the combination of pivmecillinam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is non-inferior to current alternatives for step-down therapy in adult patients with febrile urinary tract infection. METHODS We plan to perform an investigator-initiated non-inferiority trial. Adult hospitalised patients treated with 1-5 days of intravenous antibiotics for acute febrile urinary tract infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacterales will be randomised 1:1 to either control (7-10 days of either oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily or oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 800 mg/160 mg twice daily or intravenous ertapenem 1 g once daily, depending on sex, drug allergy, glomerular filtration rate and susceptibility testing) or intervention (10 days of pivmecillinam 400 mg three times daily and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500/125 mg three times daily). The primary outcome will be clinical cure 10 days (+/- 2 days) after antibiotic treatment completion. Clinical cure is defined as being alive with absence of fever and return to non-infected baseline of urinary tract symptoms without additional antibiotic treatment or re-hospitalisation (for urinary tract infection) based on a centralised allocation-blinded structured telephone interview. We plan to recruit 330 patients to achieve 90% power based on a sample size simulation analysis using a two-group comparison, one-sided alpha of 2.5%, an absolute non-inferiority margin of 10% and expecting 93% clinical cure rate and 10% loss to follow-up. The primary endpoint will be analysed using generalised estimated equations and reported as risk difference for both intention-to-treat and per protocol populations. Patients are planned to be recruited from at least 10 centres in Sweden from 2023 to 2026. DISCUSSION If the combination of pivmecillinam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is found to be non-inferior to the control drugs there are potential benefits in terms of tolerability, frequency of interactions, outpatient treatment, side effects, nosocomial infections and drive for further antimicrobial resistance compared to existing drugs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05224401. Registered on February 4, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Tverring
- Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg (AKVH), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsingborg Hospital, Region Skåne, Helsingborg, Sweden.
| | - Emeli Månsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Centre of Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Vigith Andrews
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ljungquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg (AKVH), Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsingborg Hospital, Region Skåne, Helsingborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ara R, Nasrullah SM, Tasnim Z, Afrin S, Hawlader MDH, Saif‐Ur‐Rahman KM. Effective antimicrobial therapies of urinary tract infections among children in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Pediatr Investig 2023; 7:102-110. [PMID: 37324602 PMCID: PMC10262900 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections encountered in infancy and childhood. Despite the emerging problem of antibiotic resistance in recent years, the use of antibiotics for better management of UTIs is inevitable. Objective This study aims to explore the efficacy and adverse effects of the available antimicrobial agents that are used in pediatric UTIs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods Five electronic databases were searched to identify relevant articles. Two reviewers independently performed screening, data extraction, and quality assessment of the available literature. Randomized controlled trials providing antimicrobial interventions in both male and female participants within the age range of 3 months to 17 years in LMICs were included. Results Six randomized controlled trials from 13 LMICs were included in this review (four trials explored the efficacy). Due to high heterogeneity across the studies, a meta-analysis was not performed. Other than attrition and reporting bias, the risk of bias was moderate to high due to poor study designs. The differences in the efficacy and adverse events of different antimicrobials were not found to be statistically significant. Interpretation This review indicates the necessity for additional clinical trials on children from LMICs with more significant sample numbers, adequate intervention periods, and study design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara
- Infectious Disease Divisionicddr,bDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - Zarrin Tasnim
- Public Health Professional Development Society (PPDS)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Health System and Population Studies Divisionicddr,bDhakaBangladesh
| | | | - KM Saif‐Ur‐Rahman
- Health System and Population Studies Divisionicddr,bDhakaBangladesh
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland and Cochrane IrelandUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
