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Yusuf J, Sapuan SM, Rashid U, Ilyas RA, Hassan MR. Thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of oil palm cellulose nanofibril reinforced green epoxy nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134421. [PMID: 39227276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, significant improvements in mechanical properties have been seen through the efficient inclusion of Oil Palm Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) as nano-fillers into green polymer matrices produced from biomass with a 28 % carbon content. The goal of the research was to make green epoxy nanocomposites utilizing solution blending process with acetone as the solvent with the different CNF loadings (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt%). An ultrasonic bath was used in conjunction with mechanical stirring to guarantee that CNF was effectively dispersed throughout the green epoxy. The resultant nanocomposites underwent thorough evaluation, comparing them to unfilled green epoxy and evaluating their morphological, mechanical, and thermal behavior using a variety of instruments. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to validate findings, which showed that the CNF were dispersed optimally inside the nanocomposites. The thermal degradation temperature (Td) of the nanocomposites showed a marginal decrement of 0.8 % in temperatures (from 348 °C to 345 °C), between unfilled green epoxy (neat) and 0.1 wt% of CNF loading. The mechanical test results, which showed a 13.3 % improvement in hardness and a 6.45 % rise in tensile strength when compared to unfilled green epoxy, were in line with previously published research. Overall, the outcomes showed that green nanocomposites have significantly improved in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yusuf
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia.
| | - Umer Rashid
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ION2), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - R A Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M R Hassan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rachtanapun P, Sawangrat C, Kanthiya T, Thipchai P, Kaewapai K, Suhr J, Worajittiphon P, Tanadchangsaeng N, Wattanachai P, Jantanasakulwong K. Effect of Plasma Treatment on Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:938. [PMID: 38611197 PMCID: PMC11013669 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bamboo cellulose fiber (BF)-reinforced epoxy (EP) composites were fabricated with BF subjected to plasma treatment using argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2) gases. Optimal mechanical properties of the EP/BF composites were achieved with BFs subjected to 30 min of plasma treatment using Ar. This is because Ar gas improved the plasma electron density, surface polarity, and BF roughness. Flexural strength and flexural modulus increased with O2 plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the etching of the fiber surface with Ar gas improved interfacial adhesion. The water contact angle and surface tension of the EP/BF composite improved after 10 min of Ar treatment, owing to the compatibility between the BFs and the EP matrix. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirmed a reduction in lignin after treatment and the formation of new peaks at 1736 cm-1, which indicated a reaction between epoxy groups of the EP and carbon in the BF backbone. This reaction improved the compatibility, mechanical properties, and water resistance of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Choncharoen Sawangrat
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Thidarat Kanthiya
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Parichat Thipchai
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kannikar Kaewapai
- Science and Technology Park (STeP), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Pitiwat Wattanachai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Kumar B, Adil S, Pham DH, Kim J. Environment-friendly, high-performance cellulose nanofiber-vanillin epoxy nanocomposite with excellent mechanical, thermal insulation and UV shielding properties. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25272. [PMID: 38327421 PMCID: PMC10847658 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increased demand for biobased epoxy thermosets as an alternative to petroleum-based materials in various fields, developing environment-friendly and high-performance natural fiber-biobased epoxy nanocomposites is crucial for industrial applications. Herein, an environment-friendly nanocomposite is reported by introducing cellulose nanofiber (CNF) in situ interaction with lignin-derived vanillin epoxy (VE) monomer and 4, 4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) hardener that serves as a multifunctional platform. The CNF-VE nanocomposite is fabricated by simply dispersing the CNF suspension to the VE and DDM hardener solution through the in-situ reaction, and its mechanical properties and thermal insulation behavior, wettability, chemical resistance, and optical properties are evaluated with the CNF weight percent variation. The well-dispersed CNF-VE nanocomposite exhibited high tensile strength (∼127.78 ± 3.99 MPa) and strain-at-break (∼16.49 ± 0.61 %), haziness (∼50 %) and UV-shielding properties. The in situ loading of CNF forms covalent crosslinking with the VE and favors improving the mechanical properties along with the homogeneous dispersion of CNF. The CNF-VE nanocomposite also shows lower thermal conductivity (0.26 Wm-1K-1) than glass. The environment-friendly and high-performance nanocomposite provides multiple platforms and can be used for building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Samia Adil
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Duc Hoa Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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Jang NS, Noh CH, Kim YH, Yang HJ, Lee HG, Oh H. Evaluation of a Hydrophobic Coating Agent Based on Cellulose Nanofiber and Alkyl Ketone Dimer. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4216. [PMID: 37374400 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the development and testing of hydrophobic coatings using cellulose fibers. The developed hydrophobic coating agent secured hydrophobic performance over 120°. In addition, a pencil hardness test, rapid chloride ion penetration test, and carbonation test were conducted, and it was confirmed that concrete durability could be improved. We believe that this study will promote the research and development of hydrophobic coatings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nag-Seop Jang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hoon Noh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Kim
- Bricon Lab Inc., Advanced Construction Materials Testing Center, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Yang
- Bricon Lab Inc., Advanced Construction Materials Testing Center, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gi Lee
