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Benson JM, Wang G, Hutt JA, Wu G, Kaminsky SM, Cram S, Barur R, Donahue JK. Preclinical safety and biodistribution assessment of Ad-KCNH2-G628S administered via atrial painting in New Zealand white rabbits. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:179-193. [PMID: 37177881 PMCID: PMC10935599 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common complication after cardiac surgery. Despite implementation of several pharmacological strategies, incidence of POAF remains at approximately 30%. An adenovirus vector encoding KCNH2-G628S has proven efficacious in a porcine model of AF. In this preclinical study, 1.5 × 1010 or 1.5 × 1012 Ad-KCNH2-G628S vector particles (vp) were applied to the atrial epicardium or 1.5 × 1012 vp were applied to the whole epicardial surface of New Zealand White rabbits. Saline and vector vehicle served as procedure controls. Animals were followed for up to 42 days. Vector genomes persisted in the atria up to 42 days, with no distribution to extra-thoracic organs. There were no adverse effects attributable to test article on standard toxicological endpoints or on blood pressure, left atrial or ventricular ejection fractions, electrocardiographic parameters, or serum IL-6 or troponin concentrations. Mononuclear infiltration of the myocardium of the atrial free walls of low-dose, but not high-dose animals was observed at 7 and 21 days, but these changes did not persist or affect cardiac function. After scaling for heart size, results indicate the test article is safe at doses up to 25 times the maximum proposed for the human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Benson
- Applied Toxicology Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Gensheng Wang
- Applied Toxicology Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Baxter International, Inc. Deerfield, IL 60015, USA
| | - Julie A. Hutt
- Greenfield Pathology Services, Inc., Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
| | - Guodong Wu
- Applied Toxicology Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
| | - Stephen M. Kaminsky
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Gene Therapy Core Facility, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sara Cram
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Gene Therapy Core Facility, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Rajeshkumar Barur
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - J. Kevin Donahue
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Legler M, Koy L, Kummerfeld N, Fehr M. Influence of anesthesia with isoflurane on myocardial velocities of racing pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica). TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:24-32. [PMID: 35235960 DOI: 10.1055/a-1696-5321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a new technique to measure the myocardial velocities of the avian heart. Using this technique, the present study investigated the influence of isoflurane anesthesia on the systolic and diastolic longitudinal myocardial velocities in racing pigeons. MATERIAL AND METHODS Racing pigeons (n = 40) were anesthetized with isoflurane with a semi-open anesthesia system with an anesthetic mask and spontaneous breath. The echocardiographic examination was performed during the stage of surgical anesthesia with the failure of the toe pinch and wing twitch reflexes and with deep regular breaths. Echocardiographic measurements were taken in conscious and anesthetized pigeons in the right parasternal longitudinal horizontal heart view. RESULTS The results demonstrated a significant decrease in heart rate, systolic and diastolic A' wave myocardial velocities. The diastolic E' wave velocities were less influenced by anesthesia and significantly decreased only for some heart wall segments. The systolic myocardial velocities were significantly negatively correlated with the heart rate. Using the TDI curve, the isovolumic contraction (IVC) and relaxation time (IVR) and the time of atrioventricular delay during anesthesia could be determined. There is a significant increase in IVR and atrioventricular delay during anesthesia CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCEN: A higher heart rate in anesthesia should be interpreted as a compensation for reduced heart performance. The results of the present study indicate the necessity for establishing normal heart values in conscious and anesthetized pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Legler
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Lajos Koy
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Norbert Kummerfeld
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Michael Fehr
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
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Ozawa S, Guzman DSM, Keel K, Gunther-Harrington C. Clinical and pathological findings in rabbits with cardiovascular disease: 59 cases (2001-2018). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:764-776. [PMID: 34516264 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.7.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine epidemiological features of cardiovascular disease in rabbits examined at a veterinary teaching hospital and characterize clinical and pathological findings. ANIMALS 59 rabbits. PROCEDURES Medical records from 2001 to 2018 were reviewed, and data were collected. Echocardiographic images and histologic diagnoses were reviewed. RESULTS The prevalence of cardiovascular disease was 2.6% (59/2,249). Clinical signs related to cardiac disease included heart murmur (n = 25 rabbits), arrhythmia (22), tachypnea or dyspnea (13), hyporexia or anorexia (13), and muscle wasting (9). Radiographic (n = 39) abnormalities included cardiomegaly (19) and peritoneal (12) and pleural (11) effusion. Common echocardiographic (n = 37) diagnoses included degenerative valve disease (15), dilated cardiomyopathy (7), unclassified cardiomyopathy (4), restrictive cardiomyopathy (3), and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2). On ECG (n = 19), supraventricular arrhythmias (16) were more common than ventricular arrhythmias (12). Thirty-five necropsy reports were available, and diagnoses included cardiomyopathy (n = 14), myocarditis (10), and arteriosclerosis (9). Medical management (n = 20) included a wide range of drugs and dosages with few adverse effects. Survival times (n = 36 rabbits) ranged from 1 to 2,353 days with a median cardiac disease-specific survival time of 306 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings provided information on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in rabbits and survival times for affected rabbits. Right-sided, left-sided, and biventricular congestive heart failure occurred equally. Median survival time was lower than that reported for other species. Further research on the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease in rabbits is needed.
