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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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Alotaibi K, Hikal AF, Sung K, Zhang G, Khan AA. Draft genome sequences of nine non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ready-to-eat food from supermarkets in Argentina. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0042923. [PMID: 37850755 PMCID: PMC10652943 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00429-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are recognized as an important group of bacterial enteropathogens. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of nine strains of non-O157 STEC isolated from ready-to-eat foods in Argentina. The whole-genome sequence data provide a better understanding of these isolates and will aid epidemiological investigation during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khulud Alotaibi
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ahmed F. Hikal
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kidon Sung
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashraf A. Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Arias Echandi ML, Huete Soto A, Castillo Blanco JM, Fernández F, Fernandez Jaramillo H. Occurrence of Aliarcobacter spp. in fresh and pre-cut vegetables of common use in San José, Costa Rica. Ital J Food Saf 2023; 12:10344. [PMID: 38116377 PMCID: PMC10726391 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliarcobacter is a Gram-negative rod that can cause disease in both animals and humans. Several studies have evidenced its presence in a wide variety of foods. Given that the number of foodborne illness outbreaks linked to the consumption of vegetables has increased worldwide and that there is a lack of information about the occurrence of Aliarcobacter spp. in these, the aim of this study was to evaluate its presence and the occurrence of virulence factors in both fresh and ready-to-eat vegetable samples. 180 vegetable samples from Costa Rica were analyzed for the presence of Aliarcobacter spp., including 90 pre-cut vegetable packages and 90 fresh vegetables. Two (2.2%) of the isolates from pre-cut vegetables and 19 (21.1%) of the isolates obtained from fresh vegetables were confirmed as Aliarcobacter spp. One of the isolates from the pre-cut vegetable samples was identified as A. butzleri. For the fresh vegetables, 11 isolates were identified as A. skirrowii, one as A. butzleri, and the 7 remaining isolates could not be identified at a species level. There is an 87.5% positivity for hecA and 93.8% for pldA, virulence genes in strains isolated from fresh produce, contrasting with an absolute absence from pre-cut vegetable-isolated strains. These results evidence the presence of Aliarcobacter on fresh and pre-cut vegetables from Costa Rica and the potential hazard it might represent for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Arias Echandi
- Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandra Huete Soto
- Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Fernanda Fernández
- Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Ekundayo TC, Itiolu IF, Ijabadeniyi OA. Arcobacter species in milk contamination: a prevalence-based systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 134:lxac037. [PMID: 36626780 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Milk is consumed raw or minimally processed and plays a role in the dissemination of pathogens of public health concerns. The present investigation is aimed at assessing the occurrence of pathogenic Arcobacter species in 2945 milk samples. METHODS AND RESULTS Arcobacter data systematically retrieved from five repositories until 20 February 2022 according to PRISMA principles were logit transformed and fitted using a generalized linear mixed-effects model. The between-study heterogeneity was estimated as I2-value. Leave-one-out cross-validation and funnel plot with Egger's tests were used to assess the hardiness and bias in the model. The global prevalence of Arcobacter genus in the milk was 12% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7-19%; I2 = 87.3%, 95% CI: 83.0-90.6%] and no publication bias observed (Egger's test: P = 0.112). Arcobacter genus prevalence in milk was 13% (95% CI: 5-30%), 10% (95% CI: 1-46%), and 9% (95% CI: 4-19%) in Europe, South America, and Asia, respectively. Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent [8% (95% CI: 4-13%)], followed by A. cryaerophilus [0.6% (95% CI: 0.2-33.2%)] and A. skirrowii [0.19% (95% CI: 0.03-1.2%)]. Also, species-specific prevalence of A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii varied continentally, but the test for species-specific/continental differences was not significantly different (P > 0.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Health Services, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Ibilola F Itiolu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Health Services, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Health Services, 121 Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Ma Y, Ju C, Zhou G, Yu M, Chen H, He J, Zhang M, Duan Y. Genetic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, and prevalence of Arcobacter spp. isolated from various sources in Shenzhen, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004224. [PMID: 36532418 PMCID: PMC9754635 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. is a globally emerging zoonotic and foodborne pathogen. However, little is known about its prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in China. To investigate the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. isolated from various sources, 396 samples were collected from human feces, chicken cecum, and food specimens including chicken meat, beef, pork, lettuce, and seafood. Arcobacter spp. was isolated by the membrane filtration method. For 92 strains, the agar dilution method and next-generation sequencing were used to investigate their antimicrobial resistance and to obtain whole genome data, respectively. The virulence factor database (VFDB) was queried to identify virulence genes. ResFinder and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) were used to predict resistance genes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with core single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found that 27.5% of the samples (n = 109) were positive for Arcobacter spp., comprising Arcobacter butzleri (53.0%), Arcobacter cryaerophilus (39.6%), and Arcobacter skirrowii (7.4%). Chicken meat had the highest prevalence (81.2%), followed by seafood (51.9%), pork (43.3%), beef (36.7%), lettuce (35.5%), chicken cecum (8%), and human fecal samples (0%, 0/159). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that 51 A. butzleri and 40 A. cryaerophilus strains were resistant to streptomycin (98.1, 70%), clindamycin (94.1, 90%), tetracycline (64.7, 52.5%), azithromycin (43.1%, 15%), nalidixic acid (33.4, 35%), and ciprofloxacin (31.3, 35%) but were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, telithromycin, and clindamycin (≤10%). A. skirrowii was sensitive to all experimental antibiotics. The virulence factors tlyA, mviN, cj1349, ciaB, and pldA were carried by all Arcobacter spp. strains at 100%, and the following percentages were cadF (95.7%), iroE (23.9%), hecB (2.2%), hecA, and irgA (1.1%). Only one A. butzleri strain (F061-2G) carried a macrolide resistance gene (ereA). One A. butzleri and one A. cryaerophilus harbored resistance island gene clusters, which were isolated from pork and chicken. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii were separated from each other. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of Arcobacter spp. from vegetables and seafood in China. The resistance island gene cluster found in pork and chicken meat and the presence of virulence factors could be a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ma
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changyan Ju
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guilan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Muhua Yu
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaoming He
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Duan
- Nanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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Prevalence and antibacterial susceptibilities of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:132. [PMID: 35689134 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables sold at district markets in the Kayseri province, and at the determination of the antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. For this purpose, a total of 175 vegetable samples, including 35 spinach, 35 lettuce, 35 parsley, 35 arugula, and 35 radish samples, were collected. While the pre-enrichment and membrane filtration techniques were used for the isolation of Arcobacter spp., the pre-enrichment and direct inoculation methods were used for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. The isolates were identified by means of phenotypic tests and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using genus- and species-specific primers. In addition, the susceptibilities of the isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were determined by the disk diffusion method. Out of the 175 vegetable samples tested, 93 (53.14%) were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp., and 119 Arcobacter spp. isolates were recovered from these 93 positive samples. All of the samples examined were found to be negative for Campylobacter spp. One hundred one (86%) and 14 (10%) of the 119 Arcobacter isolates obtained were identified as A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively, but four isolates could not be identified at the species level by mPCR. Mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of Arcobacter was detected in 24 of the positive samples. While all of the Arcobacter isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, 2 (1.68%), 2 (1.68%), and 5 (4.20%) isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and neomycin, respectively. Consequently, the determination of a high prevalence of arcobacters and mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of arcobacters in vegetables often consumed raw by humans demonstrated that the consumption of raw vegetables may be a risk to the public health.
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Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Girbau C, Salazar-Sánchez A, Baztarrika I, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Laorden L, Alonso R, Fernández-Astorga A. Genetic characterization and biofilm formation of potentially pathogenic foodborne Arcobacter isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 373:109712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lameei A, Rahimi E, Shakerian A, Momtaz H. Genotyping, antibiotic resistance and prevalence of Arcobacter species in milk and dairy products. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1841-1849. [PMID: 35426255 PMCID: PMC9297788 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arcobacter spp. has been considered an emerging foodborne pathogen and a hazard to human health. The dairy chain has been isolated from different sources; nevertheless, data on Arcobacter occurrence in raw milk and dairy products in Iran are still scant. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence genes of Arcobacters species isolated from milk and dairy products. METHODS Then, a total of 350 raw milk samples and 400 dairy product samples were collected from dairy supply centers in Isfahan, Iran. Presumptive Arcobacter strains were obtained by enriching samples in Oxoid Arcobacter enrichment broth (AEB) followed by the filtration of enrichment product through 0.45-μm pore size membrane filters laid onto non-selective blood at 30°C under microaerophilic conditions. Molecular identification of Arcobacter cryaerophilus and A. butzleri was performed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Targeted resistance and virulence genes were detected using multiplex PCR. RESULTS The results show a low recovery rate of Arcobacter spp. in milk. Arcobacters were found in all types of milk, except raw camel milk, but were absent from all dairy products. Arcobacter butzleri was the predominant species in raw milk. Detection of virulence genes shows that all virulence genes targeted were found among A. butzleri, and six (cadF, cj1349, irgA, mviN, pldA, tlyA) were found among A. cryaerophilus. All A. butzleri strains and some A. cryaerophilus strains isolated from milk were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and tetracycline. All A. cryaerophilus isolates from milk were susceptible to gentamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The distribution of resistance genes in Arcobacter strains in milk shows that all isolates carried tet(O) and blaOXA-61 genes. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the results indicate a low recovery rate of Arcobacter spp. in milk and milk products. However, a significant number of Arcobacter strains with putative virulence genes may be potential pathogens for humans and an overall increase in Arcobacter resistance to first-line antibiotics. These results highlight the need for regular surveillance of Arcobacter strains in milk and milk products in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abazar Lameei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Shakerian
