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Yang S, Hu Z, Wu P, Kirk T, Chen XD. In vitro release and bioaccessibility of oral solid preparations in a dynamic gastrointestinal system simulating fasted and fed states: A case study of metformin hydrochloride tablets. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123869. [PMID: 38296171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Food and formulation characteristics are crucial factors affecting the gastrointestinal release and absorption kinetics of oral solid preparations. In the present study, the dynamic continuous release and bioaccessibility of metformin hydrochloride immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) tablets were investigated in the dynamic human stomach-intestine (DHSI-IV) system simulating fasted and fed states in healthy adults. Both tablet formulations (particularly IR tablet) exhibited a postponed release in the fed state compared to the fasted state. Correspondingly, the bioaccessible fraction of metformin from IR tablets in the presence of high-fat meal was significantly reduced to 76.2 % of the fasted state. However, the in vitro bioaccessibility was less impaired by food for SR tablets with a fed/fasted ratio of 95.5 %. A convolution-based approach was used to convert in vitro bioaccessibility results to plasma concentration data. The predicted plasma concentration curve showed good agreement with human data in terms of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. In the fasted state, the predicted Cmax, Tmax and AUC0-24h of IR tablets were 943.9 ± 25.7 ng/mL, 2.0 ± 0.4 h and 7090.7 ± 112.0 ng.h/mL, respectively, mirroring values observed in healthy subjects. Overall, the DHSI-IV system has demonstrated potential to assess and predict the impact of meal intake on the in vivo release and absorption behaviors of oral solid preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Yang
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Xiao Dong Pro-health (Suzhou) Instrumentation Co Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215152, China
| | - Zejun Hu
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China; Xiao Dong Pro-health (Suzhou) Instrumentation Co Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215152, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
| | - Tim Kirk
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Xiao Dong Chen
- Life Quality Engineering Interest Group, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
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2
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Danielak D, Milanowski B, Wentowski K, Nogowska M, Kątny M, Rogowski P, Konwicki Ł, Puk E, Pieczuro J, Bawiec M, Garbacz G, Lulek J. Physiologically Based Dissolution Testing in a Drug Development Process-a Case Study of a Successful Application in a Bioequivalence Study of Trazodone ER Formulations Under Fed Conditions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:161. [PMID: 32488427 PMCID: PMC7266804 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of generic extended-release (ER) formulations is challenging. Especially under fed conditions, the risk of failure in bioequivalence trials is high because of long gastric residence times and susceptibility to food effects. We describe the development of a generic trazodone ER formulation that was aided with a biorelevant dissolution evaluation. Trazodone hydrochloride 300-mg monolithic matrix tablets were dissolved both in USP and EMA compliant conditions and in the StressTest device that simulated both physicochemical and mechanical conditions of the gastrointestinal passage. The final formulation was tested against the originator, Trittico XR 300 mg, in a randomized cross-over bioequivalence trial with 44 healthy volunteers, in agreement with EMA guidelines. Initially developed formulations dissolved trazodone similarly to the originator under standard conditions (f2 factor above 50), but their dissolution kinetics differed significantly in the biorelevant tests. The formulation was optimized by the addition of low-viscosity hypromellose and mannitol. The final formulation was approved for the bioequivalence trial. Calculated Cmax were 1.92 ± 0.77 and 1.92 ± 0.63 [μg/mL], AUC0-t were 27.46 ± 8.39 and 29.96 ± 9.09 [μg∙h/mL], and AUC0-∞ were 28.22 ± 8.91 and 30.82 ± 9.41 [μg∙h/mL] for the originator and test formulations, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals of all primary pharmacokinetic parameters fell within the 80-125% range. In summary, biorelevant dissolution tests supported successful development of a generic trazodone ER formulation pharmaceutically equivalent with the originator under fed conditions. Employment of biorelevant dissolution tests may decrease the risk of failure in bioequivalence trials of ER formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Danielak
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego st, 60-781, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Milanowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka st, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Maria Nogowska
- Biofarm Sp. z o.o, 13 Wałbrzyska st, 60-198, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Kątny
- Biofarm Sp. z o.o, 13 Wałbrzyska st, 60-198, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Rogowski
- Biofarm Sp. z o.o, 13 Wałbrzyska st, 60-198, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Puk
- Biofarm Sp. z o.o, 13 Wałbrzyska st, 60-198, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Marek Bawiec
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Control and Robotics, Wroclaw University of Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspańskiego st, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution GmbH, Walther-Rathenau Strasse 49a, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janina Lulek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka st, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
