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Jati SR, dos Anjos Martins TA, Rocha AM, Melo-dos-Santos G, de Oliveira IS, Ferreira IG, de Farias AS, Filardi ETM, Cerni FA, Sartim MA, de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett J, Monteiro WM, Pucca MB. The State-of-the-Art of the Humoral Memory Response to Snakebites: Insights from the Yanomami Population. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:638. [PMID: 37999502 PMCID: PMC10675402 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation (SBE)-induced immunity refers to individuals who have been previously bitten by a snake and developed a protective immune response against subsequent envenomations. The notion stems from observations of individuals, including in the indigenous population, who present only mild signs and symptoms after surviving multiple SBEs. Indeed, these observations have engendered scientific interest and prompted inquiries into the potential development of a protective immunity from exposure to snake toxins. This review explores the evidence of a protective immune response developing following SBE. Studies suggest that natural exposure to snake toxins can trigger protection from the severity of SBEs, mediated by specific antibodies. However, the evaluation of the immune memory response in SBE patients remains challenging. Further research is needed to elucidate the immune response dynamics and identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, the estimation of the effect of previous exposures on SBE epidemiology in hyperendemic areas, such as in the indigenous villages of the Amazon region (e.g., the Yanomami population) is a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewbert Rodrigues Jati
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
- Department of Education and Sports of Roraima, Boa Vista 69301-130, Brazil
| | - Thais Andréa dos Anjos Martins
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Maciel Rocha
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Melo-dos-Santos
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, São Paulo 19060-900, Brazil; (G.M.-d.-S.); (E.T.M.F.)
| | - Isadora Sousa de Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 19040-903, Brazil; (I.S.d.O.); (I.G.F.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Isabela Gobbo Ferreira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 19040-903, Brazil; (I.S.d.O.); (I.G.F.)
| | - Altair Seabra de Farias
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
| | - Eloise T. M. Filardi
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, São Paulo 19060-900, Brazil; (G.M.-d.-S.); (E.T.M.F.)
| | - Felipe Augusto Cerni
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Sartim
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies, Nilton Lins University, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
| | - Manuela Berto Pucca
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), State University of Amazonas, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil; (S.R.J.); (T.A.d.A.M.); (A.M.R.); (A.S.d.F.); (F.A.C.); (M.A.S.); (J.d.A.G.S.); (W.M.M.)
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus Araraquara, São Paulo 19060-900, Brazil; (G.M.-d.-S.); (E.T.M.F.)
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil
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Martins GDC, Barreto MSO, Botelho AFM, Gamba C, Duarte CG, Soto-Blanco B, Bicalho APCV, Cassali GD, Goes AMD, Olórtegui CDC, Melo MM. Evaluation of mesenchymal cells and dapsone for the treatment of dermonecrotic wounds caused by Loxosceles laeta venom in rabbits. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72573e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), alone or associated with dapsone (DAP), in treating dermonecrotic wounds caused by Loxosceles laeta venom. Twenty-five male rabbits were distributed into five groups. Negative control received ultrapure water (C-), whilst all other groups were injected with 20 μg of L. laeta venom. After 4 hours, each group received one of the following treatments: PBS (C+), DAP, MSC, and DAP+MSC. Animals were evaluated daily and photographic records made for analysis of wound area. Twelve days after, animals were euthanized and skin samples removed for histological analysis. We observed that DAP showed the best percentage of wound contraction at day 3. In the treatments using MSCs, a negative value of wound contraction was observed for the isolated MSCs, as well as a lower contraction value for the association of the MSC + DAP when compared to PBS, probably, by the increase in initial infammation after the application of stem cells, due to the fact that MSCs secrete a broad spectrum of bioactive molecules such as cytokines and growth factors that favor regeneration. Histologically, it was observed that animals of C+ showed extensive areas of necrosis, ulcers, neutrophilic infiltrate, and mineralization. Collagen deposition showed increase in MSC+DAP treatment, however vascularization remained unchanged. This is the first report using MSC and MSC+DAP as a treatment for cutaneous loxoscelism and more studies are needed to determine its use as an alternative therapy for dermonecrotic lesions caused by Loxosceles spider.