In Vitro Activity of Ertapenem against Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates with Decreased Susceptibility or Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Nanjing, China (2013 to 2019). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0010922. [PMID: 35491832 PMCID: PMC9112910 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00109-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Nanjing, China, that possessed decreased susceptibility (or resistance) to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) were examined for susceptibility to ertapenem, and their sequence types were determined. Ceftriaxone and cefixime MICs of ≥0.125 mg/L and ≥0.25 mg/L, respectively, were first determined in 259 strains isolated between 2013 and 2019, and then MICs of ertapenem were measured using the antimicrobial gradient Epsilometer test (Etest). Also, genetic determinants of ESC resistance were identified and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) was performed to analyze associations with ertapenem susceptibility. All isolates displayed ertapenem MICs between 0.006 mg/L and 0.38 mg/L; the overall MIC50 and MIC90 were 0.032 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L, respectively. Forty-four (17.0%) isolates displayed ertapenem MICs of ≥0.125 mg/L; 10 (3.9%) had MICs of ≥0.25 mg/L. The proportion of isolates with ertapenem MICs of ≥0.125 mg/L increased from 4.0% in 2013 to 20.0% in 2019 (χ2 = 24.144, P < 0.001; chi-square test for linear trend). The penA mosaic allele was present in a significantly higher proportion of isolates with ertapenem MICs of ≥0.125 mg/L than of isolates with MICs of ≤0.094 mg/L) (97.7% versus 34.9%, respectively; χ2 = 58.158, P < 0.001). ST5308 was the most prevalent NG-MAST type (8.5%); ST5308 was also significantly more common among isolates with ertapenem MICs of ≥0.125 mg/L than isolates with MICs of ≤0.094 mg/L (22.7% and 5.6%, respectively; χ2 = 13.815, P = 0.001). Ertapenem may be effective therapy for gonococcal isolates with decreased susceptibility or resistance to ESCs and isolates with identifiable genetic resistance determinants.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ara R, Mohammad Nasrullah S, Tasnim Z, Afrin S, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Hawlader MDH. Effective antimicrobial therapies of urinary tract infection among children in low-income and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060568. [PMID: 35414563 PMCID: PMC9006796 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a frequently diagnosed infection in women and children. Treatments are often initiated with broad-spectrum antibiotics without performing any culture and sensitivity test. Inappropriate and empirical antimicrobial regimens and poor adherence to the drugs lead to the recurrence of the disease. Moreover, resistance against antibiotics in the urinary tract bacteria due to inadequate therapies is a more significant cause of concern. This systematic review will explore the different antimicrobial options for treating UTIs in children and compare their effectiveness. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Four electronic databases MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Web of Science will be searched in February 2022 to find relevant studies. After the initial screening by two independent review authors, the selected articles will go through the full-text evaluation to filter the inclusion criteria. Using an appropriate tool, the risk of bias will also be assessed by two independent review authors. The review results showing the treatment effects of different antimicrobials will be presented as a narrative synthesis, and a meta-analysis will be conducted if applicable. Assessment of heterogeneity between studies, assessment of publication bias, and sensitivity analysis will also be performed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol of this systematic review has been approved by the institutional review board of North South University. The dissemination of the results will be conducted in the form of scientific publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentations in different regional and international conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021260415.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Ara
- Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sarker Mohammad Nasrullah
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Maternal and Child Health Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zarrin Tasnim
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K M Saif-Ur-Rahman
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao R, Long X, Wang J, Zhu J, Liu C, Shang T, Zhang Z, Obi E, Osadebe L, Kang Y, Liu J, Chen X, Xu H. Effectiveness of ertapenem for treatment of infections in children: An evidence mapping and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:982179. [PMID: 36324821 PMCID: PMC9620802 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.982179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess and summarize current evidence on the effectiveness and safety of ertapenem for treatment of childhood infections, in consideration of high infection prevalence in children and wide use of ertapenem. METHODS The following 8 databases were searched on 13th May 2021: Web of Science, Embase via Ovid SP, PubMed, The Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP and Wanfang. The primary outcome was treatment success rate. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using random-effect models. Subgroup analysis was conducted where heterogeneity was found. RESULTS Fifteen studies (8 randomized controlled trials, 1 observational comparative study, and 6 before and after studies) involving 2,528 patients were included in the final review. Ertapenem had similar treatment success rates with β-lactam antibiotics [relative risk (RR) = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.99-1.19]. In a subgroup analysis, similar efficacy (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.97-1.20) between ertapenem and other carbapenems. Compared with β-lactam antibiotics, ertapenem did not increase the risk of any adverse events (RR = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.71-1.48), drug-related diarrhea (all non-Asian children, RR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.31-1.25), or injection site pain (all non-Asian children, RR = 1.66, 95%CI: 0.59-4.68). Subgroup analysis showed no obvious difference between ertapenem group and carbapenems or non-carbapenems group on risk of adverse events. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ertapenem is effective and safe in treatment for children with infection. Further comparative real-world data is needed to supplement clinical evidence on the overall benefits of ertapenem in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoru Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Shang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Engels Obi