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Food Hygiene, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene profiles of Arcobacter species isolated from human stool samples, foods of animal origin, ready-to-eat salad mixes and environmental water. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:76. [PMID: 34930425 PMCID: PMC8686351 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the genus Arcobacter are considered as emerging zoonotic food and waterborne pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and bacteremia in humans. However, the potential risk that Arcobacter species pose to public health remains unassessed in various countries, including Baltic states. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of putative virulence genes of Arcobacter isolates recovered from humans, food products and environmental water in Lithuania. Results A total of 1862 samples were collected and examined from 2018 to 2020 in the city of Kaunas. Overall, 11.2% (n = 208) of the samples were positive for the presence of Arcobacter spp. The highest prevalence was detected in chicken meat (36%), followed by environmental water (28.1%), raw cow milk (25%), ready-to-eat salad mixes (7.1%) and human stool (1.7%). A. butzleri was the most frequently isolated species (n = 192; 92.3%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 16; 7.7%). Arcobacter spp. antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed unimodally distributed aggregated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and erythromycin. However, a bimodal distribution for azithromycin was found with 96.2% of determined MICs above the epidemiological cut-off value (ECOFF) defined for Campylobacter jejuni (0.25 µg/ml). Majority of the Arcobacter isolates (n = 187; 89.9%) showed high susceptibility to ciprofloxacin with MICs below or equal to the ECOFF value of 0.5 µg/ml. The putative virulence genes cadF (100%), ciaB (100%), cj1349 (99%), tlyA (99%), mviN (97.9%) and pldA (95.8%) were the predominant genes detected among A. butzleri isolates. In contrast, the mviN and ciaB genes were present in all, whereas cj1349 (12.5%), tlyA (25%) and hecA (12.5%) were only detected in few A. cryaerophilus isolates. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that food products and environmental water in Lithuania are frequently contaminated with Arcobacter spp. that carry multiple putative virulence genes. Furthermore, A. butzleri were isolated from 1.7% of inpatients. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides were found to be more effective against Arcobacter in comparison to other antimicrobial agents. However, further studies are needed to determine the pathogenic mechanisms and factors that facilitate the spread of Arcobacter infections.
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Mateus C, Martins R, Luís Â, Oleastro M, Domingues F, Pereira L, Ferreira S. Prevalence of Arcobacter: From farm to retail – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Huang T, Shi Y, Zhang J, Han Q, Xia XS, Zhang AM, Song Y. Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Five, Viable, Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria by Photoinduced PMAxx-Coupled Multiplex PCR in Fresh Juice. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:640-646. [PMID: 34292761 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are common foodborne pathogens. In this study, the light-induced PMAxx-coupled multiplex PCR (PMAxx-mPCR) was established to detect the aforementioned five foodborne pathogens in fresh juice at the same time. Moreover, PMAxx pretreatment could effectively distinguish live bacteria from dead bacteria. The optimized PMAxx pretreatment conditions were incubation with a final concentration of 10 μmol/L PMAxx for 10 min and then photolysis for 8 min. After PMAxx pretreatment, the difference in Ct values with or without PMAxx was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed a significant difference in Ct value before and after PMAxx treatment. Finally, the bacteria-contaminated fresh juice samples treated with PMAxx dye were detected by mPCR. The detection limit of PMAxx-mPCR was 102 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for E. coli, Shigella, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae and 103 CFU/mL for S. aureus. Compared with mPCR detection of samples without PMAxx treatment, the proposed method solved the false-positive problem due to dead bacteria. Hence, an accurate and efficient method for the simultaneous detection of five types of pathogenic bacteria was established. This method could be applied to analytical procedures for ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yaoqiang Shi
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Shan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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Iwu CD, Ekundayo TC, Okoh AI. A Systematic Analysis of Research on Arcobacter: Public Health Implications from a Food-Environment Interphase Perspective. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071673. [PMID: 34359542 PMCID: PMC8303614 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review maps the global research landscape of the public health implications of Arcobacter from the food–environment interphase using content analytics and integrated science mapping. The search term “Arcobacter” was used to retrieve relevant articles published in Web of Science and Scopus between 1991 to 2019. The number of articles included in the review was 524, with 1304 authors, 172 journal sources, and a collaborative index of 2.55. The annual growth rate of the publications was 9.74%. The most contributing author in the field was Houf K., with 40 publications, 26 h-index, and 2020 total citations. The most productive country was the USA (13.33%). The majority of the articles were published in English (96%) and in the Journal of Food Protection (8.02%). The highest research outputs were in the field of Microbiology (264). The frequently occurred keywords were Arcobacter, poultry, shellfish, cattle, and chicken. This study revealed a fair increase in the growth rate of Arcobacter-related research—especially in the area of isolation and detection of the pathogen in foods and food environments, as well as the pathogenesis and genetic diversity of the pathogen. Research themes in the area of prevalence and epidemiology seem to be underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie Declan Iwu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (T.C.E.); (A.I.O.)
