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Protein Binding in Translational Antimicrobial Development-Focus on Interspecies Differences. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070923. [PMID: 35884177 PMCID: PMC9311574 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Introduction: Plasma protein binding (PPB) continues to be a key aspect of antibiotic development and clinical use. PPB is essential to understand several properties of drug candidates, including antimicrobial activity, drug-drug interaction, drug clearance, volume of distribution, and therapeutic index. Focus areas of the review: In this review, we discuss the basics of PPB, including the main drug binding proteins i.e., Albumin and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG). Furthermore, we present the effects of PPB on the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and the current role of PPB in in vitro pharmacodynamic (PD) models of antibiotics. Moreover, the effect of PPB on the PK/PD of antibiotics has been discussed in this review. A key aspect of this paper is a concise evaluation of PPB between animal species (dog, rat, mouse, rabbit and monkey) and humans. Our statistical analysis of the data available in the literature suggests a significant difference between antibiotic binding in humans and that of dogs or mice, with the majority of measurements from the pre-clinical species falling within five-fold of the human plasma value. Conversely, no significant difference in binding was found between humans and rats, rabbits, or monkeys. This information may be helpful for drug researchers to select the most relevant animal species in which the metabolism of a compound can be studied for extrapolating the results to humans. Furthermore, state-of-the-art methods for determining PPB such as equilibrium dialysis, ultracentrifugation, microdialysis, gel filtration, chromatographic methods and fluorescence spectroscopy are highlighted with their advantages and disadvantages.
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Ferguson PM, Clarke M, Manzo G, Hind CK, Clifford M, Sutton JM, Lorenz CD, Phoenix DA, Mason AJ. Temporin B Forms Hetero-Oligomers with Temporin L, Modifies Its Membrane Activity, and Increases the Cooperativity of Its Antibacterial Pharmacodynamic Profile. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1029-1040. [PMID: 35609188 PMCID: PMC9178791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The pharmacodynamic
profile of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and
their in vivo synergy are two factors that are thought
to restrict resistance evolution and ensure their conservation. The
frog Rana temporaria secretes a family of closely
related AMPs, temporins A–L, as an effective chemical dermal
defense. The antibacterial potency of temporin L has been shown to
increase synergistically in combination with both temporins B and
A, but this is modest. Here we show that the less potent temporin
B enhances the cooperativity of the in vitro antibacterial
activity of the more potent temporin L against EMRSA-15 and that this
may be associated with an altered interaction with the bacterial plasma
membrane, a feature critical for the antibacterial activity of most
AMPs. Addition of buforin II, a histone H2A fragment, can further
increase the cooperativity. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate
temporins B and L readily form hetero-oligomers in models of Gram-positive
bacterial plasma membranes. Patch-clamp studies show transmembrane
ion conductance is triggered with lower amounts of both peptides and
more quickly when used in combination, but conductance is of a lower
amplitude and pores are smaller. Temporin B may therefore act by forming
temporin L/B hetero-oligomers that are more effective than temporin
L homo-oligomers at bacterial killing and/or by reducing the probability
of the latter forming until a threshold concentration is reached.
Exploration of the mechanism of synergy between AMPs isolated from
the same organism may therefore yield antibiotic combinations with
advantageous pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Ferguson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Clarke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Manzo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K Hind
- Technology Development Group, UKHSA, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Clifford
- Technology Development Group, UKHSA, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - J Mark Sutton
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.,Technology Development Group, UKHSA, Salisbury SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - Christian D Lorenz
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - David A Phoenix
- School of Applied Science, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - A James Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Bioinspired gold nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite using Syzygium cumini seed extract: Evaluation of its biological applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:191-205. [PMID: 30274051 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite materials keeping in mind environmental and health perspectives via green approaches is currently gaining enormous research interest in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Herein, we report a bio-inspired green synthesis approach for gold nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in which Syzygium cumini seed extract (SCSE) is applied as natural reducing and stabilizing agent for the simultaneous reduction of chloroauric acid and graphene oxide (GO). The obtained nanocomposite was thoroughly investigated using UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM-SAED, Raman spectroscopy and XPS analysis. These characterization techniques clearly confirmed the successful synthesis of gold nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. In addition, this study evaluated the systematic and detailed analysis of AuNPs-rGO-NC and its efficacy towards cellular and antibacterial toxicological behavior. A detailed in-vitro cytotoxicity study was performed by analysing the percentage inhibition of cell viability, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell lines using 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on human colorectal (HCT116) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines. Further, antibacterial toxicological evaluation was performed by analysing diameter of inhibition Zone (DIZ), activity index (AI), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), growth kinetics (GrK) and death kinetics (DeK) against Gram-negative bacterial strain Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The cytotoxicity and antibacterial toxicological assays revealed that the synthesized nanocomposite showed significant anti-cancer activity towards A549 cell line and Gram-negative bacterial strain Escherichia coli compared to the rest.