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Mandour AS, Samir H, Yoshida T, Matsuura K, Abdelmageed HA, Elbadawy M, Al-Rejaie S, El-Husseiny HM, Elfadadny A, Ma D, Takahashi K, Watanabe G, Tanaka R. Assessment of the Cardiac Functions Using Full Conventional Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging before and after Xylazine Sedation in Male Shiba Goats. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2320. [PMID: 33297474 PMCID: PMC7762359 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to provide a complete conventional echocardiographic protocol in adult male Shiba goats by using two-dimensional, M-mode, Pulsed Wave Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography, and to study concomitantly xylazine-induced alteration of cardiac functions in a highly sensitive species. For this purpose, 12 male Shiba goats were included and complete conventional echocardiography from the standard right and left parasternal views was carried to report the echocardiographic data in male Shiba goats, and also before and after xylazine (Pre-Xyl and Post-Xyl) administration (0.05 mg/IM/kg). Results revealed that the full echocardiographic protocol was feasible in all goats through different cardiac windows and good Doppler alignment was achieved with non-significant variability for assessment of the left ventricular dimensions, trans-pulmonary, trans-aortic, and trans-mitral blood flow. The TDI, which was not reported previously in goats, was successfully assessed from the standard left apical view and showed distinct systolic and diastolic patterns. Xylazine administration was found to significantly reduce heart rate, fractional shortening, and cardiac output as well as the Doppler hemodynamic parameters of the pulmonary artery, aortic and mitral inflows (p < 0.05). For TDI, the Post-Xyl group revealed a significant decrease in the myocardial velocities of the septal and lateral wall of the left ventricle. The present study provides, for the first time, complete data of conventional echocardiography in male goats using the full protocol, which is routinely used in pet's practice. Further, we illustrate in-depth the adverse effect of short-term sedative, xylazine, as used under field conditions and emphasize a simultaneous reduction in both systolic and diastolic cardiac function in goats based on full echocardiography assessment of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Mandour
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Haney Samir
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Katsuhiro Matsuura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Hend A. Abdelmageed
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Ismailia lab, First District, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt;
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hussein M. El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elfadadny
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur, El-Beheira 22511, Egypt;
| | - Danfu Ma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.M.); (H.M.E.-H.); (D.M.)
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TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN NONSEDATED, FREE-RANGING HEALTHY AGOUTIS ( DASYPROCTA AZARAE). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:903-909. [PMID: 31926522 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the agouti species are kept in captivity, including the species Dasyprocta azarae. These animals are of zootechnical interest and, in addition, they can potentially be used as experimentation models because of their physical characteristics and possibility of manipulation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the echocardiographic exam in nonsedated agoutis and to determine the normal reference ranges for the standard transthoracic echocardiographic parameters in healthy, adult, free-ranging agoutis found in an urban wood and intended for scientific investigations. Most of the echocardiographic parameters evaluated were similar to what has already been described for other rodent species such as rabbits or the Dasyprocta primnolopha agoutis. Based on the information compiled in this study, echocardiographic examination is feasible in awake adult, free-ranging agoutis. The results obtained from the morphologic and hemodynamic evaluation of the heart can help in future studies, either involving the clinical aspects or considering the potential use of these animals as an experimental model.