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (T.C.E.); (A.I.O.)
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo PMB 536, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (T.C.E.); (A.I.O.)
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Chaves M, Vazquez-Valverde D, Fernández-Jaramillo H, Arias-Echandi ML. The ability of Aliarcobacter butzleri strains isolated from foods of animal origin in Costa Rica to form biofilm. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:9020. [PMID: 34268142 PMCID: PMC8256308 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliarcobacter butzleri is a zoonotic emerging food and waterborne pathogen widely distributed in nature. It is present in food processing environments and can easily be spread through the food industry because of its ability to form biofilm. The aim of this work was to determine the ability of strains isolated in Costa Rica from different food matrixes of animal origin to form biofilm. Thirty-eight A. butzleri strains previously isolated and identified from animal origin products were analyzed using the method described by Stepmovic et al. (2000), in three culture broths, brain heart infusion broth, Boer broth and Houf broth. Results showed that 67% of poultry origin strains, 62.5% of meat origin strains and just 8% of milk origin strains showed ability to form biofilm. The findings of this study confirm the adherence ability of A. butzleri to form biofilm, a characteristic that can promote dispersion and cross contamination along food industry processing lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chaves
- Microbiology Faculty and Tropical Diseases Research Center (CIET), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Vazquez-Valverde
- Microbiology Faculty and Tropical Diseases Research Center (CIET), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - María Laura Arias-Echandi
- Microbiology Faculty and Tropical Diseases Research Center (CIET), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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14
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Mottola A, Ciccarese G, Sinisi C, Savarino AE, Marchetti P, Terio V, Tantillo G, Barrasso R, Di Pinto A. Occurrence and characterization of Arcobacter spp. from ready-to-eat vegetables produced in Southern Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:8585. [PMID: 33907683 PMCID: PMC8056449 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.8585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that the number of foodborne illness outbreaks linked to the consumption of ready-to-eat vegetables has been widely documented and considering that data on the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in such foodstuffs are lacking, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Arcobacter spp. and the occurrence of virulence factors as well as to genotype Arcobacter spp. in ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetable samples, using cultural and biomolecular assays. Arcobacter spp. was detected in 16/110 (14.5%) samples, with A. butzleri being detected in 15/16 and A. cryaerophilus in 1/16 isolates. PCRs aimed at the nine putative virulence genes demonstrated widespread distribution of such genes among A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates. In addition, multilocus sequence type (MLST) analysis revealed a low genetic diversity within the arcobacters isolates. The results underline the need to develop an appropriate surveillance system based on biomolecular characterization for an integrated microbiological risk assessment of ready-toeat vegetables, and consequently of composite foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari
| | | | - Carla Sinisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Lecce
| | | | | | - Valentina Terio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari
| | | | - Roberta Barrasso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari
| | - Angela Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari
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15
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Sciortino S, Arculeo P, Alio V, Cardamone C, Nicastro L, Arculeo M, Alduina R, Costa A. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Arcobacter spp. Recovered from Aquatic Environments. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030288. [PMID: 33802125 PMCID: PMC7998538 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. are emerging waterborne and foodborne zoonotic pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. In this work, we evaluated the occurrence and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Arcobacter isolates recovered from different aquatic sources. Besides, we searched for Arcobacter spp. in seaweeds and the corresponding seawater samples. Bacteriological and molecular methods applied to 100 samples led to the isolation of 28 Arcobacter isolates from 27 samples. The highest prevalence was detected in rivers followed by artificial ponds, streams, well waters, and spring waters. Seaweeds contained a higher percentage of Arcobacter than the corresponding seawater samples. The isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri (96.4%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (3.6%). All the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance profile, being resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Molecular analysis of genetic determinants responsible for tetracycline resistance in nine randomly chosen isolates revealed the presence of tetO and/or tetW. This work confirms the occurrence and the continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant Arcobacter strains in environmental samples; also, the presence of quinolone-resistant Arcobacter spp. in aquatic sources used for water supply and irrigation represents a potential risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sciortino
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Pietro Arculeo
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzina Alio
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Cinzia Cardamone
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Luisa Nicastro
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Arculeo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bd. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bd. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Antonella Costa
- Food Microbiology Section, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.A.); (V.A.); (C.C.); (L.N.); (A.C.)