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Early Clinical Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Finafloxacin Compared to Ciprofloxacin in Subsets of Microbiologically Characterized Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02325-17. [PMID: 29339393 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02325-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two phase II studies were performed with patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs) and complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) or acute pyelonephritis (PN) to compare finafloxacin (300 mg twice a day [b.i.d.] orally for uUTI and 800 mg once a day [q.d.] intravenously [i.v.] for cUTI/PN) and ciprofloxacin (250 mg b.i.d. orally for uUTI and 400 mg b.i.d. i.v. for cUTI/PN). The early response to the study medications was evaluated in the microbiological intent-to-treat population (mITT) at day 3. A total of 21% of the isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant, 13.7% were primed pathogens carrying a mutation(s) potentially fostering fluoroquinolone resistance development, and 7.1% produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). Finafloxacin demonstrated very good early clinical activity, with microbiological eradication rates of 88.6% (n = 132), compared to 78.7% (n = 61) for ciprofloxacin, and 69.6% (n = 23), compared to 35.7% (n = 14) for ciprofloxacin, in patients with ciprofloxacin-resistant uropathogens; 94.1% (n = 17), compared to 80.0% (n = 10) for ciprofloxacin, in patients infected with uropathogens primed for fluoroquinolone resistance uropathogens; and 91.7% (n = 11), compared to 0% for ciprofloxacin, in patients infected with ESBL producers. Finafloxacin demonstrated early and rapid activity against uropathogens, including fluoroquinolone-resistant and/or multiresistant pathogens or ESBL producers, while ciprofloxacin was less active against this subset of resistant pathogens. Susceptibilities of pathogens were quantitated by broth microdilution. Isolates were subgrouped according to their susceptibility patterns, in particular first-step quinolone resistance, quinolone resistance, and ESBL production. Eradication was defined as the elimination or reduction of study entry pathogens to <103 CFU/ml in urine culture. (The studies described in this paper have been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifiers NCT00722735 and NCT01928433.).
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Ranjan S, Dasgupta N, Rajendran B, Avadhani GS, Ramalingam C, Kumar A. Microwave-irradiation-assisted hybrid chemical approach for titanium dioxide nanoparticle synthesis: microbial and cytotoxicological evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12287-302. [PMID: 26976013 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) are widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. It is used for protection against UV exposure due to its light-scattering properties and high refractive index. Though TNPs are increasingly used, the synthesis of TNPs is tedious and time consuming; therefore, in the present study, microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach was used for TNP synthesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that TNPs can be synthesized only in 2.5 h; however, the commonly used chemical approach using muffle furnace takes 5 h. The activity of TNP depends on the synthetic protocol; therefore, the present study also determined the effect of microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach synthetic protocol on microbial and cytotoxicity. The results showed that TNP has the best antibacterial activity in decreasing order from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The IC50 values of TNP for HCT116 and A549 were found to be 6.43 and 6.04 ppm, respectively. Cell death was also confirmed from trypan blue exclusion assay and membrane integrity loss was observed. Therefore, the study determines that the microwave-assisted hybrid chemical approach is time-saving; hence, this technique can be upgraded from lab scale to industrial scale via pilot plant scale. Moreover, it is necessary to find the mechanism of action at the molecular level to establish the reason for greater bacterial and cytotoxicological toxicity. Graphical abstract A graphical representation of TNP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivendu Ranjan
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Research Wing, Veer Kunwar Singh Memorial Trust, Chapra, Bihar, India.