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Abstract
Cardiac disease is increasingly diagnosed in pet rabbits, presumably because of their lengthening life span and the increased sophistication of their veterinary care. However, relatively little is known about the origins of and therapy for cardiac disease in pet rabbits. Dyspnea, murmurs, and arrhythmias are common clinical signs in rabbits with cardiac disease. However, rabbits with congestive heart failure may hide signs of illness until the disease has become severe. Unique physiologic characteristics (e.g., obligate nasal breathing and limited collateral circulation to the myocardium) predispose rabbits to collapse from stress and oxygen deprivation; therefore, oxygen supplementation and stabilization are priorities for the rabbit presenting in cardiorespiratory distress. The diagnostic workup for cardiac disease in rabbits is very similar to that for traditional pets and involves radiography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Cardiomyopathy and valvular degeneration are relatively common forms of cardiac disease in rabbits, while congenital anomalies are rare. Use and dosing of therapeutic agents is extrapolated from dogs and cats. Spontaneous arteriosclerosis is prevalent in rabbits, with an historical incidence of up to 40% in large breeds.
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Legler M, Koy L, Kummerfeld N, Fehr M. Differences between the Filling Velocities of the Left and Right Heart Ventricle in Racing Pigeons (Columba Livia F. Domestica) and the Influence of Anesthesia with Isoflurane. Vet Sci 2019; 6:E79. [PMID: 31601033 PMCID: PMC6958432 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventricular filling velocities during diastole and the influence of isoflurane anesthesia on these blood flow velocities of the racing pigeon (n = 43) are evaluated by pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler sonography. Sonographic examination demonstrates an early passive ventricular (E wave) and late active (A wave) ventricular filling. The results indicate differences between the two heart ventricles. Especially, the E wave velocity of the right heart is significantly lower than in the left heart, which is explained by the crescent-shaped cavity of the right ventricle around the left ventricle. The faster active filling velocities are significantly influenced by heart rate in conscious birds. Anesthesia with isoflurane leads to a significant decrease of the diastolic blood flow velocities, and the A wave velocities of both ventricles are especially influenced. Anesthesia with isoflurane induces a high incidence of insufficiencies of the left atrioventricular valve in the preejection period. These observations indicate that a contraction of the left ventricle myocardium is important for a complete valvular closure and for normal functioning of this heart valve. The effective closure of the right atrioventricular muscle valve in anesthetized pigeons supports the observation of the fast innervation of this muscle valve via a direct connection to the right atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Legler
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lajos Koy
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Norbert Kummerfeld
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Michael Fehr
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Legler M, Koy L, Kummerfeld N, Fehr M. The influence of anesthesia with isoflurane on the pulmonary and aortic blood flow of Racing Pigeons ( Columba livia f. domestica) measured by pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography. Open Vet J 2019; 9:18-26. [PMID: 31086761 PMCID: PMC6500857 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Doppler echocardiographic examinations are an important technique for evaluating the blood flow also in avian cardiology. The influence of anesthesia on the blood flow in the heart is in detail unknown for the most avian species. The present study investigated the influence of an isoflurane anesthesia on the systolic blood flow of the aorta and the pulmonary artery in the area of the heart valves examined by pulsed wave Doppler sonography in Racing Pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica, n = 43). Measurements were taken in conscious and anaesthetized birds in the left (aorta) and right (pulmonary artery) parasternal longitudinal horizontal heart view. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in heart rate and systolic peak flow velocities as well as prolonged ejection times during anesthesia. A positive correlation of systolic peak flow velocity and heart rate could be demonstrated, especially for the pulmonary artery in conscious pigeons. The aortic systolic peak flow velocity and heart rate showed a significantly negative correlation in anaesthetized pigeons. These correlations should be borne in mind in the echocardiographic examination, especially of conscious birds. A higher incidence of second degree atrioventricular block (30.23%) was induced by anesthesia in the Racing Pigeons. These results of the present study indicate the necessity for establishing normal heart values in conscious and anaesthetized individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Legler
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lajos Koy
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Norbert Kummerfeld
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Fehr
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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Nogueira SS, Sousa MG, Gava FN, Rosa FA, Melo GD, Dittrich G, Machado GF, Camacho AA. Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in rabbits with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Some studies have shown the role played by matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. In this study, we sought to investigate how plasma and myocardial MMP 2 and 9 perform in rabbits with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, searching for a correlation between the activity of these collagenases and cardiac remodeling. Cardiomyopathy was induced by doxorubicin given intravenously twice a week for six consecutive weeks. Plasma MMP activity and the echocardiogram were assessed at baseline, and at 15 and 45 days after first injection of doxorubicin. The myocardial activity of these enzymes was solely evaluated in nine rabbits at 45 days, and results were compared with nine healthy controls. We only identified the full-length forms of both MMP 2 and 9 throughout the study. The plasma pro-MMP 2 reduced along the deterioration of cardiac function, while the pro-MMP 9 increased significantly at T45 as compared to baseline and T15. A negative significant correlation was found to exist between the plasma activity of pro-MMP 2 and mitral E-to-mitral septal annular early diastolic velocity ratio, which is an estimate of mean left atrial pressure and congestion. Only pro-MMP 2 was found in myocardial samples, and mean activity of such enzyme was statistically lower than that recorded for healthy controls. Although no active form was documented for either collagenase, the duration of the treatment with doxorubicin played a role in the alteration of plasma pro-forms activity. However, these changes could not be associated with most echocardiographic parameters that are supportive of cardiac remodeling.
