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Xue H, Yi D, Wang J, Li Z, Jiang Y, Ma S, Peng W, He Y, Mao H, Gu Z. Rapid Gelation of Anti-Swelling, Self-Healing, and Biocompatible PEG Hydrogels Based on CBT-Cys Click Reaction under Mild Conditions. ACS Macro Lett 2025; 14:664-670. [PMID: 40335448 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogels, essential biomaterials in bioengineering, face challenges of undesirable swelling in applications requiring stable dimensions. This study presents a novel anti-swelling hydrogel using a cyanobenzothiazole (CBT)-cysteine (Cys) click reaction, inspired by luciferin chemistry. By functionalizing 4-Arm PEG with CBT and synthesizing N-terminal cysteine-terminated ethylenediamine precursors, gels are formed under mild conditions, avoiding harsh reagents or catalysts and ensuring compatibility with physiological environments. The resulting hydrogels benefit from enhanced cross-linking density and elastic retractive force due to hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking within the network, which effectively resists polymer-water interactions. Therefore, the CBT-Cys PEG hydrogel exhibits significant anti-swelling properties in water, PBS, and extreme pH environments. Additionally, they demonstrate excellent mechanical strength, self-healing ability, and biocompatibility. This simple, scalable method offers a versatile platform for developing anti-swelling hydrogels with broad potential in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Danying Yi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Zijie Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Henan Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Prevention and Therapy & Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wanjia Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yiyan He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- Sino-Spain Joint Laboratory on Biomedical Materials (S2LBM), Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, NJTech-BARTY Joint Research Center for Innovative Medical Technology, Suqian Advanced Materials Industry Technology Innovation Center, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R.China
| | - Hongli Mao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- Sino-Spain Joint Laboratory on Biomedical Materials (S2LBM), Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, NJTech-BARTY Joint Research Center for Innovative Medical Technology, Suqian Advanced Materials Industry Technology Innovation Center, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R.China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- Sino-Spain Joint Laboratory on Biomedical Materials (S2LBM), Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, NJTech-BARTY Joint Research Center for Innovative Medical Technology, Suqian Advanced Materials Industry Technology Innovation Center, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R.China
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R.China
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Huang S, An S, Kannan PR, Wahab A, Alamgir, Ali S, Xiaoqing L, Suhail M, Iqbal MZ, Kong X. Development and characterization of biodegradable antibacterial hydrogels of xanthan gum for controlled ciprofloxacin release. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 309:142637. [PMID: 40158579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2025] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
The global public health challenge of antimicrobial resistance necessitates new treatment strategies, as existing antibiotics like ciprofloxacin face limitations such as short half-life, frequent dosing, adverse effects, and poor patient compliance. To attempt this, ciprofloxacin-loaded xanthan gum hydrogels were developed and characterized, and their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities were evaluated. The interaction among hydrogel contents was confirmed by FTIR, whereas a decrease in the crystallinity of xanthan gum and drug was shown by XRD analysis of prepared hydrogels. After being polymerized with other hydrogel ingredients, xanthan gum's thermal stability was enhanced, as demonstrated by TGA and DSC analysis. SEM indicated a hard surface of hydrogel with a few pores. Similarly, a greater mechanical stability of 63.42 % was observed with applied force. The sol and gel fractions were found within the 3-10 % and 82-97 % ranges, while a porosity of 71-93 % was achieved for all formulations of hydrogels. The swelling and drug-release behaviors of developed hydrogels were found to be pH-dependent as an increase in both swelling and drug release was seen with the change in the pH of the medium from lower to higher values. A biodegradation study demonstrated a slow and steady degradation of hydrogel networks with increasing concentrations of hydrogel contents. Likewise, a cytotoxicity study was performed on mouse fibroblast L929 and human colon cancer T84 cells, which indicated no toxic effects as maximum cells were found live even using high concentrations of prepared hydrogels. The scratched gap of the cells was found closed by cell migration after 24 h. The antibacterial study indicated high inhibition zones of 47.635 ± 0.41 mm and 44.321 ± 0.24 mm for gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, respectively. Thus, the results demonstrate that the newly fabricated hydrogel networks seem to be highly potential and effective agents for the controlled release of ciprofloxacin due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, minimal cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Huang
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Susu An
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Perumal Ramesh Kannan
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Alamgir
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sajid Ali
- Center for Modern Physics Technology, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Xiaoqing