- Bricon Lab Inc., Advanced Construction Materials Testing Center, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - HongSeob Oh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
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Kumar B, Roy S, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Kim J. Effect of bio-based derived epoxy resin on interfacial adhesion of cellulose film and applicability towards natural jute fiber-reinforced composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1304-1313. [PMID: 36198365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a bio-based vanillin-derived epoxy (VDE) resin for bio-based natural fiber-reinforced composites. VDE monomer was synthesized, and curing agents, namely, 4,4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and isophorone diamine, were used. The prepared VDE resins with various curing parameters were characterized using FTIR, NMR, tensile test, bending test and water contact angle. Further, the interfacial adhesion feasibility of VDE resins on cellulose film was studied through the single-lap shear joint examination and compared with a commercial epoxy, DGEBA. The VDE-DDM resin exhibited excellent interfacial adhesion with cellulose than VDE-IPDA and DGEBA-DDM resins. The cured VDE-DDM thermoset showed a tensile strength of 86.0 ± 6.5 MPa, thermal stability of 241.0 °C at Td5%, and an elastic modulus of 2.9 ± 0.3 GPa, which is better than the commercial epoxy resin. Besides, the developed VDE-DDM resin was used to fabricate treated-jute fiber (TJF)-reinforced composites. The bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite's flexural strength was higher than the commercial epoxy resin composite, DGEBA-DDM/TJF. Furthermore, the phosphorus moiety of the VDE-DDM resin endows flame retardancy to the VDE-DDM/TJF composite during combustion. Overall, the appealing properties of bio-based VDE-DDM/TJF composite render environment-friendly and high-performance structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarup Roy
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dickens O Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc H Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Fernandes PHM, Bordini EAF, Cassiano FB, de Azevedo-Silva LJ, Ferrairo BM, Lisboa-Filho PN, Fortulan CA, Soares Dos Passos DG, Borges AFS. TiO 2 nanoparticles added to dense bovine hydroxyapatite bioceramics increase human osteoblast mineralization activity. Dent Mater 2022; 38:e275-e283. [PMID: 36068105 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles + dense hydroxyapatite (HA) on human osteoblast cells (SAOS-2). METHODS Particulate bovine HA powder with or without the addition of either 5 or 8 % TiO2 (HA, HA/TiO2Np5 % or HA/TiO2Np8 %) were pressed into disks (Ø = 12.5 mm; thickness = 1.3 mm) uniaxially (100 MPa) and isostatically (200 MPa/1 min) and sintered at 1300 °C. Y-TZP disks were used as control. The following tests were performed: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), cell viability assay (Alamar Blue-AB) and mineralized matrix deposition (Alizarin Red-AR). AB and AR data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA/Tukey tests and ANOVA/Tukey tests, respectively. RESULTS SEM revealed that the surface of HA/TiO2Np5% resembles DPBHA surface, but also contains smaller granules. HA/TiO2Np8% characteristics resembles HA/TiO2Np5% surface, but with irregular topography. Y-TZP showed a typical oxide ceramic surface pattern. EDS revealed Ca, O, and P in all samples. C, O, and Zr appeared in Y-TZP samples. AFM data corroborates SEM analysis. AB test revealed excellent cellular viability for HA/TiO2Np5% group. AR test showed that all groups containing TiO2np had more mineralized matrix deposition than all other groups, with statistically differences between HA/TiO2Np8% and HA cultivated in non-osteogenic medium. Culture in osteogenic medium exhibited much more mineralized matrix deposition by TiO2np groups. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the addition of TiO2np showed chemical, superficial, and biological changes in the reinforced materials. HA/TiO2Np5% showed the best results for cell viability and HA/TiO2Np8% for mineralized matrix deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Martins Fernandes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Balestrero Cassiano
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas José de Azevedo-Silva
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Brunna Mota Ferrairo
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Fortulan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Gabriela Soares Dos Passos
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Sanches Borges
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Toward millimeter thick cellulose nanofiber/epoxy laminates with good transparency and high flexural strength. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Michailidis N, Kechagias JD, Mountakis N, Argyros A, Boura O, Grammatikos S. High-performance medical-grade resin radically reinforced with cellulose nanofibers for 3D printing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 134:105408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Oral I, Kocaman S, Ahmetli G. Characterization of unmodified and modified apricot kernel shell/epoxy resin biocomposites by ultrasonic wave velocities. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Michailidis N, Papadakis V, Korlos A, Mountakis N, Argyros A. Multi-Functional 3D-Printed Vat Photopolymerization Biomedical-Grade Resin Reinforced with Binary Nano Inclusions: The Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers and Antimicrobial Nanoparticle Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091903. [PMID: 35567072 PMCID: PMC9100280 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study introduced binary nanoparticle (NP) inclusions into a biomedical-grade photosensitive resin (Biomed Clear-BC). Multi-functional, three-dimensional (3D) printed objects were manufactured via the vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM) technique. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as one dimensional (1D) nanomaterial have been utilized for the mechanical reinforcement of the resin, while three different spherical NPs, namely copper NPs (nCu), copper oxide NPs (nCuO), and a commercial antimicrobial powder (nAP), endowed the antimicrobial character. The nanoparticle loading was kept constant at 1.0 wt.% to elucidate any synergistic effects as a function of the filler loading. Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the chemical/spectroscopic and thermal properties of the different manufactured samples. Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed the morphology of the samples. Mechanical properties revealed the reinforcement mechanisms, namely that BC/CNF (1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 102% and 154% enhancement in strength and modulus, respectively, while BC/CNF(1.0 wt.%)/AP(1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 95% and 101% enhancement, as well as an antibacterial property, which was studied using a screening agar well diffusion method. This study opens the route towards novel, multi-functional materials for vat photopolymerization 3D printing biomedical applications, where mechanical reinforcement and antibacterial performance are typically required in the operational environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810379227