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States
| | | | - Yue Kang
- MRL Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- MRL Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- MRL Global Medical Affairs, MSD China, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Department of Infectious Diseases of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng L, Wang C, Jiang M, Chen K, Zhong H, Chen Z, Huang L, Li H, Zhang L, Choonara I. Safety of ceftriaxone in paediatrics: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:981-985. [PMID: 32144089 PMCID: PMC7513262 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the safety of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients and systematically evaluate the categories and incidences of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients. METHODS We performed a systematic search in Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, CINAHL, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and bibliographies of relevant articles up to December 2018 for all types of studies that assessed the safety of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients aged ≤18 years. RESULTS 112 studies met the inclusion criteria involving 5717 paediatric patients who received ceftriaxone and reported 1136 ADRs. The most frequent ADRs reported in prospective studies were gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (37.4 %, 292/780), followed by hepatobiliary disorders (24.6%, 192/780). Serious ADRs leading to withdrawal or discontinuation of ceftriaxone were reported in 86 paediatric patients. Immune haemolytic anaemia (34.9%, 30/86) and biliary pseudolithiasis (26.7%, 23/86) were the two major causes. Haemolytic anaemia following intravenous ceftriaxone led to death in 11 children whose primary disease was sickle cell disease. Almost all biliary pseudolithiasis are reversible. However, the incidence was high affecting one in five paediatric patients (20.7%). CONCLUSIONS GI ADRs are the most common toxicity of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients. Immune haemolytic anaemia and biliary pseudolithiasis are the most serious ADRs and the major reasons for discontinuation of ceftriaxone. Immune haemolytic anaemia is more likely in children with sickle cell disease and may cause death. Ceftriaxone should be used with caution in children with sickle cell disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017055428.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Jiang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiqin Zhong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China .,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Imti Choonara
- Academic Division of Child Health, Derbyshire Childrens Hospital, Derby, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pansa P, Hsia Y, Bielicki J, Lutsar I, Walker AS, Sharland M, Folgori L. Evaluating Safety Reporting in Paediatric Antibiotic Trials, 2000-2016: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs 2019; 78:231-244. [PMID: 29218501 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are very few options to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in children. A major barrier is the duration and complexity of regulatory trials of new antibiotics. Extrapolation of safety data from adult trials could facilitate drug development for children. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review on the safety of antibiotic clinical trials (CTs) in children (0-18 years) to evaluate the overall quality of safety trials conducted in children and to determine if age-specific adverse events (AEs) could be identified for specific antibiotic classes. DATA SOURCES We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov electronic databases for trials conducted between 2000 and 2016. STUDY SELECTION All trials in which safety was declared a primary or secondary endpoint were included. Exclusion criteria were (1) topical or inhalational route of administration; (2) non-infectious conditions; (3) administration for prophylaxis rather than treatment; (4) selected population (i.e. cystic fibrosis, malignancies, HIV and tuberculosis); and (5) design other than randomized controlled trials. Trials reporting data on both adults and children were included only if paediatric results were reported separately. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two authors independently extracted the data. To assess the quality of published trials, the Extension for harms for Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement 2004 was used. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE In order to quantitatively assess the rate of developing AEs by drug class, the numbers of overall and body-system-specific AEs were collected for each study arm, and then calculated per single drug class as median and interquartile range (IQR) of the proportions across CTs. The AEs most frequently reported were compared in the meta-analysis by selecting the CTs on the most represented drug classes. RESULTS Eighty-three CTs were included, accounting for 27,693 children. Overall, 69.7% of CONSORT items were fully reported. The median proportion of children with any AE was 22.5%, but did not exceed 8% in any single body system. Serious drug-related AEs and drug-related discontinuations were very rare (median 0.3 and 0.9%, respectively). Limitations included the inability to stratify by age group, particularly neonates. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Overall, AEs in paediatric antibiotic CTs were predictable and class-specific, and no unexpected (age-specific) side effects were identified. Smaller, open-label, dose-finding, high-quality, single-arm pharmacokinetic trials seem potentially sufficient for certain common antibiotic classes, extrapolating well-established safety profiles determined from large adult efficacy trials. This approach could reduce duration and enhance subsequent registration of urgently needed new antibiotics. This will need to be combined with enhanced methods of pharmacovigilance for monitoring of emerging AEs in routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pansa