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Ramos SR, Pieles G, Hui W, Ishii R, Slorach C, Friedberg MK. Comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of biventricular function in the rabbit, animal model in cardiovascular research: feasibility and normal values. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 34:367-375. [PMID: 28840383 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-017-1238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of cardiac structure and function is central in cardiovascular research. Rabbits are valuable research models of cardiovascular human disease; however, there is little normal data available. The aim of this study was to investigate feasibility and provide normal values for comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of biventricular function in rabbits. New Zealand white rabbits underwent trans-thoracic echocardiography using a general electric (GE) Vivid 7/E9 system with a 10 MHz transducer, under light sedation, to evaluate biventricular function and dimensions. Images for two-dimensional, M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle-tracking strain echocardiography were acquired and analysed. 55 male rabbits (sized matched with a newborn human baby) were studied, mean weight was 2.9 ± 0.23 kg. Adequate images were obtained in 90% for the left ventricle (LV) and 80% for the right ventricle (RV). Two-dimensional speckle-tracking strain was feasible in 60%. Average heart rate was 248 ± 36 beats per minute; LV ejection faction 72 ± 8.0; RV fractional area change 45.9 ± 9.0%; RV myocardial performance index 0.39 ± 0.35; tricuspid annular planar systolic excursion 0.60 ± 0.24 cm. LV TDI parameters were S' 8.6 ± 3.1 cm/s; E' 12.0 ± 4.46 cm/s. RV TDI parameters were S' 10.49 ± 3.18; E' 14.95 ± 4.64 cm/s. LV and RV global peak systolic longitudinal strain were -17 ± 5 and -22 ± 8%, respectively. Comprehensive investigation of biventricular dimensions and function by echocardiography is feasible in the rabbit. Apical views and strain imaging have lower feasibility. Normal values of LV and RV functional parameters are with comparable values to human children. Animal cardiovascular research is key to develop new goals in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roldan Ramos
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Department of Congenital Cardiac Surgery and Paediatric Cardiology, Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK.
| | - Guido Pieles
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Congenital Cardiac Surgery and Paediatric Cardiology, Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK
| | - Wei Hui
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ryo Ishii
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cameron Slorach
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mark K Friedberg
- The Labatt Family Heart Center, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF BIDIMENSIONAL MODE, M-MODE, AND DOPPLER OF CLINICALLY NORMAL BLACK-RUMPED AGOUTI (DASYPROCTA PRYMNOLOPHA, WAGLER 1831). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:287-293. [PMID: 28749256 DOI: 10.1638/20160013r3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The black-rumped agouti ( Dasyprocta prymnolopha , Wagler 1831) is currently under intense ecologic pressure, which has resulted in its disappearance from some regions of Brazil. Echocardiography is widely used in veterinary medicine but it is not yet part of the clinical routine for wild animals. The objective of the present study was to assess the applicability of the echocardiographic exam in nonanesthetized agouti and to establish normal reference values for echocardiographic measurements in bidimensional mode (2D), M-mode, and Doppler for this species, and a lead II electrocardiogram was simultaneously recorded. Twenty agouti were used in this study. All the echocardiographic measurements were positively correlated with weight (P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between sexes (P > 0.05). Blood flow velocities in the pulmonary and aortic artery ranged from 67.32-71.28 cm/sec and 79.22-101.84 cm/sec, respectively. The isovolumic relaxation time was assessed in all the animals and ranged from 38.5 to 56.6 ms. The maximum value for the nonfused E and A waves and the Et and At waves was 158 beats/min for both. The results obtained for the morphologic and heart hemodynamic measurements can guide future studies and help in the clinical management of these animals in captivity.