| | - Nikolaos Michailidis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Apostolos Korlos
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, 14th km Thessaloniki—N. Moudania, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Apostolos Argyros
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Busiak R, Masek A, Węgier A, Rylski A. Accelerated Aging of Epoxy Biocomposites Filled with Cellulose. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093256. [PMID: 35591590 PMCID: PMC9104355 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presented research concerns the mechanochemical modification of a snap-cure type of epoxy resin, A.S. SET 1010, with the addition of different amounts of cellulose (0, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 per 100 resin), for a novel, controlled-degradation material with possible application in the production of passenger seats in rail transport. Composite samples were prepared on a hydraulic press in ac-cordance with the resin manufacturer’s recommendations, in the form of tiles with dimensions of 80 × 80 × 1 mm. The prepared samples were subjected to thermo-oxidative aging and weathering for a period of 336 h. Changes in the color and surface defects in the investigated composites were evaluated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (Cie-Lab). The degree of degradation by changes in the chemical structure of the samples was analyzed using FTIR/ATR spectroscopy. Differential scan-ning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests were performed, and the sur-face energy of the samples was determined by measuring the contact angle of droplets. Tests were performed to determine changes in cellulose-filled epoxy resin composites after thermo-oxidative aging and weathering. It was found out that the addition of cellulose did not inflict sufficient changes to the properties within tested parameters. In the tested case, cellulose acted as a natural active biofiller. Our research is in line with the widespread pursuit of pro-ecological solutions in industry and the creation of materials with a positive impact on the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Busiak
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (R.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (R.B.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Węgier
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (R.B.); (A.W.)
- S.Z.T.K. “TAPS”—Maciej Kowalski, ul. Borowa 4, 94-247 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Rylski
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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Ilyas RA, Zuhri MYM, Aisyah HA, Asyraf MRM, Hassan SA, Zainudin ES, Sapuan SM, Sharma S, Bangar SP, Jumaidin R, Nawab Y, Faudzi AAM, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid, Polylactic Acid Blends and Their Composites for Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:202. [PMID: 35012228 PMCID: PMC8747475 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from lactic acid that has been chiefly utilized in biodegradable material and as a composite matrix material. PLA is a prominent biomaterial that is widely used to replace traditional petrochemical-based polymers in various applications owing environmental concerns. Green composites have gained greater attention as ecological consciousness has grown since they have the potential to be more appealing than conventional petroleum-based composites, which are toxic and nonbiodegradable. PLA-based composites with natural fiber have been extensively utilized in a variety of applications, from packaging to medicine, due to their biodegradable, recyclable, high mechanical strength, low toxicity, good barrier properties, friendly processing, and excellent characteristics. A summary of natural fibers, green composites, and PLA, along with their respective properties, classification, functionality, and different processing methods, are discussed to discover the natural fiber-reinforced PLA composite material development for a wide range of applications. This work also emphasizes the research and properties of PLA-based green composites, PLA blend composites, and PLA hybrid composites over the past few years. PLA's potential as a strong material in engineering applications areas is addressed. This review also covers issues, challenges, opportunities, and perspectives in developing and characterizing PLA-based green composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - S. A. Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - E. S. Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (E.S.Z.); (S.M.S.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - S. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Punjab 144603, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research and Development and Chandigarh Universiti, Pubjab 140413, India
| | - S. P. Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - R. Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Jalan Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia;
| | - Y. Nawab
- Textile Composite Materials Research Group, National Center for Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - A. A. M. Faudzi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - H. Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia;
| | - M. Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, Indonesia;
| | - E. Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Polytechnic, Payakumbuh 26271, Indonesia;
| | - N. H. Sari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, Indonesia;
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13
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Isam Bakr Albaker R, Kocaman S, Marti ME, Ahmetli G. Application of various carboxylic acids modified walnut shell waste as natural filler for epoxy‐based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suheyla Kocaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering Selçuk University Konya Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Mustafa Esen Marti
- Department of Chemical Engineering Selçuk University Konya Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
| | - Gulnare Ahmetli
- Department of Chemical Engineering Selçuk University Konya Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Konya Technical University Konya Turkey
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14
