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Carson JP, Ramm GA, Robinson MW, McManus DP, Gobert GN. Schistosome-Induced Fibrotic Disease: The Role of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Trends Parasitol 2018. [PMID: 29526403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathology in various liver diseases. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main cell type responsible for collagen deposition and fibrosis formation in the liver. Schistosomiasis is characterised by granulomatous fibrosis around parasite eggs trapped within the liver and other host tissues. This response is facilitated by the recruitment of immune cells and the activation of HSCs. The interactions between HSCs and schistosome eggs are complex and diverse, and a better understanding of these interactions could lead to improved resolution of fibrotic liver disease, including that associated with schistosomiasis. Here, we discuss recent advances in HSC biology and the role of HSCs in hepatic schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Carson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Grant A Ramm
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Level 6, Oral Health Centre (Building), Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mark W Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Larkin BM, Smith PM, Ponichtera HE, Shainheit MG, Rutitzky LI, Stadecker MJ. Induction and regulation of pathogenic Th17 cell responses in schistosomiasis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:873-88. [PMID: 23096253 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major tropical disease caused by trematode helminths in which the host mounts a pathogenic immune response against tissue-trapped parasite eggs. The immunopathology consists of egg antigen-specific CD4 T cell-mediated granulomatous inflammation that varies greatly in magnitude in humans and among mouse strains in an experimental model. New evidence, covered in this review, intimately ties the development of severe pathology to IL-17-producing CD4 T helper (Th17) cells, a finding that adds a new dimension to the traditional CD4 Th1 vs. Th2 cell paradigm. Most examined mouse strains, in fact, develop severe immunopathology with substantial Th17 as well as Th1 and Th2 cell responses; a solely Th2-polarized response is an exception that is only observed in low-pathology strains such as the C57BL/6. The ability to mount pathogenic Th17 cell responses is genetically determined and depends on the production of IL-23 and IL-1β by antigen presenting cells following recognition of egg antigens; analyses of several F2 progenies of (high × low)-pathology strain crosses demonstrated that quantitative trait loci governing IL-17 levels and disease severity vary substantially from cross to cross. Low pathology is dominant, which may explain the low incidence of severe disease in humans; however, coinfection with intestinal nematodes can also dampen pathogenic Th17 cell responses by promoting regulatory mechanisms such as those afforded by alternatively activated macrophages and T regulatory cells. A better understanding of the pathways conducive to severe forms of schistosomiasis and their regulation should lead to interventions similar to those presently used to manage other immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Larkin
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Meevissen MHJ, Yazdanbakhsh M, Hokke CH. Schistosoma mansoni egg glycoproteins and C-type lectins of host immune cells: molecular partners that shape immune responses. Exp Parasitol 2011; 132:14-21. [PMID: 21616068 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schistosome eggs and egg-derived molecules are potent immunomodulatory agents. There is increasing evidence that the interplay between egg glycoproteins and host C-type lectins plays an important role in shaping immune responses during schistosomiasis. As most experiments in this field so far have been performed using complex protein/glycoprotein mixtures or synthetic model glycoconjugates, it is still largely unclear which individual moieties of schistosome eggs are immunologically active. In this review we will discuss molecular aspects of Schistosoma mansoni egg glycoproteins, their interactions with C-type lectins, and the relevance to schistosome egg immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek H J Meevissen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Fahel JS, Macedo GC, Pinheiro CS, Caliari MV, Oliveira SC. IPSE/alpha-1 of Schistosoma mansoni egg induces enlargement of granuloma but does not alter Th2 balance after infection. Parasite Immunol 2010; 32:345-53. [PMID: 20500663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease with more than 200 million people infected worldwide. The formation of granulomas around eggs trapped in the liver is the main cause of disease morbidity. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to characterize the immunopathological response induced by the recombinant (r) IPSE/alpha-1 egg protein in mice. Herein, we have shown that splenocytes from mice immunized with rIPSE/alpha-1 produced IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 characterizing a mixed Th1/Th2 type of immune response. Pathological analysis of the liver revealed that there was no alteration in the number of eggs and granulomas; however, we observed an increase in granuloma area in immunized mice. Furthermore, eosinophil peroxidase assay showed that there was no alteration in the eosinophil infiltration in the liver; however, n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase measurement revealed an increase in macrophage activity. Despite the alteration in the profile of liver inflammatory cells in rIPSE immunized mice, the production of chemokines such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL5 and CCL11 was unaltered compared with the control group. In conclusion, IPSE/alpha-1 immunization induces a mixed Th1/Th2 type of immune response and enlargement of hepatic granuloma caused by an increased macrophage activity, but does not alter Th2 cytokines following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Fahel
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