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Jenner Wing, Level 2, Room 2.215E, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Yingfen Hsia
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Jenner Wing, Level 2, Room 2.215E, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Julia Bielicki
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Jenner Wing, Level 2, Room 2.215E, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.,Paediatric Pharmacology, University Children's Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PA, UK
| | - Mike Sharland
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Jenner Wing, Level 2, Room 2.215E, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Laura Folgori
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, Jenner Wing, Level 2, Room 2.215E, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dariane C, Amin A, Lortholary O, Lalli A, Michel C, Le Guilchet T, Treluyer JM, Nguyen-Khoa T, De Toma C, Urien S, Méjean A, Bourget P, Timsit MO. Plasma and intraprostatic concentrations of ertapenem following preoperative single dose administration: a single-centre prospective experience and clinical implications-the ERTAPRO study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:168-74. [PMID: 27324263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogens is increasing. These infections are associated with a long hospital stay in patients undergoing urological procedures. We aimed to demonstrate that significant intraprostatic diffusion of ertapenem is achieved after a single preoperative administration. A referred sample of 19 patients requiring surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia was prospectively included. Patients received a 1 g intravenous (i.v.) dose of ertapenem 1 h (n = 10, group A) or 12 h (n = 9, group B) before blood and prostatic samples were collected. Plasma and intraprostatic concentrations of ertapenem were measured using LC-MS/MS. Intraprostatic concentrations were considered satisfactory when higher than the MIC90 value of urinary-targeted pathogens perioperatively and for 40% of the dosing interval. The Wilcoxon test and a pharmacokinetic predictive model were used. Median plasma concentrations of ertapenem were 144.3 mg/L (95% CI 126.5-157.9) in group A and 30.7 mg/L (95% CI 22.9-36.4) in group B (P < 0.001); median intraprostatic concentrations were 16.6 mg/L (95% CI 13.3-31.4 mg/L) and 4.2 mg/L (95% CI 3.1-4.9 mg/L), respectively (P < 0.001), which were above the MIC90 values of bacteria, including ESBL-producers, during surgery and for 40% of the dosing interval. The plasma-to-prostate concentration ratio was not significantly different between groups (P = 0.97). Single-dose i.v. ertapenem reached satisfactory intraprostatic concentrations, suggesting that it could be a relevant prophylactic strategy for carriers of ESBL-producing bacteria undergoing prostatic procedures, which needs to be confirmed by further prospective trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dariane
- Department of Urology, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Amin
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, HU Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75746 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, HU Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Lalli
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, HU Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75746 Paris, France
| | - Constance Michel
- Department of Urology, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Le Guilchet
- Department of Urology, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Clinical Research Unity, Centre d'investigation clinique, Necker Cochin-Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HU Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75746 Paris, France
| | - Thao Nguyen-Khoa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, HU Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75746 Paris, France
| | - Claudia De Toma
- Biological Resources Center and Tumor Bank Platform (BB-0033-00063), Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Saïk Urien
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Clinical Research Unity, Centre d'investigation clinique, Necker Cochin-Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, HU Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75746 Paris, France; Clinical Research Unity, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, 89 rue d'Assas, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Méjean
- Department of Urology, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bourget
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, HU Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75746 Paris, France
| | - Marc-Olivier Timsit