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Bhatia S, Khan S, Angra S. Effect of the content of silane-functionalized boron carbide on the mechanical and wear performance of B4C reinforced epoxy composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211031129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the mechanical, physical, and tribological properties of the boron carbide (B4C) reinforced epoxy matrix composites (BEMCs). The BEMC samples were prepared with various B4C concentration of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5%. B4C particles were treated with a silane coupling agent to ensure efficient adhesion with epoxy. The influence of a range of parameters (particle loading, sliding speed, sliding distance, and normal load) on the wear and friction behavior of BEMCs were evaluated by conducting wear tests under dry sliding conditions on a pin-on-disc wear test set-up. The addition of B4C to the epoxy polymer improved the wear resistance of the composites. Maximum wear resistance and coefficient of friction were observed for the composite with the highest percentage of B4C (5%). The specific wear rate was reduced on increasing load and sliding distance and increased with the sliding velocity. Mechanical properties including compression strength, flexural strength, and impact energy, along with physical properties such as density and hardness, were also evaluated. B4C particles improved the hardness, density, flexural and compression strength, and impact resistance of the composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the worn-out surfaces and flexural fractured surfaces was carried out to predict the possible wear and fracture mechanisms. Micro-ploughing, abrasion, and adhesion were the wear mechanisms in BEMCs. Under the flexural loads, particulate de-bonding, pull-out, and brittle fracture of the matrix were the governing failure mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Bhatia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Faridabad, India
- Automobile Engineering Department, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India
| | - Sabah Khan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Surjit Angra
- Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Faridabad, India
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15
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Motta Neves R, Zattera AJ, Campos Amico S. Enhancing thermal and dynamic‐mechanical properties of epoxy reinforced by amino‐functionalized microcrystalline cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Motta Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC) University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
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16
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Clarkson CM, El Awad Azrak SM, Forti ES, Schueneman GT, Moon RJ, Youngblood JP. Recent Developments in Cellulose Nanomaterial Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000718. [PMID: 32696496 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of materials that have recently garnered attention in fields as varied as structural materials, biomaterials, rheology modifiers, construction, paper enhancement, and others. As the principal structural reinforcement of biomass giving wood its mechanical properties, CNM is strong and stiff, but also nontoxic, biodegradable, and sustainable with a very large (Gton yr-1 ) source. Unfortunately, due to the relatively young nature of the field and inherent incompatibility of CNM with most man-made materials in use today, research has tended to be more basic-science oriented rather than commercially applicable, so there are few CNM-enabled products on the market today. Herein, efforts are presented for preparing and forming cellulose nanomaterial nanocomposites. The focus is on recent efforts attempting to mitigate common impediments to practical commercialization but is also placed in context with traditional efforts. The work is presented in terms of the progress made, and still to be made, on solving the most pressing challenges-getting properties that are competitive with currently used materials, removing organic solvent, solving the inherent incompatibility between CNM and polymers of interest, and incorporation into commonly used industrial processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn M Clarkson
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Sami M El Awad Azrak
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Endrina S Forti
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
| | - Gregory T Schueneman
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Robert J Moon
- Forest Products Laboratory, United States Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Ave., ARMS, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2045, USA
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17
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Lakshmi Balasubramaniam S, Singh Patel A, Nayak B. Fabrication of antioxidative food packaging films using cellulose nanofibers, kappa‐Carrageenan, and gallic acid. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Avinash Singh Patel
- Food Science and Human Nutrition School of Food and Agriculture University of Maine Orono ME USA
| | - Balunkeswar Nayak
- Food Science and Human Nutrition School of Food and Agriculture University of Maine Orono ME USA
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18
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Mamat Razali NA, Ismail MF, Abdul Aziz F. Characterization of nanocellulose from
Indica
rice straw as reinforcing agent in epoxy‐based nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amira Mamat Razali
- Department of Physics, Centre For Defence Foundation Studies National Defence University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fareez Ismail
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry MAHSA University Selangor Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Abdul Aziz
- Department of Physics, Centre For Defence Foundation Studies National Defence University of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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19
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Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020231. [PMID: 33440879 PMCID: PMC7827473 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The high demand for plastic and polymeric materials which keeps rising every year makes them important industries, for which sustainability is a crucial aspect to be taken into account. Therefore, it becomes a requirement to makes it a clean and eco-friendly industry. Cellulose creates an excellent opportunity to minimize the effect of non-degradable materials by using it as a filler for either a synthesis matrix or a natural starch matrix. It is the primary substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, and can be found in plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. In this review, we discussed the recent research development and studies in the field of biocomposites that focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. In addition, this review paper looked inward on how the reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can yield a material with improved performance. This article featured the performances, limitations, and possible areas of improvement to fit into the broader range of engineering applications.