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Schramm G, Hamilton J, Balog C, Wuhrer M, Gronow A, Beckmann S, Wippersteg V, Grevelding C, Goldmann T, Weber E, Brattig N, Deelder A, Dunne D, Hokke C, Haas H, Doenhoff M. Molecular characterisation of kappa-5, a major antigenic glycoprotein from Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 166:4-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Shin EH, Lee SH, Kim JL, Chai JY. T-helper-1 and T-helper-2 immune responses in mice infected with the intestinal fluke Neodiplostomum seoulense: their possible roles in worm expulsion and host fatality. J Parasitol 2008; 93:1036-45. [PMID: 18163337 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1203r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neodiplostomum seoulense is highly pathogenic and lethal to experimental mice; most worms are expelled within 2 mo of acquisition. In this study, T-helper (Th) cell immune responses were studied in N. seoulense-infected BALB/c mice. Spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of infected mice proliferated in response to parasite antigens; CD4+ T cells proliferated more than CD8+ T cells. Antigen-induced interferon (IFN)-gamma (a Th1 cytokine) secretion began to increase at day 7 postinfection (PI) in spleen and MLN cells, and this was maintained at day 28 PI, whereas interleukin (IL)-4 (a Th2 cytokine) secretion was somewhat lower. Similar results were observed for mRNA signals of IFN-gamma and IL-4. Antigen-specific serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1, IgM, and IgA levels (Th2-induced) were elevated from days 7 to 14 to day 28 PI, and IgG2a (Th1-induced) was elevated at days 21 to 28 PI. Interestingly, the numbers of macrophages (Th1- or Th2-induced), which were found to kill N. seoulense worms in vitro, increased remarkably during days 14-28 PI in spleens and small intestines of infected mice. This study shows that mixed Th1 and Th2 responses occur during the course of N. seoulense infection in BALB/c mice. Heavy infiltrations of macrophages in the small intestine may participate in host damage and worm expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea
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Hokke CH, Deelder AM, Hoffmann KF, Wuhrer M. Glycomics-driven discoveries in schistosome research. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:275-83. [PMID: 17659278 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Schistosome glycans and glycoconjugates play a prominent role in the parasite's biology, in particular in the interaction with the human host. A large amount of structural data regarding glycosylation of different schistosome life stages and glycoconjugate subsets has been collected in the last decade, but many significant gaps in our knowledge of the schistosomal glycome remain. Here we will present a concise review of the already available data guided by a selection of recently generated stage-specific glycan profiles, and discuss implications and prospects of glycomics studies of schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Jang-Lee J, Curwen RS, Ashton PD, Tissot B, Mathieson W, Panico M, Dell A, Wilson RA, Haslam SM. Glycomics Analysis of Schistosoma mansoni Egg and Cercarial Secretions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1485-99. [PMID: 17550893 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700004-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni is a major public health concern in many developing countries. Glycoconjugates, and in particular the carbohydrate component of these products, represent the main immunogenic challenge to the host and could therefore represent one of the crucial determinants for successful parasite establishment. Here we report a comparative glycomics analysis of the N- and O-glycans derived from glycoproteins present in S. mansoni egg (egg-secreted protein) and cercarial (0-3-h released protein) secretions by a combination of mass spectrometric techniques. Our results show that S. mansoni secrete glycoproteins with glycosylation patterns that are complex and stage-specific. Cercarial stage secretions were dominated by N-glycans that were core-xylosylated, whereas N-glycans from egg secretions were predominantly core-difucosylated. O-Glycan core structures from cercarial secretions primarily consisted of the core sequence Galbeta1-->3(Galbeta1-->6)GalNAc, whereas egg-secreted O-glycans carried the mucin-type core 1 (Galbeta1-->3GalNAc) and 2 (Galbeta1-->3(GlcNAcbeta1-->6)GalNAc) structures. Additionally we identified a novel O-glycan core in both secretions in which a Gal residue is linked to the protein. Terminal structures of N- and O-glycans contained high levels of fucose and include stage-specific structures. These glycan structures identified in S. mansoni secretions are potentially antigenic motifs and ligands for carbohydrate-binding proteins of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Jang-Lee
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Schramm G, Gronow A, Knobloch J, Wippersteg V, Grevelding CG, Galle J, Fuller H, Stanley RG, Chiodini PL, Haas H, Doenhoff MJ. IPSE/alpha-1: a major immunogenic component secreted from Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 147:9-19. [PMID: 16480783 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During infection with Schistosoma mansoni the egg stage of this parasite modulates the initial T helper (Th1) response into a Th2 response. This suggests that schistosome eggs contain factors responsible for that effect. We have recently described a glycoprotein (IPSE) from S. mansoni eggs that has a potent IL-4-inducing effect on human basophils. Here we demonstrate that IPSE is identical to a previously described molecule, the S. mansoni egg antigen alpha-1. We furthermore show that the expression of IPSE/alpha-1 at the level of both mRNA and protein is restricted to the egg stage. IPSE/alpha-1 is produced in and released from the subshell area of the egg and comes into close contact with inflammatory cells recruited to the vicinity of the egg surface. In line with this IPSE/alpha-1 is one of three major S. mansoni egg glycoproteins that induce pronounced antibody responses. Its IL-4-inducing capacity, moreover, suggests that IPSE/alpha-1 plays a role in initiating the Th2 response induced by patent S. mansoni infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schramm
- Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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