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Martins GDC, Barreto MSO, Botelho AFM, Gamba C, Duarte CG, Soto-Blanco B, Bicalho APCV, Cassali GD, Goes AMD, Olórtegui CDC, Melo MM. Avaliação de células mesenquimais e dapsona para o tratamento de feridas dermonecróticas causadas pelo veneno de Loxosceles laeta em coelhos. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72573p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia das células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs), isoladas ou associadas à dapsona (DAP), no tratamento de feridas dermonecróticas causadas pelo veneno de Loxosceles laeta. Vinte e cinco coelhos machos foram distribuídos em cinco grupos. O controle negativo recebeu água ultrapura (C-), enquanto todos os outros grupos foram injetados com 20 μg de veneno de L. laeta. Após 4 horas, cada grupo recebeu um dos seguintes tratamentos: PBS (C+), DAP, CTMs e DAP + CTMs. Os animais foram avaliados diariamente durante 12 dias, e feitos registros fotográficos para análise da ferida e no 12º dia, foram eutanasiados e, retiradas amostras de pele para análise histológica. Observou-se que a DAP apresentou o melhor percentual de contração da ferida no terceiro dia. Nos tratamentos com CTMs, observou-se uma contração negativa da ferida tanto para as CTMs isoladas, bem como a associação CTMs + DAP em relação ao PBS, possivelmente, pelo aumento da infamação inicial após a aplicação de células-tronco. Isso é devido ao fato de que as CTMs secretam um amplo espectro de moléculas bioativas como citocinas e fatores de crescimento que favorecem a regeneração. Histologicamente, observou-se que os animais de C+ apresentaram extensas áreas de necrose, úlceras, infiltrado neutrofílico, além de mineralização. Houve aumento de deposição de colágeno no tratamento CTMs + DAP, no entanto, a vascularização permaneceu inalterada. Este é o primeiro relato usando CTMs e CTMs + DAP como tratamento para loxoscelismo cutâneo e mais estudos são necessários para determinar seu uso como terapia alternativa para lesões demonecróticas causadas pela aranha Loxosceles.
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Saavedra-Langer R, Costa TGF, Lima SA, Costal-Oliveira F, Martins CA, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Minozzo JC, Soccol VT, Guerra-Duarte C, Kalapothakis E, Chávez-Olórtegui C. A prokaryote system optimization for rMEPLox expression: A promising non-toxic antigen for Loxosceles antivenom production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:66-75. [PMID: 34246677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Loxoscelism is the most dangerous araneism form in Brazil and antivenom therapy is the recommended treatment. Antivenom is produced by horse immunization with Loxosceles spider venom, which is toxic for the producer animal. Moreover, due to the high amount of venom required for horse hyperimmunization, new strategies for antigens obtention have been proposed. In this sense, our research group has previously produced a non-toxic recombinant multiepitopic protein derived from Loxosceles toxins (rMEPLox). rMEPLox was a successful immunogen, being able to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, which could be used in the Loxoscelism treatment. However, rMEPLox obtention procedure requires optimization, as its production needs to be scaled up to suit antivenom manufacture. Therefore, an effective protocol development for rMEPlox production would be advantageous. To achieve this objective, we evaluated the influence of different cultivation conditions for rMEPLox optimum expression. The optimum conditions to obtain large amounts of rMEPlox were defined as the use of C43(DE3)pLysS as a host strain, 2xTY medium, 0.6 mM IPTG, biomass pre induction of OD600nm = 0.4 and incubation at 30 °C for 16 h. Following the optimized protocol, 39.84 mg/L of soluble rMEPLox was obtained and tested as immunogen. The results show that the obtained rMEPLox preserved the previously described immunogenicity, and it was able to generate antibodies that recognize different epitopes of the main Loxosceles venom toxins, which makes it a promising candidate for the antivenom production for loxoscelism treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Saavedra-Langer
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tamara G F Costa
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina A Lima
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christina A Martins
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - João C Minozzo
- Centro de Pesquisa e Produção de Imunobiologicos of Paraná State (CPPI), Brazil
| | | | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamentos de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, da Justa HC, Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Baldissera AB, Schluga PHDC, Leite IDO, Boia-Ferreira M, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Brown spider venom toxins: what are the functions of astacins, serine proteases, hyaluronidases, allergens, TCTP, serpins and knottins? J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200188. [PMID: 34377142 PMCID: PMC8314928 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidents caused by the bites of brown spiders (Loxosceles) generate a clinical condition that often includes a threatening necrotic skin lesion near the bite site along with a remarkable inflammatory response. Systemic disorders such as hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure may occur, but are much less frequent than the local damage. It is already known that phospholipases D, highly expressed toxins in Loxosceles venom, can induce most of these injuries. However, this spider venom has a great range of toxins that probably act synergistically to enhance toxicity. The other protein classes remain poorly explored due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of them for a thorough investigation. They include astacins (metalloproteases), serine proteases, knottins, translationally controlled tumor proteins (TCTP), hyaluronidases, allergens and serpins. It has already been shown that some of them, according to their characteristics, may participate to some extent in the development of loxoscelism. In addition, all of these toxins present potential application in several areas. The present review article summarizes information regarding some functional aspects of the protein classes listed above, discusses the directions that could be taken to materialize a comprehensive investigation on each of these toxins as well as highlights the importance of exploring the full venom repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, Polli NLC, Antunes BC, Schluga PHDC, da Justa HC, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Prospective Use of Brown Spider Venom Toxins as Therapeutic and Biotechnological Inputs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:706704. [PMID: 34222343 PMCID: PMC8247472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.706704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spider (genus Loxosceles) venoms are mainly composed of protein toxins used for predation and defense. Bites of these spiders most commonly produce a local dermonecrotic lesion with gravitational spread, edema and hemorrhage, which together are defined as cutaneous loxoscelism. Systemic loxoscelism, such as hematological abnormalities and renal injury, are less frequent but more lethal. Some Loxosceles venom toxins have already been isolated and extensively studied, such as phospholipases D (PLDs), which have been recombinantly expressed and were proven to reproduce toxic activities associated to the whole venom. PLDs have a notable potential to be engineered and converted in non-toxic antigens to produce a new generation of antivenoms or vaccines. PLDs also can serve as tools to discover inhibitors to be used as therapeutic agents. Other Loxosceles toxins have been identified and functionally characterized, such as hyaluronidases, allergen factor, serpin, TCTP and knottins (ICK peptides). All these toxins were produced as recombinant molecules and are biologically active molecules that can be used as tools for the potential development of chemical candidates to tackle many medical and biological threats, acting, for instance, as antitumoral, insecticides, analgesic, antigens for allergy tests and biochemical reagents for cell studies. In addition, these recombinant toxins may be useful to develop a rational therapy for loxoscelism. This review summarizes the main candidates for the development of drugs and biotechnological inputs that have been described in Brown spider venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Cesar Antunes
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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Miranda ALSD, Guerra-Duarte C, Lima SDA, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Soto-Blanco B. History, challenges and perspectives on Loxosceles (brown spiders) antivenom production in Brazil. Toxicon 2021; 192:40-45. [PMID: 33465358 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antivenom is the only effective therapy for treating any envenomation. Despite its obvious public health importance, the laborious process of procuring, distributing and controlling the quality of such immunobiologicals is being neglected. Brazil is fully self-sufficient in the production of antivenoms. Since the 1950s, Loxoscelism, a syndrome with an onset after a spider bite from specimens of the Loxosceles genus occurs, is considered a public health issue. The Brazilian history in developing antivenom therapy, its production hindrances, and other challenges are discussed in this paper, as well as some promising novelties that can improve production and processing of Loxosceles antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Soares de Miranda
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina de Almeida Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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