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20
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Neves RM, Vanzetto AB, Lazzari LK, Zattera AJ. Thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of epoxy composites reinforced with post‐consumed yerba mate. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Motta Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Andrielen Braz Vanzetto
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Engineering and Technology Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Lídia Kunz Lazzari
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC) University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) Caxias do Sul Brazil
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21
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Nascimento NRD, Pinheiro IF, Alves GF, Mei LHI, Macedo Neto JCD, Morales AR. Role of cellulose nanocrystals in epoxy-based nanocomposites: mechanical properties, morphology and thermal behavior. POLIMEROS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20210057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Preparation and Characterization of Nonwoven Fibrous Biocomposites for Footwear Components. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123016. [PMID: 33339454 PMCID: PMC7766918 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium-tanned leathers used in the manufacture of footwear and leather goods pose an environmental problem because they contain harmful chemicals and are very difficult to recycle. A solution to this problem can be composite materials from tree leaves, fruit residues and other fibrous agricultural products, which can replace chromium-tanned leather. The present study describes the preparation of biocomposite leather-like materials from microbial cellulose and maple leave fibers as bio-fillers. The formulation was optimized by design of experiment and the prepared biocomposites characterized by tensile test, FTIR, DMA, SEM, adhesion test, volume porosity, water absorptivity, surface wettability and shape stability. From the viewpoint of future use in the footwear industry, results obtained showed that the optimized material was considerably flexible with tensile strength of 2.13 ± 0.29 MPa, elastic modulus of 76.93 ± 1.63 MPa and porosity of 1570 ± 146 mL/min. In addition, the material depicted good shape stability and surface adhesive properties. The results indicate that a suitable treatment of biomass offers a way to prepare exploitable nonwoven fibrous composites for the footwear industry without further burdening the environment.
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23
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Development of eco-friendly modified cellulose nanofiber reinforced polystyrene nanocomposites: thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Padinjakkara A, Scarinzi G, Santagata G, Malinconico M, Razal JM, Thomas S, Salim NV. Enhancement of Adhesive Strength of Epoxy/Carboxyl-Terminated Poly(butadiene- co-acrylonitrile) Nanocomposites Using Waste Hemp Fiber-Derived Cellulose Nanofibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Padinjakkara
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O., Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India
- Institute for Frontier Materials, GTP Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Gennaro Scarinzi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli 80078 (Na), Italy
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli 80078 (Na), Italy
| | - Mario Malinconico
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli 80078 (Na), Italy
| | - Joselito M. Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, GTP Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P. O., Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India
| | - Nisa V. Salim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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25
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Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Derradji M, Hamidon TS, Masruchin N, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Front Chem 2020; 8:392. [PMID: 32435633 PMCID: PMC7218176 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, nanocellulose (NC), cellulose in the form of nanostructures, has been proved to be one of the most prominent green materials of modern times. NC materials have gained growing interests owing to their attractive and excellent characteristics such as abundance, high aspect ratio, better mechanical properties, renewability, and biocompatibility. The abundant hydroxyl functional groups allow a wide range of functionalizations via chemical reactions, leading to developing various materials with tunable features. In this review, recent advances in the preparation, modification, and emerging application of nanocellulose, especially cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are described and discussed based on the analysis of the latest investigations (particularly for the reports of the past 3 years). We start with a concise background of cellulose, its structural organization as well as the nomenclature of cellulose nanomaterials for beginners in this field. Then, different experimental procedures for the production of nanocelluloses, their properties, and functionalization approaches were elaborated. Furthermore, a number of recent and emerging uses of nanocellulose in nanocomposites, Pickering emulsifiers, wood adhesives, wastewater treatment, as well as in new evolving biomedical applications are presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of NC-based emerging materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djalal Trache
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Bordj El-Bahri, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Bordj El-Bahri, Algeria
| | - Mehdi Derradji
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Bordj El-Bahri, Algeria
| | - Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon
- Materials Technology Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le MAtériau Bois (LERMAB), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M. Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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26