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Muhammad Suhail
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Hassan EA, Abdelnaser A, Ibrahim S, Yousef EH, Mosallam AM, Zayed SE. 5H Pyrolo(3,4-b)Pyrazin-5,7-(6H)-dione 6-(N-Chitosanimide nanoparticle) composite nano silver and encapsulation in γ-cyclodextrin: Synthesis, molecular docking, and biological evaluation for thyroid cancer treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 304:140859. [PMID: 39947539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing worldwide, with some patients facing poor prognosis and recurrence despite current treatments. Chitosan-based nanoparticles have exhibited exciting antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, which indicates that there is vast scope of clinical application. This study develops a anhydride-modified chitosan and anhydride-modified chitosan‑silver nanoparticles, encapsulated in γ-cyclodextrin to help drug delivery by safe way and enhance thyroid cancer therapy. METHODS 5H pyrolo(3,4-b)pyrazin-5,7-(6H)-dione-6-(N-chitosanimide nanoparticle(composite constructed with nano silver (B1) was prepared and the optimized formula was further investigated regarding FT-IR, X-RD, SEM and TEM. Furthermore, it was encapsulated in γ-CD, and an in vivo study was conducted to investigate its anticancer activity. The binding affinities of 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic anhydride to inhibitor of kappa B kinase beta (IKK-β) was demonstrated by molecular docking. RESULTS SEM and TEM revealed that Ag NPs were mostly uniformly incorporated into the 5H pyrolo(3,4-b)pyrazin-5,7-(6H)-dione 6-(N-chitosanimide nanoparticle, while FT-IR and X-RD findings verified the formation of 5H pyrolo(3,4-b)pyrazin-5,7-(6H)-dione-6-(N-chitosanimide nanoparticle)/composite constructed with nano silver and encapsulated in γ-CD (B2). γ-CD encapsulation induced a significant enhancement in pyrazine thyroid antitumor activity in xenografic model. CONCLUSION B2 could be considered a promising formula for suppression of thyroid cancer by modulating NF-κB signaling pathway, and hence, future studies could be planned to transfer our formula to the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entesar A Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Amira Abdelnaser
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Samar Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Ataka, Egypt
| | - Eman H Yousef
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Mosallam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Salem E Zayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
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4
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Chen M, Liu J, Lin J, Zhuang K, Shan Y, Tiwari S, Jiang L, Zhang J. Progress in Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Preventing Postoperative Adhesions: A Review. Gels 2025; 11:188. [PMID: 40136893 PMCID: PMC11942346 DOI: 10.3390/gels11030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2025] [Revised: 03/04/2025] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Postoperative adhesions are common complications following surgery, often accompanied by pain and inflammation that significantly diminish patients' quality of life. Moreover, managing postoperative adhesions incurs substantial cost, imposing a considerable financial burden on both patients and healthcare systems. Traditional anti-adhesion materials are confronted with limitations, such as inadequate tissue adherence in a moist environment and poor degradability, underscoring the urgent need for more effective solutions. Recently, polysaccharide-based hydrogels have received considerable attention for their potential in preventing postoperative adhesions. The hydrogels not only facilitate wound healing but also effectively reduce inflammation, providing a promising approach to preventing postoperative adhesions. This review provides an extensive analysis of the progress made in the development of polysaccharide-based hydrogels for postoperative anti-adhesion therapy. It highlights their principal benefits, outlines future research trajectories, and addresses the ongoing challenges that need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Contact Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Cixi, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Contact Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Cixi, Ningbo 315300, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhong Lin
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Contact Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Cixi, Ningbo 315300, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Zhuang
- Pharma Solutions, Nutrition and Health, BASF (China) Company, Ltd., 333 Jiang Xin Sha Road, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yudong Shan
- Hangzhou Zhongmeihuadong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 866 Moganshan Road, Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Sandip Tiwari
- Pharma Solutions, BASF Corp., 500 White Plains Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Contact Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Cixi, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Theranostic Materials and Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Contact Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Ningbo Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Cixi, Ningbo 315300, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Ghahremani-Nasab M, Babaie S, Bazdar S, Paiva-Santos AC, Del Bakhshayesh MR, Akbari-Gharalari N, Fathi-Karkan S, Ghasemi D, Del Bakhshayesh AR. Infertility treatment using polysaccharides-based hydrogels: new strategies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2025; 23:162. [PMID: 40033394 PMCID: PMC11877900 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-025-03267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2025] [Indexed: 