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16
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Mottola A, Marchetti P, Ciccarese G, Terio V, Sinisi C, Di Pinto A. Arcobacter species detection in Italian composite foods. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Improved culture enrichment broth for isolation of Arcobacter-like species from the marine environment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14547. [PMID: 32884057 PMCID: PMC7471115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter-like species are found associated with many matrices, including shellfish in marine environments. The culture media and conditions play a major role in the recovery of new Arcobacter-like species. This study was aimed to develop a culture media for isolation and enhanced growth of Arcobacter-like spp. from marine and shellfish matrices. For this purpose, 14 different Arcobacter-like spp. mostly isolated from shellfish, were grown in 24 different formulations of enrichment broths. The enrichment broths consisted of five main groups based on the organic contents (fresh oyster homogenate, lyophilized oyster either alone or in combination with other standard media), combined with artificial seawater (ASW) or 2.5% NaCl. Optical density (OD420nm) measurements after every 24 h were compared with the growth in control media (Arcobacter broth) in parallel. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each species in each broth and statistical differences (p < 0.05) among broths were calculated by ANOVA. The results indicated that shellfish-associated Arcobacter-like species growth was significantly higher in Arcobacter broth + 50% ASW and the same media supplemented with lyophilized oysters. This is the first study to have used fresh or lyophilized oyster flesh in the enrichment broth for isolation of shellfish-associated Arcobacter-like spp.
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18
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Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Fusco V. Arcobacter butzleri: Up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of an emerging pathogen. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2071-2109. [PMID: 33337088 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri, recently emended to the Aliarcobacter butzleri comb. nov., is an emerging pathogen causing enteritis, severe diarrhea, septicaemia, and bacteraemia in humans and enteritis, stillbirth, and abortion in animals. Since its recognition as emerging pathogen on 2002, advancements have been made in elucidating its pathogenicity and epidemiology, also thanks to advent of genomics, which, moreover, contributed in emending its taxonomy. In this review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date taxonomy, ecology, and pathogenicity of this emerging pathogen. Moreover, the implication of A. butzleri in the safety of foods is pinpointed, and culture-dependent and independent detection, identification, and typing methods as well as strategies to control and prevent the survival and growth of this pathogen are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
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19
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Oluwaseun Alegbeleye O, Sant’Ana AS. Understanding the public health burden of unconventional produce-associated enteropathogens. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Isidro J, Ferreira S, Pinto M, Domingues F, Oleastro M, Gomes JP, Borges V. Virulence and antibiotic resistance plasticity of Arcobacter butzleri: Insights on the genomic diversity of an emerging human pathogen. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104213. [PMID: 32006709 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is a foodborne emerging human pathogen, frequently displaying a multidrug resistant character. Still, the lack of comprehensive genome-scale comparative analysis has limited our knowledge on A. butzleri diversification and pathogenicity. Here, we performed a deep genome analysis of A. butzleri focused on decoding its core- and pan-genome diversity and specific genetic traits underlying its pathogenic potential and diverse ecology. A. butzleri (genome size 2.07-2.58 Mbp) revealed a large open pan-genome with 7474 genes (about 50% being singletons) and a small but diverse core-genome with 1165 genes. It presents a plastic virulome (including newly identified determinants), marked by the differential presence of multiple adaptation-related virulence factors, such as the urease cluster ureD(AB)CEFG (phenotypically confirmed), the hypervariable hemagglutinin-encoding hecA, a type I secretion system (T1SS) harboring another agglutinin and a novel VirB/D4 T4SS likely linked to interbacterial competition and cytotoxicity. In addition, A. butzleri harbors a large repertoire of efflux pumps (EPs) and other antibiotic resistant determinants. We unprecedentedly describe a genetic mechanism of A. butzleri macrolides resistance, (inactivation of a TetR repressor likely regulating an EP). Fluoroquinolones resistance correlated with Thr-85-Ile in GyrA and ampicillin resistance was linked to an OXA-15-like β-lactamase. Remarkably, by decoding the polymorphism pattern of the main antigen PorA, we show that A. butzleri is able to exchange porA as a whole and/or hypervariable epitope-encoding regions separately, leading to a multitude of chimeric PorA presentations that can impact pathogen-host interaction during infection. Ultimately, our unprecedented screening of short sequence repeats indicates that phase variation likely modulates A. butzleri key adaptive functions. In summary, this study constitutes a turning point on A. butzleri comparative genomics revealing that this human gastrointestinal pathogen is equipped with vast and diverse virulence and antibiotic resistance arsenals that open a multitude of phenotypic fingerprints for environmental/host adaptation and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Isidro
- Bioinformatics Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Ferreira
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Pinto
- Bioinformatics Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Domingues
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Bioinformatics Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vítor Borges
- Bioinformatics Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.