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Mohit H, Selvan VAM. Effect of a Novel Chemical Treatment on the Physico-Thermal Properties of Sugarcane Nanocellulose Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present investigation, a novel chemical treatment was introduced for the extraction of nanocellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse and applied as reinforcement material to enhance the physical properties and thermal stability of epoxy nanocomposites. Epoxy nanocomposites with different weight fractions were fabricated using a wet layup process followed by furnace heating to remove the residual moisture content. The influence of surface modified sugarcane nanocellulose fiber loading on morphological (transmission electron microscope) properties of epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. The porosity and water absorption increase with the increment in fiber weight fraction for both treated and untreated nanocellulose fiber-epoxy composites. Among the various treatment processes, the alkali-treated fibers reinforced epoxy composites showed better thermal stability and water absorption resistance under 10 wt.% of nanocellulose fiber reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Mohit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu , India
| | - V. Arul Mozhi Selvan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , National Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu , India
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27
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Park SY, Yook S, Goo S, Im W, Youn HJ. Preparation of Transparent and Thick CNF/Epoxy Composites by Controlling the Properties of Cellulose Nanofibrils. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040625. [PMID: 32231002 PMCID: PMC7221880 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been used as reinforcing elements in optically transparent composites by combination with polymer matrices. In this study, strong, optically transparent, and thick CNF/epoxy composites were prepared by immersing two or four layers of CNF sheets in epoxy resin. The morphology of the CNF, the preparation conditions of the CNF sheet, and the grammage and layer numbers of the CNF sheets were controlled. The solvent-exchanged CNF sheets resulted in the production of a composite with high transparency and low haze. The CNF with smaller width and less aggregated fibrils, which are achieved by carboxymethylation, and a high number of grinding passes are beneficial in the production of optically transparent CNF/epoxy composites. Both the grammage and number of stacked layers of sheets in a composite affected the optical and mechanical properties of the composite. A composite with a thickness of 450-800 μm was prepared by stacking two or four layers of CNF sheets in epoxy resin. As the number of stacked sheets increased, light transmittance was reduced and the haze increased. The CNF/epoxy composites with two layers of low grammage (20 g/m2) sheets exhibited high light transmittance (>90%) and low haze (<5%). In addition, the composites with the low grammage sheet had higher tensile strength and elastic modulus compared with neat epoxy and those with high grammage sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Park
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (S.Y.); (S.G.)
| | - Simyub Yook
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (S.Y.); (S.G.)
| | - Sooim Goo
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (S.Y.); (S.G.)
| | - Wanhee Im
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Hye Jung Youn
- Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (S.Y.); (S.G.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-4787
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28
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Nagarajan KJ, Balaji AN, Kasi Rajan ST, Ramanujam NR. Preparation of bio-eco based cellulose nanomaterials from used disposal paper cups through citric acid hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115997. [PMID: 32122515 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Used Disposal Paper Cups (UDPCs) have become a concern to the solid waste management sector as scientists triggered the problems in recent years, to proceed forward in developing the process for this issue. Based on this concern, the present study emphasizes on the isolation of a novel bio-eco based Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNCs) from UDPCs through citric acid hydrolysis. The effect of acid concentration on microstructure and yield of CNCs are highlighted. The optimized yield (55 wt.%) has an appearance of rod-like structure with a width of 13.7 ± 0.6 nm which results due to 76 wt.% of acid hydrolyzed CNCs. The colloidal stability, crystallinity index, presence of functional groups and elemental composition in CNCs (76 wt.%) were identified by employing zeta potential, XRD, conductometric test and FTIR techniques. Finally, the thermal stability of CNCs (76 wt.%) was investigated by thermo-gravimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Nagarajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.L.N. College of Engineering, Pottapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - A N Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.L.N. College of Engineering, Pottapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Thanga Kasi Rajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N R Ramanujam
- Department of Physics, K.L.N. College of Engineering, Pottapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
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29
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Effects of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibers on the Structure and Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122063. [PMID: 31835805 PMCID: PMC6960622 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, in commercial applications is its poor elongation at break (~3%). In this study, the effects of nanocellulose contents and their types, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) on the crystallization, thermal, and mechanical properties of PHB composites were systematically compared. We explored the toughening mechanisms of PHB by adding CNCs and cellulose CNFs. The results showed that when the morphology of bagasse nanocellulose was rod-like and its content was 1 wt %, the toughening modification of PHB was the best. Compared with pure PHB, the elongation at break and Young’s modulus increased by 91.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Cellulose nanocrystals worked as heterogeneous nucleating agents in PHB and hence reduced its crystallinity and consequently improved the toughness of PHB. This simple approach could potentially be explored as a strategy to extend the possible applications of this biopolymer in packaging fields.