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3
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Statelova M, Goumas K, Fotaki N, Holm R, Symillides M, Reppas C, Vertzoni M. On the Design of Food Effect Studies in Adults for Extrapolating Oral Drug Absorption Data to Infants: an Exploratory Study Highlighting the Importance of Infant Food. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 22:6. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Baxevanis F, Kuiper J, Fotaki N. Strategic drug analysis in fed-state gastric biorelevant media based on drug physicochemical properties. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:326-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Lipids in the Stomach – Implications for the Evaluation of Food Effects on Oral Drug Absorption. Pharm Res 2018; 35:55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Radwan A, Zaid AN, Jaradat N, Odeh Y. Food effect: The combined effect of media pH and viscosity on the gastrointestinal absorption of ciprofloxacin tablet. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:100-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Fed-state gastric media and drug analysis techniques: Current status and points to consider. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:234-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Mercuri A, Fares R, Bresciani M, Fotaki N. An in vitro–in vivo correlation study for nifedipine immediate release capsules administered with water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages: Impact of in vitro dissolution media and hydrodynamics. Int J Pharm 2016; 499:330-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Cinnarizine food-effects in beagle dogs can be avoided by administration in a Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Radwan A, Wagner M, Amidon GL, Langguth P. Bio-predictive tablet disintegration: Effect of water diffusivity, fluid flow, food composition and test conditions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Kostewicz ES, Abrahamsson B, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Butler J, Carlert S, Dickinson PA, Dressman J, Holm R, Klein S, Mann J, McAllister M, Minekus M, Muenster U, Müllertz A, Verwei M, Vertzoni M, Weitschies W, Augustijns P. In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:342-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Radwan A, Amidon GL, Langguth P. Mechanistic investigation of food effect on disintegration and dissolution of BCS class III compound solid formulations: the importance of viscosity. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:403-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Radwan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz; Germany
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- College of Pharmacy; The University of Michigan; Ann Arbor; MI; 48109-1065; USA
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz; Germany
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13
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Wagner C, Jantratid E, Kesisoglou F, Vertzoni M, Reppas C, B Dressman J. Predicting the oral absorption of a poorly soluble, poorly permeable weak base using biorelevant dissolution and transfer model tests coupled with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:127-38. [PMID: 22652546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For predicting food effects and simulating plasma profiles of poorly soluble drugs, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have become a widely accepted tool in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Up till now, however, simulations appearing in the open literature have mainly focused on BCS class II compounds, and many of these simulations tend to have more of a "retrospective" than a prognostic, predictive character. In this work, investigations on the absorption of a weakly basic BCS class IV drug, "Compound A", were performed. The objective was to predict the plasma profiles of an immediate release (IR) formulation of Compound A in the fasted and fed state. For this purpose, in vitro biorelevant dissolution tests and transfer model experiments were conducted. Dissolution and precipitation kinetics were then combined with in vivo post-absorptive disposition parameters using STELLA® software. As Compound A not only exhibits poor solubility but also poor permeability, a previously developed STELLA® model was revised to accommodate the less than optimal permeability characteristics as well as precipitation of the drug in the fasted state small intestine. Permeability restrictions were introduced into the model using an absorption rate constant calculated from the Caco-2 permeability value of Compound A, the effective intestinal surface area and appropriate intestinal fluid volumes. The results show that biorelevant dissolution tests are a helpful tool to predict food effects of Compound A qualitatively. However, the plasma profiles of Compound A could only be predicted quantitatively when the results of biorelevant dissolution test were coupled with the newly developed PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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14