03/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a primary health issue affecting about 15% of couples of reproductive ages worldwide, leading to physical, mental, and social challenges. Advances in nanobiotechnology and regenerative medicine are opening new therapeutic horizons for infertility by developing polysaccharide-based nanostructured biomaterials. This review explores the role of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in infertility treatment, explicitly focusing on the promising potential of polysaccharide-based hydrogels. In this context, using these biomaterials offers unique advantages, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and the ability to mimic the natural endometrial microenvironment, making them highly effective for applications in endometrial regeneration, ovarian tissue engineering, spermatogenesis support, and controlled drug delivery. This review discusses the various properties and uses of polysaccharide-based hydrogels, like alginate, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan, in helping to restore reproductive function. While these materials hold great promise, some notable challenges to their clinical use include issues like rapid degradation, mechanical instability, and potential immune reactions. Future research should focus on developing hybrid hydrogels, investigating advanced fabrication techniques, and testing these materials in clinical settings. By combining findings from recent studies, this review aims to provide a solid foundation for researchers and clinicians looking to discover new and effective strategies for treating infertility, ultimately connecting research efforts with practical applications in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghahremani-Nasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soraya Babaie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Bazdar
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, LAQV, REQUIMTE, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Naeimeh Akbari-Gharalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia,, Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 94531-55166, Iran
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 9414974877, Iran
| | - Diba Ghasemi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azizeh Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Braccini S, Pecorini G, Biagini S, Tacchini C, Battisti A, Puppi D. Chitosan/alginate polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels by additive manufacturing for in vitro 3D ovarian cancer modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 296:139795. [PMID: 39805455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.139795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2025] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are self-assembled systems formed from oppositely charged polymers, used to create hydrogels for cell culture. This work was aimed at additive manufacturing 3D hydrogels made of a PEC between chitosan (Cs) and alginate, as well as their investigation for in vitro 3D ovarian cancer modeling. PEC hydrogels stability in cell culture medium demonstrated their suitability for long-term cell culture applications. Higher in vitro viability of two human ovarian cancer cell lines was detected at different time points on PEC hydrogels than on Cs hydrogels, used as a control. In addition, during the 63-day culture experiment, cells effectively colonized the scaffolds while retaining their aggressive tumor characteristics. A significantly lower sensitivity to cisplatin and eugenol, also when combined, was observed in the developed 3D ovarian cancer models, in comparison to what was achieved in relevant 2D cell cultures. The obtained results demonstrated therefore the suitability of the developed scaffolds for in vitro investigation of tumor modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Braccini
- BIOLab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM - Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianni Pecorini
- BIOLab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM - Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Biagini
- BIOLab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM - Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Tacchini
- BIOLab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM - Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Battisti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, p.zza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Puppi
- BIOLab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM - Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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7
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Hanan H, Pervaiz F, Ijaz M, Arshad T, Saeed K, Ahmad R, Bukhari AN, Ain QU, Javaid SM. Thiol functionalized pH-responsive mucoadhesive hydrogel: Potential approach for site-specific delivery of 5 fluorouracil in colon cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 289:138887. [PMID: 39701245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to develop a novel thiolated carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-SH) by the addition of aldehyde groups via oxidation followed by reductive amination and then develop CMC-SH based pH-responsive hydrogel by free radical polymerization approach while assessing its mucoadhesive and permeation-enhancing capabilities. By in-vitro characterization, the intended compound's chemical composition, thermal stability, and amorphous nature were analyzed for CMC-SH polymer. Ellman's assay was utilized to estimate the thiol content and permeation analysis was performed to evaluate its enhanced permeability characteristics. The properties of developed CMC-SH based hydrogel were demonstrated by in-vitro analysis, structural, mechanical stability analysis, morphological evaluation and mucoadhesive properties. Rheological data showed that the viscous modulus and