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30
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Alshammari BA, Saba N, Alotaibi MD, Alotibi MF, Jawaid M, Alothman OY. Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12132145. [PMID: 31277304 PMCID: PMC6651275 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study deals with the fabrication of epoxy composites reinforced with 50 wt% of date palm leaf sheath (G), palm tree trunk (L), fruit bunch stalk (AA), and leaf stalk (A) as filler by the hand lay-up technique. The developed composites were characterized and compared in terms of mechanical, physical and morphological properties. Mechanical tests revealed that the addition of AA improves tensile (20.60–40.12 MPa), impact strength (45.71–99.45 J/m), flexural strength (32.11–110.16 MPa) and density (1.13–1.90 g/cm3). The water absorption and thickness swelling values observed in this study were higher for AA/epoxy composite, revealing its higher cellulosic content, compared to the other composite materials. The examination of fiber pull-out, matrix cracks, and fiber dislocations in the microstructure and fractured surface morphology of the developed materials confirmed the trends for mechanical properties. Overall, from results analysis it can be concluded that reinforcing epoxy matrix with AA filler effectively improves the properties of the developed composite materials. Thus, date palm fruit bunch stalk filler might be considered as a sustainable and green promising reinforcing material similarly to other natural fibers and can be used for diverse commercial, structural, and nonstructural applications requiring high mechanical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A Alshammari
- Materials Science Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naheed Saba
- Department of Bio Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Majed D Alotaibi
- Life Science and Environmental Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Alotibi
- Materials Science Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Department of Bio Composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Othman Y Alothman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Li MC, Dong J, Lee S, Cheng HN, Lei T, Wu Q. Cellulose nanocrystal driven microphase separated nanocomposites: Enhanced mechanical performance and nanostructured morphology. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:685-694. [PMID: 30826401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) lies in the potential to homogenously disperse CNCs in hydrophobic polymer matrices and to promote interfacial adhesion. In this work, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) were grafted onto CNCs, thereby imparting their hydrophobic traits. The successful grafting modification led to the increased thermal stability of modified CNCs (MCNCs), and the hydrophobic surface modification was integrated with crystalline structure and morphology of CNCs. The nanocomposites with 7 wt% MCNCs/PBA-co-PMMA had an increase in Young's modulus of >25-fold and in tensile strength at about 3 times compared to these of neat PBA-co-PMMA copolymer. In addition, a micro-phase separated morphology (PBA soft domains, and PMMA and CNC hard domains) of MCNCs/PBA-co-PMMA nanocomposites was observed. The large increase in the storage moduli (glass transition temperatures) and organized morphology of MCNCs/PBA-co-PMMA nanocomposites also elucidated the relationship between mechanical properties and micro-phase separated morphology. Therefore, the MCNCs are effective reinforcing agents for the PBA-co-PMMA thermoplastic elastomers, opening up opportunities for their wide-spread applications in polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Xiuqiang Zhang
- Key Biomass Energy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China
| | - Mei-Chun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ju Dong
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Forest Products, National Institute of Forest Research, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
| | - H N Cheng
- US Department of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, United States
| | - Tingzhou Lei
- Key Biomass Energy Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, China.
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Ravindran L, M.S. S, Thomas S. Novel processing parameters for the extraction of cellulose nanofibres (CNF) from environmentally benign pineapple leaf fibres (PALF): Structure-property relationships. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:858-870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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33
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Ali A, Ali S, Yu L, Liu H, Khalid S, Hussain A, Qayum MMN, Ying C. Preparation and characterization of starch‐based composite films reinforced by apricot and walnut shells. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Food and AgricultureKarakoram International University Gilgit 15100 Pakistan
| | - Sartaj Ali
- Department of Food and AgricultureKarakoram International University Gilgit 15100 Pakistan
| | - Long Yu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Sino‐Singapore International Joint Research InstituteGuangzhou Knowledge City Guangzhou 510663 China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Sino‐Singapore International Joint Research InstituteGuangzhou Knowledge City Guangzhou 510663 China
| | - Saud Khalid
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Azhar Hussain
- Department of Food and AgricultureKarakoram International University Gilgit 15100 Pakistan
| | | | - Chen Ying
- School of Food Science and EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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34
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Nagarajan K, Balaji A, Ramanujam N. Extraction of cellulose nanofibers from cocos nucifera var aurantiaca peduncle by ball milling combined with chemical treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 212:312-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Naveen J, Jawaid M, Zainudin ES, Thariq Hameed Sultan M, Yahaya R. Improved Mechanical and Moisture-Resistant Properties of Woven Hybrid Epoxy Composites by Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1249. [PMID: 30988270 PMCID: PMC6514696 DOI: 10.3390/ma12081249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the effect of adding different wt.% (0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) of GNP (graphene nanoplatelets) to improve the mechanical and moisture resistant properties of Kevlar (K)/cocos nucifera sheath (CS)/epoxy hybrid composites. The laminates were fabricated with different K/CS weight ratios such as 100/0 (S1), 75/25 (S2), 50/50 (S3), 25/75 (S4), and 0/100 (S5). The results revealed that the addition of GNP improved the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of laminated composites. However, the optimal wt.% of GNP varies with different laminates. A moisture diffusion analysis showed that the laminates with a 0.25 wt.% of GNP content efficiently hindered water uptake by closing all the unoccupied pores inside the laminate. Morphological investigations (SEM and FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope)) proved that the addition of GNP improved the interfacial adhesion and dispersion. Structural (XRD and FTIR) analyses reveals that at 0.25 wt.% of GNP, all the hybrid composites showed a better crystallinity index and the functional groups presents in the GNP can form strong interactions with the fibers and matrix. A statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA, and it corroborates that the mechanical properties of different laminates showed a statistically significant difference. Hence, these GNP-modified epoxy hybrid composites can be efficiently utilized in load-bearing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesuarockiam Naveen