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21
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Fanelli F, Chieffi D, Di Pinto A, Mottola A, Baruzzi F, Fusco V. Phenotype and genomic background of Arcobacter butzleri strains and taxogenomic assessment of the species. Food Microbiol 2020; 89:103416. [PMID: 32138986 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study the phenotypic and genomic characterization of two Arcobacter butzleri (Ab) strains (Ab 34_O and Ab 39_O) isolated from pre-cut ready-to-eat vegetables were performed. Results provided useful data about their taxonomy and their overall virulence potential with particular reference to the antibiotic and heavy metal susceptibility. These features were moreover compared with those of two Ab strains isolated from shellfish and a genotaxonomic assessment of the Ab species was performed. The two Ab isolated from vegetables were confirmed to belong to the Aliarcobacter butzleri species by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, MLST and genomic analyses. The genome-based taxonomic assessment of the Ab species brought to the light the possibility to define different subspecies reflecting the source of isolation, even though further genomes from different sources should be available to support this hypothesis. The strains isolated from vegetables in the same geographic area shared the same distribution of COGs with a prevalence of the cluster "inorganic ion transport and metabolism", consistent with the lithotrophic nature of Arcobacter spp. None of the Ab strains (from shellfish and from vegetables) metabolized carbohydrates but utilized organic acids and amino acids as carbon sources. The metabolic fingerprinting of Ab resulted less discriminatory than the genome-based approach. The Ab strains isolated from vegetables and those isolated from shellfish endowed multiple resistance to several antibiotics and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy
| | - Anna Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, 70010, Italy
| | - Federico Baruzzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, 70126, Italy.
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22
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Marta C, Giovanni N, Angela M, Loredana C, Elisabetta B, Laura D, Anna M, Angela DP, Gianfranco S, Antonio P. Large genetic diversity of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from raw milk in Southern Italy. Food Microbiol 2019; 89:103403. [PMID: 32139002 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen able to cause enteric and extraintestinal diseases. Its occurrence in foodstuff is well recognized worldwide but data on its presence in foods from Southern Italy are scarce. In this study the results on the occurrence and genotyping of Arcobacter spp. in bulk milk samples collected in Southern Italy are reported. Out of 484 samples, 64 (13.2%) resulted positive for the presence of Arcobacter spp. Using Real Time PCR but as few as 31.2% of these samples turned out as positive by using the cultural method, showing an overall prevalence of 4.1%. All isolates were identified as A. cryaerophilus using the biochemical identification whilst the sequencing of the atpA gene revealed that all the isolates were A. butzleri. Among the confirmed isolates, 16 different Sequence Types (ST) were identified using the Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), 14 (87.5%) of which were previously unreported. Our survey reveals the presence of A. butzleri in bulk tank milk from Southern Italy and highlights the discrepancy between the two approaches used both for the detection (i.e., real time PCR vs cultural method) and the identification (i.e., biochemical test vs aptA sequencing) of Arcobacter spp In addition, a large genetic diversity among the isolates was detected and this makes the identification of source of the infections very challenging in outbreaks investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caruso Marta
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Normanno Giovanni
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Miccolupo Angela
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Capozzi Loredana
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Bonerba Elisabetta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, SP Casamassima, Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Difato Laura
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Mottola Anna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, SP Casamassima, Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Di Pinto Angela
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, SP Casamassima, Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, (BA), Italy
| | - Santagada Gianfranco
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Parisi Antonio