| | - Nandita Dasgupta
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhavapriya Rajendran
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh S Avadhani
- Department of Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chidambaram Ramalingam
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Dasgupta N, Ranjan S, Rajendran B, Manickam V, Ramalingam C, Avadhani GS, Kumar A. Thermal co-reduction approach to vary size of silver nanoparticle: its microbial and cellular toxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4149-4163. [PMID: 25943508 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted considerable interest in the field of food, agriculture and pharmaceuticals mainly due to its antibacterial activity. AgNPs have also been reported to possess toxic behavior. The toxicological behavior of nanomaterials largely depends on its size and shape which ultimately depend on synthetic protocol. A systematic and detailed analysis for size variation of AgNP by thermal co-reduction approach and its efficacy toward microbial and cellular toxicological behavior is presented here. With the focus to explore the size-dependent toxicological variation, two different-sized NPs have been synthesized, i.e., 60 nm (Ag60) and 85 nm (Ag85). A detailed microbial toxicological evaluation has been performed by analyzing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), growth kinetics (GrK), and death kinetics (DeK). Comparative cytotoxicological behavior was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. It has been concluded by this study that the size of AgNPs can be varied, by varying the concentration of reactants and temperature called as "thermal co-reduction" approach, which is one of the suitable approaches to meet the same. Also, the smaller AgNP has shown more microbial and cellular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Dasgupta
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivendu Ranjan
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Research Wing, Veer Kunwar Singh Memorial Trust, Chapra, Bihar, India
| | - Bhavapriya Rajendran
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatraman Manickam
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chidambaram Ramalingam
- Nano-food Research Group, Instrumental and Food Analysis Laboratory, Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ganesh S Avadhani
- Department of Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Chaves RL, Chakraborty A, Benziger D, Tannenbaum S. Clinical and pharmacokinetic considerations for the use of daptomycin in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and severe renal impairment. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:200-10. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Coskun E, Okumus S, Gurler B, Demir T, Bahar AY, Zer Y, Comez A, Tatar MG, Aksoy U, Erbagci I. Comparison of intravitreal vancomycin and daptomycin application in experimental methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) endophthalmitis in rabbits. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2013; 32:222-7. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.759957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Steed M, Vidaillac C, Rybak MJ. Evaluation of ceftaroline activity versus daptomycin (DAP) against DAP-nonsusceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3522-6. [PMID: 21576449 PMCID: PMC3122384 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00347-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of ceftaroline, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, as a therapeutic option for the treatment of daptomycin-nonsusceptible (DNS) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Four clinical DNS MRSA strains, R5717, R5563, R5996 (heteroresistant vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus) and R5995 (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus) were evaluated in a two-compartment hollow-fiber in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model at a starting inoculum of 10(7) CFU/ml for 96 h. Simulated regimens were ceftaroline at 600 mg every 12 h (q12h) (maximum free-drug concentration [fC(max)], 15.2 μg/ml; serum half-life [t(1/2)], 2.3 h), daptomycin at 6 mg/kg q24h (fC(max), 7.9 μg/ml; t(1/2), 8 h), and daptomycin at 10 mg/kg q24h (fC(max), 15.2 μg/ml; t(1/2), 8 h). Differences in CFU/ml between 24 and 96 h were evaluated by analysis of variance with Tukey's post-hoc test. Bactericidal activity was defined as a ≥3-log(10) CFU/ml decrease in the colony count from the initial inoculum. The ceftaroline MIC values were 0.25, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/ml, and the daptomycin MIC values were 2, 2, 4, and 4 μg/ml for R5717, R5563, R5996, and R5995, respectively. Ceftaroline displayed sustained bactericidal activity against 3 of the 4 strains at 96 h (R5717, -3.1 log(10) CFU/ml; R5563, -2.5 log(10) CFU/ml; R5996, -5.77 log(10) CFU/ml; R5995, -6.38 log(10) CFU/ml). Regrowth occurred during the daptomycin at 6-mg/kg q24h regimen (4 strains) and the daptomycin at 10-mg/kg q24h regimen (3 strains). At 96 h, ceftaroline was significantly more active, resulting in CFU/ml counts lower than those obtained with daptomycin at 6 mg/kg q24h (4 strains, P ≤ 0.008) and daptomycin at 10 mg/kg q24 h (3 strains, P ≤ 0.001). Isolates with increased MIC values for daptomycin (all 4 strains) but not for ceftaroline were recovered. Ceftaroline was effective against the 4 isolates tested and may provide a clinical option for the treatment of DNS MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Steed
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Celine Vidaillac
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
| | - Michael J. Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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Abstract
Although the influence of protein binding (PB) on antibacterial activity has been reported for many antibiotics and over many years, there is currently no standardization for pharmacodynamic models that account for the impact of protein binding of antimicrobial agents in vitro. This might explain the somewhat contradictory results obtained from different studies. Simple in vitro models which compare the MIC obtained in protein-free standard medium versus a protein-rich medium are prone to methodological pitfalls and may lead to flawed conclusions. Within in vitro test systems, a range of test conditions, including source of protein, concentration of the tested antibiotic, temperature, pH, electrolytes, and supplements may influence the impact of protein binding. As new antibiotics with a high degree of protein binding are in clinical development, attention and action directed toward the optimization and standardization of testing the impact of protein binding on the activity of antibiotics in vitro become even more urgent. In addition, the quantitative relationship between the effects of protein binding in vitro and in vivo needs to be established, since the physiological conditions differ. General recommendations for testing the impact of protein binding in vitro are suggested.
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