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Edi Syams Zainudin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
- Laboratory of Bio composite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ridwan Yahaya
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
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36
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Viscoelastic evaluation of epoxy nanocomposite based on carbon nanofiber obtained from electrospinning processing. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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37
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One-pot construction of cellulose-gelatin supramolecular hydrogels with high strength and pH-responsive properties. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 196:225-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Production of cellulose nanofibers from Aspen and Bode chopsticks using a high temperature and high pressure steam treatment combined with milling. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 194:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Razak MR, Yusof NA, Haron MJ, Ibrahim N, Mohammad F, Kamaruzaman S, Al-Lohedan HA. Iminodiacetic acid modified kenaf fiber for waste water treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:754-760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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Wang Y, Wang W, Jia H, Gao G, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang Y. Using Cellulose Nanofibers and Its Palm Oil Pickering Emulsion as Fat Substitutes in Emulsified Sausage. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1740-1747. [PMID: 29745986 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nano cellulose is attracting great interest in food and nutraceutical fields and also provides a potential additive to develop functional meat products such as low fat sausage. Here, we compared 1 wt% aqueous dispersion of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and its palm oil Pickering emulsion (CPOE) at the ratio of 1:1 (water: oil, v:v) for being fat alternatives replacing 30% and 50% of the original fat of the emulsified sausage. Replacing fat by CPOE and CNF resulted in lower fat content, lower cooking loss and higher moisture content and higher lightness values (P ≤ 0.05) at both fat levels. Textural analysis indicated that the products formulated with CPOE showed higher hardness, springiness, chewiness and the texture was enhanced by the addition of CNF, especially when 30% fat was substituted. Compared with the full-fat control, the sausages formulated with CPOE became more elastic and compact, especially by the incorporation of CNF according to the rheology and scanning electron microscope results. The reformulated products with CPOE and CNF at the 30% level showed higher sensory scores (P ≤ 0.05) while at the 50% level produced comparable quality to the control, but no significant differences were found in the overall acceptability. In summary, CNF and its Pickering emulsion provide the potential as potential fat alternatives for developing low fat meat products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Cellulose nanofibers present a variety of distinguishing properties, such as large surface area, great stability and high strength. The ability to stabilize emulsions and good biocompatibility enlarge its application in food. In this study, we attempted to use cellulose nanofibers and its palm oil Pickering emulsion as fat substitutes to partly replace the original fat of pork emulsified sausages, hoping to provide some basic information for using cellulose nanofibers and its Pickering emulsion as fat substitute to high fiber, low fat meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hongjiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Guixian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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Chakrabarty A, Teramoto Y. Recent Advances in Nanocellulose Composites with Polymers: A Guide for Choosing Partners and How to Incorporate Them. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E517. [PMID: 30966551 PMCID: PMC6415375 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the research on nanocellulose composites with polymers has made significant contributions to the development of functional and sustainable materials. This review outlines the chemistry of the interaction between the nanocellulose and the polymer matrix, along with the extent of the reinforcement in their nanocomposites. In order to fabricate well-defined nanocomposites, the type of nanomaterial and the selection of the polymer matrix are always crucial from the viewpoint of polymer⁻filler compatibility for the desired reinforcement and specific application. In this review, recent articles on polymer/nanocellulose composites were taken into account to provide a clear understanding on how to use the surface functionalities of nanocellulose and to choose the polymer matrix in order to produce the nanocomposite. Here, we considered cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as the nanocellulosic materials. A brief discussion on their synthesis and properties was also incorporated. This review, overall, is a guide to help in designing polymer/nanocellulose composites through the utilization of nanocellulose properties and the selection of functional polymers, paving the way to specific polymer⁻filler interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Chakrabarty
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshikuni Teramoto
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Improvement of the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of glass fiber/epoxy composites using polystyrene electrospun nanofibres. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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43
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Laaziz SA, Raji M, Hilali E, Essabir H, Rodrigue D, Bouhfid R, Qaiss AEK. Bio-composites based on polylactic acid and argan nut shell: Production and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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44
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Zhang H, Yu HY, Wang C, Yao J. Effect of silver contents in cellulose nanocrystal/silver nanohybrids on PHBV crystallization and property improvements. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Preparation and physical characteristics of epoxy resin/ bacterial cellulose biocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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46
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Saba N, Safwan A, Sanyang M, Mohammad F, Pervaiz M, Jawaid M, Alothman O, Sain M. Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of cellulose nanofibers reinforced epoxy composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:822-828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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