elastic modules of CMC-SH rose by 3.5 and 2.1 times, respectively. Compared to FU, the permeation showed a notable improvement of 4.89-fold with CMC-SH. According to an ex-vivo mucoadhesion analysis, CMC-SH based hydrogel was able to adhere to the intestinal mucosal layer for 210 min. The biocompatibility of CMC-SH and CMC-SH based hydrogel was demonstrated using Caco-2 cell lines. Thiolation of carboxymethyl cellulose significantly enhanced its mucoadhesive and permeation qualities, which makes the hydrogel desirable mucoadhesive and selective cytotoxic biomaterial for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanasul Hanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- School of Veterinary Medicine University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Arshad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Komal Saeed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Arshia Noor Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Qurat Ul Ain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Munazza Javaid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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8
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Li J, Ahmed HH, Hussein AM, Kaur M, Jameel MK, Kaur H, Tillaeva U, Al-Hussainy AF, Sameer HN, Hameed HG, Idan AH, Alsaikhan F, Narmani A, Farhood B. Advances in polysaccharide-based materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2025; 358:e2400854. [PMID: 39651831 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2024] [Revised: 11/14/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides, the most abundant biopolymers in nature, have attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians due to its practicality in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. These biomaterials have high bioavailability and play structural and functional roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides are classified into several groups based on their origin, including plant polysaccharides and marine polysaccharides (like chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, alginates, etc.) with specific applications. These biopolymers possess unique physicochemical (such as surface functional groups, solubility, and stability), mechanical (like mechanical strength and tensile), and biomedical (such as antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and non-immunogenicity) characteristics which have made them excellent platforms for a wide variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Ease of extraction and different preparation approaches are mentioned as other potential properties of polysaccharides that further improved their practicality in biomedical sciences. They have high drug/bioactive encapsulation capacity and sustained/controlled release manner in in vivo microenvironments. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation, stimuli-responsive drug/bioactive release, and passive and active drug/bioactive delivery are considered the potential features of these biopolymers in pharmaceutical sciences. Polysaccharides have indicated practical applications in biomedical sciences, including biosensors, tissue engineering, implantation, wound healing, vascular grafting, and vaccines. This review highlights the advances of polysaccharide-based materials in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, University of Skovde, Skovde, Sweden
| | | | - Ali M Hussein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammed Khaleel Jameel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | | | | | - Hayder Naji Sameer
- Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- School of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asghar Narmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Sierakowska-Byczek A, Gałuszka A, Janus Ł, Radwan-Pragłowska J. Bioactive Three-Dimensional Chitosan-Based Scaffolds Modified with Poly(dopamine)/CBD@Pt/Au/PVP Nanoparticles as Potential NGCs Applicable in Nervous Tissue Regeneration-Preparation and Characterization. Molecules 2024; 29:5376. [PMID: 39598764 PMCID: PMC11597449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29225376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2024] [Revised: 11/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering of nervous tissue is a promising direction in the treatment of neurological diseases such as spinal cord injuries or neuropathies. Thanks to technological progress and scientific achievements; the use of cells; artificial scaffolds; and growth factors are becoming increasingly common. Despite challenges such as the complex structure of this tissue, regenerative medicine appears as a promising future approach to improve the quality of life of patients with nervous injuries. Until now; most functional biomaterials used for this purpose were based on decellularized extra cellular matrix (ECM) or nanofibrous materials, whereas current clinically verified ones in most cases do not exhibit bioactivity or the possibility for external stimulation. The aim of this research was to develop a new type of bioactive, chitosan-based 3D materials applicable as nerve guide conduits (NGCs) modified with poly(dopamine), Au/Pt coated with PVP nanoparticles, and cannabidiol. The NGCs were prepared under microwave-assisted conditions and their chemical structure was studied using the FT-IR method. Next, this study will discuss novel biomaterials for morphology and swelling abilities as well as susceptibility to biodegradation in the presence of collagenase and lysozyme. Finally, their potential in the field of nervous tissue engineering has been verified via a cytotoxicity study using the 1321N1 human astrocytoma cell line, which confirmed their biocompatibility in direct contact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Radwan-Pragłowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 Street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (A.S.-B.); (A.G.); (Ł.J.)