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Vasilaki F, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsarouhas K, Germanakis I, Tzardi M, Kavvalakis M, Ozcagli E, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis AM. Cardiotoxicity in rabbits after long-term nandrolone decanoate administration. Toxicol Lett 2016; 241:143-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Turner Giannico A, Ayres Garcia DA, Lima L, de Lara FA, Corona Ponczek CA, Shaw GC, Montiani-Ferreira F, Rodrigues Froes T. Determination of Normal Echocardiographic, Electrocardiographic, and Radiographic Cardiac Parameters in the Conscious New Zealand White Rabbit. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Casamian-Sorrosal D, Saunders R, Browne W, Elliot S, Fonfara S. Left ventricular radial colour and longitudinal pulsed-wave tissue Doppler echocardiography in 39 healthy domestic pet rabbits. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:376-81. [PMID: 25089025 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports radial colour and longitudinal mitral annulus pulsed-wave tissue Doppler findings in a large cohort of healthy, adult pet rabbits. Thirty-nine rabbits (22 Dwarf Lops, 14 French Lops and three Alaskans) underwent conscious echocardiography. The median age of the rabbits was 22 months and the median weight was 2.8 kg (Dwarf Lop 2.4 kg/French Lop 6.0 kg). Adequate radial colour and longitudinal pulsed-wave tissue Doppler traces were obtained in 100% and 85% of cases, respectively. Most systolic tissue Doppler parameters were significantly higher in French Lops than in Dwarf Lops. Separation of mitral inflow diastolic waves was present in 40% of cases using conventional spectral Doppler and in >60% of cases using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler which could be beneficial when evaluating diastolic function in rabbits. This study can be used as a reference for normal echocardiographic tissue Doppler values for adult rabbits undergoing conscious echocardiography in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Casamian-Sorrosal
- Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Service and School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK.
| | | | - William Browne
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Maths and Ecology Group, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Sarah Elliot
- Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Service and School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Langford Cardio-Respiratory Unit, Small Animal Hospital, Langford Veterinary Service and School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
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Casamian-Sorrosal D, Saunders R, Browne WJ, Elliott S, Fonfara S. M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic findings in 40 healthy domestic pet rabbits. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cardiotoxicity in rabbits after a low-level exposure to diazinon, propoxur, and chlorpyrifos. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1241-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114532384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lethal cardiac complications leading to death and various arrhythmias have been reported after organophosphate and/or carbamate poisonings. The present study focuses on the long-term effects of repeated low-level exposure to diazinon, propoxur, and chlorpyrifos (CPF) on cardiac function in rabbits. The yearly based experimental scheme of exposure consisted of two oral administration periods, lasting 3 months and 1 month each, interrupted by an 8-month washout period (total duration 12 months). At the end of the experimental scheme, the rabbits underwent an echocardiographic evaluation under sedation, after which they were killed and the tissue and serum samples were collected. A mild localized cardiotoxic effect was established by echocardiography for the three pesticides tested. Severe histological alterations were identified, especially in the diazinon-treated animals in agreement with increased persistence of this pesticide established in the cardiac tissue. In addition, all pesticides tested increased the oxidative stress and oxidative modifications in the genomic DNA content of the cardiac tissues, each one following a distinct mechanism.