- Department of Urology, Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 20-40 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, 15 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rangel SJ, Islam S, St Peter SD, Goldin AB, Abdullah F, Downard CD, Saito JM, Blakely ML, Puligandla PS, Dasgupta R, Austin M, Chen LE, Renaud E, Arca MJ, Calkins CM. Prevention of infectious complications after elective colorectal surgery in children: an American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee comprehensive review. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:192-200. [PMID: 25598122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This goal of this review was to examine the clinical evidence in support of commonly utilized measures intended to reduce complications following elective colorectal surgery. DATA SOURCE Literature searches were performed to identify relevant studies from Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. STUDY SELECTION The American Pediatric Surgery Association Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee selected eight questions to address this topic systematically in the context of three management areas: 1) appropriate utilization of systemic antibiotics for colorectal procedures, 2) reduction of stool burden through mechanical bowel preparation, and 3) intraluminal gut decontamination through use of enteral nonabsorbable antibiotics. Primary outcomes of interest included the occurrence of infectious and mechanical complications related to stool burden and intraluminal bacterial concentration (incisional surgical site infection, anastomotic leakage, and intraabdominal abscess). RESULTS The evidence in support of each management category was systematically reviewed, graded, and summarized in the context of the review's primary outcomes. Practice recommendations were made as deemed appropriate by the committee. CONCLUSIONS Clinical evidence in support of interventions to reduce infectious complications following colorectal surgery is derived almost exclusively from the adult literature. High-quality evidence to guide clinical practice in children is sorely needed, as the available data may have only limited relevance to pediatric colorectal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Rangel
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Saleem Islam
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawn D St Peter
- Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Adam B Goldin
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jacqueline M Saito
- St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Roshni Dasgupta
- Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary Austin
- Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Ern Chen
- Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Marjorie J Arca
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Casey M Calkins
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garazzino S, Lutsar I, Bertaina C, Tovo PA, Sharland M. New antibiotics for paediatric use: A review of a decade of regulatory trials submitted to the European Medicines Agency from 2000—Why aren’t we doing better? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 42:99-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Fitzgerald A, Mori R, Lakhanpaul M, Tullus K. Antibiotics for treating lower urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012:CD006857. [PMID: 22895956 PMCID: PMC10549960 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006857.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in infants and children. Lower UTI is the most commonly presenting and in the majority of cases can be easily treated with a course of antibiotic therapy with no further complications. A number of antimicrobials have been used to treat children with lower UTIs; however is it unclear what are the specific benefits and harms of such treatments. OBJECTIVES This review aims to summarise the benefits and harms of antibiotics for treating lower UTI in children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Renal Group's Specialised Register (April 2012), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 5), MEDLINE OVID SP (from 1966), and EMBASE OVID SP (from 1988) without language restriction. Date of last search: May 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs in which antibiotic therapy was used to treat bacteriologically proven, symptomatic, lower UTI in children aged zero to 18 years in primary and community healthcare settings were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results expressed as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Sixteen RCTs, analysing 1,116 children were included. Conventional 10-day antibiotic treatment significantly increased the number of children free of persistent bacteriuria compared to single-dose therapy (6 studies, 228 children: RR 2.01, 95%CI 1.06 to 3.80). No heterogeneity was observed. Persistent bacteriuria at the end of treatment was reported in 24% of children receiving single-dose therapy compared to 10% of children who were randomised to 10-day therapy. There were no significant differences between groups for persistent symptoms, recurrence following treatment, or re-infection following treatment. There was insufficient data to analyse the effect of antibiotics on renal parenchymal damage, compliance, development of resistant organisms or adverse events. Despite the inclusion of 16 RCTs, methodological weakness and small sample sizes made it difficult to conclude if any of the included antibiotics or regimens were superior to another. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Although antibiotic treatment is effective for children with UTI, there are insufficient data to answer the question of which type of antibiotic or which duration is most effective to treat symptomatic lower UTI. This review found that 10-day antibiotic treatment is more likely to eliminate bacteria from the urine than single-dose treatments. No differences were observed for persistent bacteriuria, recurrence or re-infection between short and long-course antibiotics where the antibiotic differed between groups. This data adds to an existing Cochrane review comparing short and long-course treatment of the same antibiotic who also reported no evidence of difference between short and long-course antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Fitzgerald