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10
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Zmyslia M, Capper MJ, Grimmeisen M, Sartory K, Deuringer B, Abdelsalam M, Shen K, Jung M, Sippl W, Koch HG, Kaul L, Süss R, Köhnke J, Jessen-Trefzer C. A nanoengineered tandem nitroreductase: designing a robust prodrug-activating nanoreactor. RSC Chem Biol 2024:d4cb00127c. [PMID: 39508026 PMCID: PMC11532998 DOI: 10.1039/d4cb00127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitroreductases are important enzymes for a variety of applications, including cancer therapy and bioremediation. They often require encapsulation to improve stability and activity. We focus on genetically encoded encapsulation of nitroreductases within protein capsids, like encapsulins. Our study showcases the encapsulation of nitroreductase NfsB as functional dimers within encapsulins, which enhances protein activity and stability in diverse conditions. Mutations within the pore region are beneficial for activity of the encapsulated enzyme, potentially by increasing diffusion rates. Cryogenic electron microscopy reveals the overall architecture of the encapsulated dimeric NfsB within the nanoreactor environment and identifies multiple pore states in the shell. These findings highlight the potential of encapsulins as versatile tools for enhancing enzyme performance across various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Zmyslia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | | | - Michael Grimmeisen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Kerstin Sartory
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Benedikt Deuringer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Kaiwei Shen
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chemical Epigenetics Group, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 18 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg 06120 Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Laurine Kaul
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Regine Süss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Jesko Köhnke
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 18 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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11
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Parfenova LV, Galimshina ZR, Parfenov EV. Organic-Inorganic Biocompatible Coatings for Temporary and Permanent Metal Implants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11623. [PMID: 39519174 PMCID: PMC11546844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The general trend of increasing life expectancy will consistently drive the demand for orthopedic prostheses. In addition to the elderly, the younger population is also in urgent need of orthopedic devices, as bone fractures are a relatively common injury type; it is important to treat the patient quickly, painlessly, and eliminate further health complications. In the field of traumatology and orthopedics, metals and their alloys are currently the most commonly used materials. In this context, numerous scientists are engaged in the search for new implant materials and coatings. Among the various coating techniques, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) (or micro-arc oxidation-MAO) occupy a distinct position. This method offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to modification of metal surfaces. PEO can effectively form porous, corrosion-resistant, and bioactive coatings on light alloys. The porous oxide surface structure welcomes organic molecules that can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of the implant and improve the biological response of the body. The review considers the most crucial aspects of new combined PEO-organic coatings on metal implants, in terms of their potential for implantation, corrosion resistance, and biological activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V. Parfenova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia;
| | - Zulfiya R. Galimshina
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 450075 Ufa, Russia;
| | - Evgeny V. Parfenov
- Department of Materials Science and Physics of Metals, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 450008 Ufa, Russia;
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12
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Sultana R, Kamihira M. Multifaceted Heparin: Diverse Applications beyond Anticoagulant Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1362. [PMID: 39459002 PMCID: PMC11510354 DOI: 10.3390/ph17101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has fascinated researchers and clinicians for nearly a century due to its versatile biological properties and has been used for various therapeutic purposes. Discovered in the early 20th century, heparin has been a key therapeutic anticoagulant ever since, and its use is now implemented as a life-saving pharmacological intervention in the management of thrombotic disorders and beyond. In addition to its known anticoagulant properties, heparin has been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-tumorigenic activities, which may lead to its widespread use in the future as an essential drug against infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and in various medical treatments. Furthermore, recent advancements in nanotechnology, including nano-drug delivery systems and nanomaterials, have significantly enhanced the intrinsic biofunctionalities of heparin. These breakthroughs have paved the way for innovative applications in medicine and therapy, expanding the potential of heparin research. Therefore, this review aims to provide a creation profile of heparin, space for its utilities in therapeutic complications, and future characteristics such as bioengineering and nanotechnology. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities in realizing the full potential of heparin to improve patient outcomes and elevate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Sultana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Masamichi Kamihira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
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13
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Ran F, Mu K, Liu G, Liu Y, Pang Y, Feng G, Zhou L, Peng L. Preparation, Characterization, and Wound Healing Promotion of Hydrogels Containing Glucosyloxybenzyl 2-Isobutylmalates Extract from Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10563. [PMID: 39408888 PMCID: PMC11476415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251910563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived medicinal materials have significant potential and promising applications in wound healing and skin regeneration. This study aims to develop a plant-based extract hydrogel from Bletilla striata (Thunb.Reichb.f.), specifically a glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates extract (B), and characterize its potential effects on wound healing. We synthesized the hydrogel using carbomer (C), glycerol (G), and triethanolamine (T) as the matrix, incorporating B into the hydrogel base, and evaluated its physical and chemical properties. In vitro tests assessed the biocompatibility of the glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates-carbomer-glycerol-triethanolamine (B-CGT) hydrogel and its effects on cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion. Animal model experiments evaluated its potential to promote wound healing. The results showed that the prepared B-CGT hydrogel possessed a good three-dimensional network structure and stability, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging capacity in antioxidant tests. In cell experiments, the B-CGT hydrogel exhibited no potential cytotoxicity and showed good hemocompatibility and promotion of cell proliferation. Animal experiments indicated that wounds treated with the B-CGT hydrogel healed significantly faster, with improved formation of new epithelial tissue and collagen. This study suggests that the developed B-CGT hydrogel is a promising candidate for wound dressings, with excellent physicochemical properties and controlled drug release capabilities, effectively promoting the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.R.); (K.M.); (Y.P.); (G.F.); (L.Z.); (L.P.)