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Apulia and Basilicata, Foggia, Via Manfredonia 20, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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23
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Traversa A, Gallina S, Martucci F, Boteva C, Baioni E, Maurella C, Chiavacci L, Benvenuto E, Ferrero I, Ferrero E, Giacometti F, Piva S, Chiesa F, Bianchi DM, Serraino A, Decastelli L. Arcobacter spp. in raw milk from vending machines in Piedmont and occurrence of virulence genes in isolates. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:7859. [PMID: 31897394 PMCID: PMC6912143 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter spp. has been recognized as an emerging foodborne pathogen and a hazard to human health. In the dairy chain, it has been isolated from different sources, nevertheless data on Arcobacter occurrence in raw milk provided by vending machines are few. This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenic Arcobacter spp. in raw milk intended for human consumption sold through vending machines located in Piedmont. In an 8-month period, 37 raw milk samples were collected from 24 dairy farms: 12 (32,4%) were collected directly in farm from bulk tank milk and 25 (67,6%) from vending machines. Eight (21,6%) out of the 37 milk samples and 7 (29,2%) out of the 24 dairy farms were positive for Arcobacter spp. by culture examination. Four (16%) out of the 25 samples from vending machines and 4 (33,3%) out of the 12 samples from bulk tank milk were positive. All 8 isolates were identified as A. butzleri both by MALDI-TOF MS and multiplex end-point PCR. According to the detection of virulence genes, a total of four Patho-types were highlighted: 5 isolates in P-type 1 and only one isolate for each of the P-types 2-3-4. A. butzleri isolates carrying encoding virulence factors genes were isolated from raw milk intended for human consumption: these findings strengthen the compulsory consumption after boiling as required by current legislation and suggest the need of enlarging the analytical investigations to other microorganisms not yet included in the food safety criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaranta Traversa
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Silvia Gallina
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Francesca Martucci
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Cvetelina Boteva
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Epidemiology and Epidemiological Observatory complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Epidemiology and Epidemiological Observatory complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Laura Chiavacci
- Epidemiology and Epidemiological Observatory complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Elisa Benvenuto
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Irene Ferrero
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Elena Ferrero
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia
| | - Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Daniela Manila Bianchi
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- Food Control and Production Hygiene complex Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino
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24
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Monitoring Opportunistic Pathogens in Domestic Wastewater from a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Biofilm Reactor to Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation in many developing countries is an increasingly common practice. Regular monitoring of indicators can help to identify potential health risks; therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the presence and abundance of opportunistic pathogens in wastewater, as well as plant phyllosphere and rhizosphere. In this study, an anaerobic biofilm reactor (ABR) was developed to treat rural domestic wastewater; the performance of pollutants removal and pathogenic bacteria elimination were investigated. Additionally, we also assessed the physicochemical and microbiological profiles of soil and lettuces after wastewater irrigation. Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacteroides sp., Escherichia coli, Legionella sp., and Mycobacterium sp. were monitored in the irrigation water, as well as in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of lettuces. Pathogens like B. cereus, Legionella sp. and Mycobacterium sp. were present in treated effluent with relatively high concentrations, and the levels of A. hydrophila, Arcobacter sp., and E. coli were higher in the phyllosphere. The physicochemical properties of soil and lettuce did not vary significantly. These data indicated that treated wastewater irrigation across a short time period may not alter the soil and crop properties, while the pathogens present in the wastewater may transfer to soil and plant, posing risks to human health.