- Clinical Practice Committee, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Unemo M, Golparian D, Limnios A, Whiley D, Ohnishi M, Lahra MM, Tapsall JW. In vitro activity of ertapenem versus ceftriaxone against Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with highly diverse ceftriaxone MIC values and effects of ceftriaxone resistance determinants: ertapenem for treatment of gonorrhea? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3603-9. [PMID: 22547617 PMCID: PMC3393402 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00326-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical resistance to the currently recommended extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), the last remaining treatment options for gonorrhea, is being reported. Gonorrhea may become untreatable, and new treatment options are crucial. We investigated the in vitro activity of ertapenem, relative to ceftriaxone, against N. gonorrhoeae isolates and the effects of ESC resistance determinants on ertapenem. MICs were determined using agar dilution technique or Etest for international reference strains (n = 17) and clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 257), which included the two extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains H041 and F89 and additional isolates with high ESC MICs, clinical ESC resistance, and other types of clinical high-level and multidrug resistance (MDR). Genetic resistance determinants for ESCs (penA, mtrR, and penB) were sequenced. In general, the MICs of ertapenem (MIC(50) = 0.032 μg/ml; MIC(90) = 0.064 μg/ml) paralleled those of ceftriaxone (MIC(50) = 0.032 μg/ml; MIC(90) = 0.125 μg/ml). The ESC resistance determinants mainly increased the ertapenem MIC and ceftriaxone MIC at similar levels. However, the MIC ranges for ertapenem (0.002 to 0.125 μg/ml) and ceftriaxone (<0.002 to 4 μg/ml) differed, and the four (1.5%) ceftriaxone-resistant isolates (MIC = 0.5 to 4 μg/ml) had ertapenem MICs of 0.016 to 0.064 μg/ml. Accordingly, ertapenem had in vitro advantages over ceftriaxone for isolates with ceftriaxone resistance. These in vitro results suggest that ertapenem might be an effective treatment option for gonorrhea, particularly for the currently identified ESC-resistant cases and possibly in a dual antimicrobial therapy regimen. However, further knowledge regarding the genetic determinants (and their evolution) conferring resistance to both antimicrobials, and clear correlates between genetic and phenotypic laboratory parameters and clinical treatment outcomes, is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Daniel Golparian
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Athena Limnios
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Whiley
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Service District, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Monica M. Lahra
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John W. Tapsall
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsueh PR, Hoban DJ, Carmeli Y, Chen SY, Desikan S, Alejandria M, Ko WC, Binh TQ. Consensus review of the epidemiology and appropriate antimicrobial therapy of complicated urinary tract infections in Asia-Pacific region. J Infect 2011; 63:114-23. [PMID: 21669223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent infectious diseases in the general population. They cause a substantial financial burden in the community and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in hospitals. With increased rates of antimicrobial resistance, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, treatment of complicated UTIs (cUTIs) can be challenging for clinicians. Consideration of an optimal antimicrobial agent should be based on local resistance patterns, patient-specific factors, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles, and cost. In the Asia-Pacific region, nearly half of Escherichia coli urinary isolates were resistant (including intermediate and resistant) to levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin and ≥30% were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime) and cefepime. Overall, 33% of urinary E. coli isolates exhibited extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing phenotypes. Prevalence of ESBL-producing urinary E. coli was highest in India (60%), followed by Hong Kong (48%) and Singapore (33%). All urinary isolates of E. coli were susceptible to both ertapenem and imipenem. All urinary isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were susceptible to imipenem and 4% of them were resistant to ertapenem. Care should be exercised when using trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins for the empirical treatment of UTIs, particularly cUTI among moderately to severely ill patients. Empiric antimicrobial treatment for serious cUTIs in which risk factors for resistant organisms exist should include broad-spectrum antibiotics such as carbapenems (ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem) and piperacillin-tazobactam. Aminoglycosides, tigecycline, and polymyxins (colistin or polymyxin B) can be used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant organisms or serious cUTIs when first-line options are deemed inappropriate or patients fail therapy. Because of considerable variability in different countries, local epidemiological data is critical in the effective management of UTIs in the Asia-Pacific region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dalgic N, Sancar M, Bayraktar B, Dincer E, Pelit S. Ertapenem for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 43:339-43. [PMID: 21271945 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2011.553241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a problem