| | - Yuchen Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.R.); (K.M.); (Y.P.); (G.F.); (L.Z.); (L.P.)
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14
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Yildirim-Semerci Ö, Bilginer-Kartal R, Arslan-Yildiz A. Arabinoxylan-based psyllium seed hydrocolloid: Single-step aqueous extraction and use in tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:131856. [PMID: 38693000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Biomacromolecules derived from natural sources offer superior biocompatibility, biodegradability, and water-holding capacity, which make them promising scaffolds for tissue engineering. Psyllium seed has gained attention in biomedical applications recently due to its gel-forming ability, which is provided by its polysaccharide-rich content consisting mostly of arabinoxylan. This study focuses on the extraction and gelation of Psyllium seed hydrocolloid (PSH) in a single-step water-based protocol, and scaffold fabrication using freeze-drying method. After characterization of the scaffold, including morphological, mechanical, swelling, and protein adsorption analyses, 3D cell culture studies were done using NIH-3 T3 fibroblast cells on PSH scaffold, and cell viability was assessed using Live/Dead and Alamar Blue assays. Starting from day 1, high cell viability was obtained, and it reached 90 % at the end of 15-day culture period. Cellular morphology on PSH scaffold was monitored via SEM analysis; cellular aggregates then spheroid formation were observed throughout the study. Collagen Type-I and F-actin expressions were followed by immunostaining revealing a 9- and 10-fold increase during long-term culture. Overall, a single-step and non-toxic protocol was developed for extraction and gelation of PSH. Obtained results unveiled that PSH scaffold provided a favorable 3D microenvironment for cells, holding promise for further tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özüm Yildirim-Semerci
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Ahu Arslan-Yildiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology (IZTECH), 35430 Izmir, Turkey.
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15
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Lu W, Wang X, Kong C, Chen S, Hu C, Zhang J. Hemoadhican-Based Bioabsorbable Hydrogel for Preventing Postoperative Adhesions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17267-17284. [PMID: 38556996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Postoperative peritoneal adhesions are a prevalent clinical issue following abdominal and pelvic surgery, frequently resulting in heightened personal and societal health burdens. Traditional biomedical barriers offer limited benefits because of practical challenges for doctors and their incompatibility with laparoscopic surgery. Hydrogel materials, represented by hyaluronic acid gels, are receiving increasing attention. However, existing antiadhesive gels still have limited effectiveness or carry the risk of complications in clinical applications. Herein, we developed a novel hydrogel using polysaccharide hemoadhican (HD) as the base material and polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) as the cross-linking agent. The HD hydrogels exhibit appropriate mechanical properties, injectability, and excellent cytocompatibility. We demonstrate resistance to protein adsorption and L929 fibroblast cell adhesion to the HD hydrogel. The biodegradability and efficacy against peritoneal adhesion are further evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Our results suggest a potential strategy for anti-postoperative tissue adhesion barrier biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Lu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xianjin Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Changchang Kong
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shijunyin Chen
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chengtao Hu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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