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25
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Ferreira S, Oleastro M, Domingues F. Current insights on Arcobacter butzleri in food chain. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Kim NH, Park SM, Kim HW, Cho TJ, Kim SH, Choi C, Rhee MS. Prevalence of pathogenic Arcobacter species in South Korea: Comparison of two protocols for isolating the bacteria from foods and examination of nine putative virulence genes. Food Microbiol 2019; 78:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Noto AMD, Sciortino S, Cardamone C, Ciravolo C, Napoli C, Alio V, Arculeo P, Oliveri G, Costa A. Detection of Arcobacter spp. in food products collected from Sicilia region: A preliminary study. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:7171. [PMID: 30046557 PMCID: PMC6036988 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in food samples collected from Sicilia region. A total of 91 food products of animal origin (41 meat, 17 fresh milk, 18 shellfish) and 15 samples of fresh vegetables, were examined by cultural method and confirmed by biochemical analysis and PCR methods. The detection of Arcobacter spp. was performed, after selective enrichment, on two selective agar plates: Arcobacter agar and mCCD (modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate) agar supplemented with CAT (Cefoperazone, Amphotericin B and Teicoplanin). Arcobacter species were isolated using the membrane filtration technique. In 13 (14.3%) out of the 91 tested samples, the presence of Arcobacter spp. was found: the isolates were confirmed by multiplex PCR and identified as belonging to the species A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus. The highest prevalence rate was observed in chicken meat (8.8%) followed by shellfish (3.3%). Negative results have been obtained for raw milks and vegetables samples. The preliminary study highlights the importance of this emerging pathogen and the need for further studies on its prevalence and distribution in different types of food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Di Noto
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Sciortino
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cardamone
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cosimo Ciravolo
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Napoli
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Alio
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Arculeo
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Oliveri
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Costa
- Food Microbiology Section, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Palermo, Italy
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Vicente-Martins S, Oleastro M, Domingues FC, Ferreira S. Arcobacter spp. at retail food from Portugal: Prevalence, genotyping and antibiotics resistance. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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Rathlavath S, Kohli V, Singh AS, Lekshmi M, Tripathi G, Kumar S, Nayak BB. Virulence genotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from seafood and its environment. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 263:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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González A, Bayas Morejón IF, Ferrús MA. Isolation, molecular identification and quinolone-susceptibility testing of Arcobacter spp. isolated from fresh vegetables in Spain. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:279-283. [PMID: 28400014 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Some species of the Arcobacter genus are considered emerging foodborne and waterborne enteropathogens. However, the presence of Arcobacter spp. in vegetables very little is known, because most studies have focused on foods of animal origin. On the other hand, quinolones are considered as first-line drugs for the treatment of infection by campylobacteria in human patients, but few data are currently available about the resistance levels to these antibiotics among Arcobacter species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence and diversity of arcobacters isolated from fresh vegetables such as lettuces, spinaches, chards and cabbages. Resistance to quinolones of the isolates was also investigated. One hundred fresh vegetables samples purchased from seven local retail markets in Valencia (Spain) during eight months were analysed. The study included 41 lettuces, 21 spinaches, 34 chards and 4 cabbages. Samples were analysed by culture and by molecular methods before and after enrichment. By culture, 17 out of 100 analysed samples were Arcobacter positive and twenty-five isolates were obtained from them. Direct detection by PCR was low, with only 4% Arcobacter spp. positive samples. This percentage increased considerably, up 20%, after 48 h enrichment. By polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), 17 out of the 25 isolates were identified as A. butzleri and 8 as A. cryaerophilus. Only two A. butzleri isolates showed resistance to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The sequencing of a fragment of the QRDR region of the gyrA gene from the quinolones-resistant isolates revealed the presence of a mutation in position 254 of this gene (C-T transition). This study is the first report about the presence of pathogenic species of Arcobacter spp. in chards and cabbages and confirms that fresh vegetables can act as transmission vehicle to humans. Moreover, the presence of A. butzleri quinolone resistant in vegetables could pose a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidro Favián Bayas Morejón
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Antonia Ferrús
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Piva S, Gariano GR, Bonilauri P, Giacometti F, Decastelli L, Florio D, Massella E, Serraino A. Occurrence of putative virulence genes on Arcobacter butzleri isolated from three different environmental sites throughout the dairy chain. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1071-1077. [PMID: 28106302 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This comparative study investigated the occurrence of cadF, cj1349, ciaB, pldA, tlyA, hecA, hecB, mviN, irgA and IroE genes in 212 Arcobacter butzleri isolated from three different environmental sites linked to the dairy chain (farms, industrial and artisanal dairy plants) located in three Italian regions (Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Calabria). METHODS AND RESULTS According to the presence of these genes, different pathotypes (P-types) were determined. The main genes detected were ciaB, mviN, tlyA, cj1349, pldA and cadF, while the least common genes were iroE, hecA, hecB and irgA. TlyA, irgA, hecA, hecB and iroE, which were significantly more frequent in isolates recovered in industrial dairy plants. Twelve P-types were detected. The occurrence of the most frequently detected P-types (P-types 1, 2, 3 and 5) differed significantly (P < 0·001) in relation to both the environmental site and geographical area of isolation. The highest diversity in P-types was observed in industrial dairy plants and in the Calabria region. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show a correlation between the occurrence of putative virulence genes and virulence genotype variability depending on the environmental site and geographical origin of the isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study provides insights into the similar distribution of putative virulence genes in a dairy chain and other sources' isolates and also into a geographical distribution of some P-types. We have shown that industrial dairy plants may represent an environmental site favouring a selection of the isolates with a higher pathogenetic pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - G R Gariano
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - P Bonilauri
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Decastelli
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Piedmont, Liguria and Valle D'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - D Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Massella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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