frequently encountered by paediatric healthcare providers. Recent data suggest that extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria are an emerging cause of UTIs in non-hospitalized patients. We report our experience of ertapenem use in 50 patients with complicated UTIs, mainly pyelonephritis, caused by ESBL-producing organisms. METHODS Fifty patients aged <16 y who had a complicated UTI caused by ESBL-producing organisms and who were treated with ertapenem at our hospital from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009, were included in the study. RESULTS There were 20 (40%) males and 30 (60%) females with a mean ± standard deviation age of 38.6 ± 36.9 months (range 6-156 months). Twenty-eight patients had no urological abnormality. In 40 patients ertapenem was initiated after results of microbiological cultures became available. Ertapenem was initiated empirically for 10 patients known to be colonized with ESBL-producing bacteria. Urine cultures were negative at 3.3 ± 0.7 days (range 2-5 days) after starting ertapenem treatment. The mean duration of ertapenem treatment was 7.8 ± 1.2 days (range 7-14 days). No laboratory or clinical side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Ertapenem is promising for the culture-guided treatment of ESBL-producing Gram-negative complicated UTIs. Well-designed prospective studies are needed to define the role of ertapenem in treating complicated paediatric UTIs, especially upper UTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Dalgic
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single-dose intravenous ertapenem in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:1072-6. [PMID: 20571461 PMCID: PMC2991518 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181e82608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ertapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with broad spectrum activity and a pharmacokinetic profile that favors once-daily administration in adults. OBJECTIVES This investigation was designed to evaluate the dose-exposure profile of ertapenem in children from infancy through adolescence. METHODS Eighty-four children (3 months-16 years) requiring antibiotic therapy were enrolled in this multicenter trial. Children received a single intravenous dose of ertapenem at 15, 20, or 40 mg/kg followed by repeated blood sampling for 24 hours. Free and total plasma ertapenem concentrations were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the pharmacokinetics were determined using a model-independent approach. RESULTS Ertapenem exposure increased proportionally with increasing dose; however, achievable concentrations were influenced by age. Children older than 12 years attained higher dose-normalized concentrations at the end of the infusion (concentration at the end of the infusion [Ceoi]: 8.7 ± 1.9 mg/L per mg/kg dose) and total body exposure (area under the curve area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC]0-∞: 34.7 ± 14.7 mg hr/L per mg/kg dose) as compared with children 2 to 12 years (Ceoi: 6.9 ± 2.4 mg/L per mg/kg dose, AUC0-∞: 18.4 ± 8.0 mg hr/L per mg/kg dose) and children younger than 2 years (Ceoi: 6.1 ± 2.2 mg/L per mg/kg dose, AUC0-∞: 17.0 ± 5.4 mg hr/L per mg/kg dose). These findings were accounted for by age-dependent changes in ertapenem clearance and distribution volume. In 3 children adverse events (nausea, n = 2; injection site reaction, n = 1) were considered related to study drug administration. CONCLUSIONS Children younger than 12 years require dosing more frequently than once daily to achieve optimal efficacy when treating organisms with a minimum inhibitory concentration near the susceptibility breakpoint.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Given their broad-spectrum and safety, carbapenems are a widely used class of antibiotics, especially in the treatment of hospital-acquired infections including infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms. Ertapenem is a unique member of this class, with a narrower spectrum that lacks reliable activity against Pseudomonas and Enterococcus. Given its spectrum and half-life of 4 h it is better suited to use in community-acquired infections and it is particularly well positioned for use in the outpatient setting. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Chemistry, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, safety and indications for use will be covered in this review. Similar to other beta-lactams, the carbapenems inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to and inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins. Their resistance to beta-lactamases including AmpC and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases enhances their usefulness. Similar to other beta-lactams, ertapenem exhibits time-dependent killing. Given this profile, ertapenem has been found to be useful in intra-abdominal infections, acute pelvic infections, complicated skin and skin structure infections, community-acquired pneumonia and complicated urinary tract infections. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review will enable the reader to understand differences between the different carbapenems, especially with regard to ertapenem. Once an understanding is gained with regard to pharmacology and microbiology, the reader will be positioned to understand better those circumstances in which use of ertapenem should be considered. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Substantial differences between the carbapenems exist. Ertapenem has unique characteristics that may make it useful in specific clinical circumstances that are detailed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L Congeni
- Akron Children's Hospital - Pediatric Infectious Diseases, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH 44333, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|