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Canavese F, Dimeglio A, Barbetta D, Pereira B, Fabbro S, Bassini F, Canavese B. Effect of thoracic arthrodesis in prepubertal New Zealand white rabbits on cardio-pulmonary function. Indian J Orthop 2014; 48:184-92. [PMID: 24741141 PMCID: PMC3977375 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.128763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This experimental study was aimed at evaluating the type of cardiac and pulmonary involvement, in relation to changes of the thoracic spine and cage in prepubertal rabbits with nondeformed spine following dorsal arthrodesis. The hypothesis was that T1-T12 arthrodesis modified thoracic dimensions, but would not modify cardiopulmonary function once skeletal maturity was reached. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in 16 female New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Nine rabbits were subjected to T1-T12 dorsal arthrodesis while seven were sham-operated. Echocardiographic images were obtained at 12 months after surgery and parameters for 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic variables were assessed. One week before echocardiographic examination, blood samples were withdrawn from the animals' central artery of the left ear to obtain blood gas values. One week after echocardiographic assessment, a thoracic CT scan was performed under general anesthesia. Chest depth (CD) and width (CW), thoracic kyphosis (ThK) and sternal length (StL) were measured; thoracic index (ThI), expressed as CD/CW ratio. All subjects were euthanized after the CT scan. Heart and lungs were subsequently removed to measure weight and volume. RESULTS The values for 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic variables were found to be uniformly and significantly higher, compared to those reported in anesthetized rabbits. CD, ThK, and StL were considerably lower in operated rabbits, as compared to the ones that were sham-operated. Similarly, the ThI was lower in operated rabbits than in sham-operated ones. CONCLUSION Irregularities in thoracic cage growth resulting from thoracic spine arthrodesis did not alter blood and echocardiographic parameters in NZW rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Canavese
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Universitys Hospital Estaing, 1 Place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003, Clermont Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Auvergne, 28 place Henri-Dunant BP 38 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Dimeglio
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, 2 Rue de l’Ecole de Medecine, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Davide Barbetta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Animal Facility, Via Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Department of Research and Innovation (CRCI), Biostatistic Unit, University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Sergio Fabbro
- Veterinary Clinic, Via Campos 192, 33030 Maiano (UD), Italy
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Frommeyer G, Milberg P, Witte P, Stypmann J, Koopmann M, Lücke M, Osada N, Breithardt G, Fehr M, Eckardt L. A new mechanism preventing proarrhythmia in chronic heart failure: rapid phase-III repolarization explains the low proarrhythmic potential of amiodarone in contrast to sotalol in a model of pacing-induced heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 13:1060-9. [DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Frommeyer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
| | - Peter Milberg
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
| | - Patricia Witte
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
| | - Jörg Stypmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
| | - Matthias Koopmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
| | - Martin Lücke
- Experimental Animal Research Centre; Medical Faculty of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
| | - Nani Osada
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biomathematics; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Günter Breithardt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
| | - Michael Fehr
- Clinic of Exotic Pets, Reptiles, Exotic and Feral Birds; University of Hanover; Hanover Germany
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Hospital of the Westfälische Wilhelms-University; Münster Germany
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Canavese F, Dimeglio A, Stebel M, Galeotti M, Canavese B, Cavalli F. Thoracic cage plasticity in prepubertal New Zealand white rabbits submitted to T1-T12 dorsal arthrodesis: computed tomography evaluation, echocardiographic assessment and cardio-pulmonary measurements. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2013; 22:1101-12. [PMID: 23307193 PMCID: PMC3657050 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to describe the morphological changes in the thoracic cage and spinal column induced in New Zealand White (NZW) prepubertal rabbits subjected to dorsal arthrodesis and observed at skeletal maturity by computed tomography (CT) scans. This was done to evaluate the plasticity of the thoracic cage of rabbits with non-deformed spine, by highlighting its modifications after spinal arthrodesis. Emogas data analysis, echocardiographic assessment and cardio-pulmonary measurements completed the evaluation. METHODS Surgery was performed in 16 female rabbits, 6 weeks old. Nine were subjected to T1-T12 dorsal arthrodesis, while seven were sham-operated. Surgery involved the implant of two C-shaped stainless steel bars and heterologous bone graft. CT scans were performed before surgery, 2, 6 and 12 months after surgery. One week after the last CT scan, echocardiographic and emogas evaluations were performed. RESULTS Chest depth (8%), thoracic kyphosis (ThK) (23%), dorsal and ventral length of the thoracic spine (11%) and sternal length (7%) were significantly reduced in operated compared to sham-operated rabbits. Mean values ± standard deviation (SD) of PaCO2, PaO2 and sO2 were not significantly different. Mean values ± SD of echocardiographic measurements were not significantly different between the two groups of rabbits, except for thickness of the interventricular septum in systole, contractile capacity of the left ventricle and ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS T1-T12 dorsal arthrodesis in prepubertal NZW rabbits with non-deformed spine induced changes of the thoracic cage morphology. However, those changes are source of cardio-pulmonary complications not severe enough to reproduce a clinical picture comparable to thoracic insufficiency syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Canavese
- Service de Chirurgie Infantile, Centre Hospitalière Universitaire Estaing, 1 Place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003, Clermont Ferrand, France.
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Gava FN, Zacché E, Ortiz EM, Champion T, Bandarra MB, Vasconcelos RO, Barbosa JC, Camacho AA. Doxorubicin induced dilated cardiomyopathy in a rabbit model: An update. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Milberg P, Fink M, Pott C, Frommeyer G, Biertz J, Osada N, Stypmann J, Mönnig G, Koopmann M, Breithardt G, Eckardt L. Blockade of I(Ca) suppresses early afterdepolarizations and reduces transmural dispersion of repolarization in a whole heart model of chronic heart failure. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:557-68. [PMID: 22013922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with action potential prolongation and Ca(2+) overload, increasing risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT). We therefore investigated whether I(Ca) blockade was anti-arrhythmic in an intact perfused heart model of CHF. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CHF was induced in rabbits after 4 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing. Hearts from CHF and sham-operated rabbits were isolated and perfused (Langendorff preparation), with ablation of the AV node. VT was induced by erythromycin and low [K(+) ] (1.5mM). Electrophysiology of cardiac myocytes, with block of cation currents, was simulated by a mathematical model. KEY RESULTS Repolarization was prolonged in CHF hearts compared with sham-operated hearts. Action potential duration (APD) and overall dispersion of repolarization were further increased by erythromycin (300 µM) to block I(Kr) in CHF hearts. After lowering [K(+) ] to 1.5mM, CHF and sham hearts showed spontaneous episodes of polymorphic non-sustained VT. Additional infusion of verapamil (0.75 µM) suppressed early afterdepolarizations (EAD) and VT in 75% of sham and CHF hearts. Verapamil shortened APD and dispersion of repolarization, mainly by reducing transmural dispersion of repolarization via shortening of endocardial action potentials. Mathematical simulations showed that EADs were more effectively reduced by verapamil assuming a state-dependent block than a simple block of I(Ca) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Blockade of I(Ca) was highly effective in suppressing VT via reduction of transmural dispersion of repolarization and suppression of EAD. Such blockade might represent a novel therapeutic option to reduce risk of VT in structurally normal hearts and also in heart failure. LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Stams et al., pp. 554-556 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01818.x.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Milberg
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Wang YT, Popović ZB, Efimov IR, Cheng Y. Longitudinal study of cardiac remodelling in rabbits following infarction. Can J Cardiol 2012; 28:230-8. [PMID: 22265993 PMCID: PMC4754104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac remodelling following myocardial infarction (MI) is a complex, dynamic process. There have been few longitudinal studies of these changes. METHODS A 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was performed on 20 rabbits, before and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after MI (n = 14) and twice for controls (n = 6). Chronic left ventricular (LV) infarct size was histologically characterized and correlated with mechanical function. A linear mixed model was used to analyze longitudinal and infarct size-related changes in LV end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), ejection fraction (EF), sphericity, circumferential strain, and wall motion score index. RESULTS Mean LV infarct size was 28.9% ± 9.3%. After MI, rapid remodelling occurred in LVESV, LVEF, and sphericity for 2 weeks and LVEDV for 4 weeks, with slower changes afterwards. LV infarct size correlated with LVESV (r = 0.76), LVEDV (r = 0.71), and LVEF (r = 0.69). Larger infarcts resulted in greater LVESV dilation (P = 0.04) and faster LVEDV (P < 0.01), LVEF (P < 0.01), and sphericity (P < 0.01) remodelling. Apical global circumferential strain and wall motion score index increased for 1 week, then stabilized, regardless of infarct size, and apical global circumferential strain was correlated with apical infarction (r = 0.58). Additionally, regional circumferential strain decreased in segments with severe (> 80%) infarction more quickly (P < 0.01) and by a greater degree (P = 0.04) compared with segments with minor (< 20%) infarction. CONCLUSIONS The most dynamic remodelling of cardiac function in this model occurred during the first 4 weeks, stabilizing thereafter, with changes maintained up to 12 weeks. Infarct size affected both the early rate and long-term extent of mechanical remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves T. Wang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zoran B. Popović
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Igor R. Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Yuanna Cheng
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Silva E, Borboleta L, Telles T, Fonseca V, Melo M. EcoDopplercardiografia em coelhos: uso de midazolam e midazolam associado à cetamina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O uso de animais como modelos experimentais muitas vezes exige a administração de sedativos ou anestésicos, particularmente quando se trata de avaliação ecoDopplercardiográfica de coelhos. No entanto, existem poucas informações sobre os protocolos e seus efeitos nestes parâmetros. Diante deste contexto, foram utilizados 20 coelhos Nova Zelândia machos, com cinco meses e 3,2kg, distribuídos em dois grupos de 10 animais cada: G1 - maleato de midazolam associado ao cloridrato de cetamina, e G2 - maleato de midazolam. Compararam-se o efeito dos dois protocolos sob os índices funcionais do ventrículo esquerdo e os fluxos valvares, e observaram-se menores valores de frequência cardíaca e da fração de ejeção e maiores valores de diâmetro do ventrículo esquerdo na sístole, de volume sistólico final do ventrículo esquerdo e de diâmetro aórtico no grupo que recebeu apenas maleato de midazolam (G2). Concluiu-se que, o maleato de midazolam apresentou-se mais eficaz, pois causou boa sedação nos animais, permitindo a realização de ecoDopplercardiogramas de qualidade e efeitos limitados no sistema cardiovascular.
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Fontes-Sousa AP, Moura C, Carneiro CS, Teixeira-Pinto A, Areias JC, Leite-Moreira AF. Echocardiographic evaluation including tissue Doppler imaging in New Zealand white rabbits sedated with ketamine and midazolam. Vet J 2009; 181:326-31. [PMID: 18445537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Stypmann J, Engelen MA, Troatz C, Rothenburger M, Eckardt L, Tiemann K. Echocardiographic assessment of global left ventricular function in mice. Lab Anim 2009; 43:127-37. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2007.06001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Doppler-echocardiographic assessment of cardiovascular structure and function in murine models has developed into one of the most commonly used non-invasive techniques during the last decades. Recent technical improvements even expanded the possibilities. In this review, we summarize the current options to assess global left ventricular (LV) function in mice using echocardiographic techniques. In detail, standard techniques as structural and functional assessment of the cardiovascular phenotype using one-dimensional M-mode echocardiography, two-dimensional B-mode echocardiography and spectral Doppler signals from mitral inflow respective aortal outflow are presented. Further pros and contras of recently implemented techniques as three-dimensional echocardiography and strain and strain rate measurements are discussed. Deduced measures of LV function as the myocardial performance index according to Tei, estimation of the mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening, LV wall stress and different algorithms to estimate the LV mass are described in detail. Last but not least, specific features and limitations of murine echocardiography are presented. Future perspectives in respect to new examination techniques like targeted molecular imaging with advanced ultrasound contrast bubbles or improvement of equipment like new generation matrix transducers for murine echocardiography are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Stypmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Central Project Group (ZPG 4a), Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Münster, Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 656, Project C3, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus A Engelen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Medical Physiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Troatz
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 656, Project C3, Münster, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Rothenburger
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Eckardt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Tiemann
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB) 656, Project C3, Münster, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Moura C, Fontes-Sousa AP, Teixeira-Pinto A, Areias JCC, Leite-Moreira AF. Agreement between echocardiographic techniques in assessment of the left ventricular myocardial performance index in rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:464-71. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.4.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gilbert SH, Bernus O, Holden AV, Benson AP. A Quantitative Comparison of the Myocardial Fibre Orientation in the Rabbit as Determined by Histology and by Diffusion Tensor-MRI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01932-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Quantitative evaluation of chronic pulmonary thromboemboli by multislice CT compared with pulsed Tissue Doppler Imaging and its relationship with brain natriuretic peptide. Int J Cardiol 2008; 130:505-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hanton G, Eder V, Rochefort G, Bonnet P, Hyvelin JM. Echocardiography, a non-invasive method for the assessment of cardiac function and morphology in preclinical drug toxicology and safety pharmacology. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:681-96. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.6.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Signolet I, Gasser B, Bousquet P, Monassier L. Echocardiography in conscious 1K,1C Goldblatt rabbits reveals typical features of human hypertensive ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Int J Cardiol 2007; 132:135-7. [PMID: 18045708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction is a major component of hypertensive cardiomyopathy contributing to a progressive evolution towards overt heart failure. To establish an experimental model that could mimic the human clinical pattern, we standardized the surgery in one-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt (1K,1C) rabbits and characterized their hypertensive cardiopathy by echocardiography. Five weeks after placement of a stenotic string around the left renal artery and removal of the right kidney, arterial pressure was measured and an echocardiography performed in conscious animals. An hypertrophic cardiopathy associated with hypertension and a primary trouble of the LV relaxation was observed. This trouble was characterized by a reversion of E/A and Ea/Aa ratios and an increase of the isovolumic relaxation time and Tau index, without augmentation of left ventricular filling pressures. We show for the first time, in this experimental model, a diastolic dysfunction pattern close to the human one. Moreover, echocardiography in a conscious state gives the opportunity to use this model for future chronic pharmacological studies.
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