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Brouwers J, Anneveld B, Goudappel GJ, Duchateau G, Annaert P, Augustijns P, Zeijdner E. Food-dependent disintegration of immediate release fosamprenavir tablets: in vitro evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging and a dynamic gastrointestinal system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 77:313-9. [PMID: 21055466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrated the value of two advanced tools, the TNO gastric and small Intestinal Model (TIM-1) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for the in vitro evaluation of food-dependent disintegration of immediate release fosamprenavir tablets. Upon introduction of a tablet with the nutritional drink Scandishake Mix® in the stomach compartment of TIM-1, simulating the fed state, disintegration and fosamprenavir dissolution were significantly postponed compared to the fasted state (lag time 80 ± 23 min). This resulted in a lag in the appearance of bioaccessible fosamprenavir (<5% during the first 2h), even though the nutritional state did not significantly alter the cumulative bioaccessibility after 5h. These results were in agreement with the previously observed postprandial delay in gastric fosamprenavir tablet disintegration and subsequent amprenavir absorption in healthy volunteers. Therefore, TIM-1 can be used in tablet development to identify food-induced disintegration issues causing unexpected clinical behavior. From a mechanistic perspective, we applied MRI to illustrate impaired water ingress in fosamprenavir tablets immersed in the nutritional drink compared to simulated gastric fluid. This effect may be attributed to both competition between nutritional components and the tablet for the available water (indicated by reduced rotational and translational diffusion) as well as the possible formation of a food-dependent precipitation layer on the HPMC-coated tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Brouwers
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Impact of gastrointestinal residence time of extended-release (ER) tablets on in vivo evaluation of ER tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Diakidou A, Vertzoni M, Abrahamsson B, Dressman J, Reppas C. Simulation of gastric lipolysis and prediction of felodipine release from a matrix tablet in the fed stomach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Prabhu NB, Marathe AS, Jain S, Singh PP, Sawant K, Rao L, Amin PD. Comparison of dissolution profiles for sustained release resinates of BCS class I drugs using USP apparatus 2 and 4: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:769-73. [PMID: 18563575 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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In vitro methods can forecast the effects of intragastric residence on dosage form performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 33:445-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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In Vivo Performance of an Oral MR Matrix Tablet Formulation in the Beagle Dog in the Fed and Fasted State: Assessment of Mechanical Weakness. Pharm Res 2007; 25:1075-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Dressman JB, Vertzoni M, Goumas K, Reppas C. Estimating drug solubility in the gastrointestinal tract. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:591-602. [PMID: 17599644 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solubilities measured in water are not always indicative of solubilities in the gastrointestinal tract. The use of aqueous solubility to predict oral drug absorption can therefore lead to very pronounced underestimates of the oral bioavailability, particularly for drugs which are poorly soluble and lipophilic. Mechanisms responsible for enhancing the luminal solubility of such drugs are discussed. Various methods for estimating intra-lumenal solubilities are presented, with emphasis on the two most widely implemented methods: determining solubility in fluids aspirated from the human gastrointestinal tract, and determining solubility in so-called biorelevant media, composed to simulate these fluids. The ability of the biorelevant media to predict solubility in human aspirates and to predict plasma profiles is illustrated with case examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Dressman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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21
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Kalantzi L, Reppas C, Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Junginger HE, Midha KK, Shah VP, Stavchansky SA, Barends DM. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: Acetaminophen (paracetamol). J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:4-14. [PMID: 16307451 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Literature data are reviewed on the properties of acetaminophen (paracetamol) related to the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS). According to the current BCS criteria, acetaminophen is BCS Class III compound. Differences in composition seldom, if ever, have an effect on the extent of absorption. However, some studies show differences in rate of absorption between brands and formulations. In particular, sodium bicarbonate, present in some drug products, was reported to give an increase in the rate of absorption, probably caused by an effect on gastric emptying. In view of Marketing Authorizations (MAs) given in a number of countries to acetaminophen drug products with rapid onset of action, it is concluded that differences in rate of absorption were considered therapeutically not relevant by the Health Authorities. Moreover, in view of its therapeutic use, its wide therapeutic index and its uncomplicated pharmacokinetic properties, in vitro dissolution data collected according to the relevant Guidances can be safely used for declaring bioequivalence (BE) of two acetaminophen formulations. Therefore, accepting a biowaiver for immediate release (IR) acetaminophen solid oral drug products is considered scientifically justified, if the test product contains only those excipients reported in this paper in their usual amounts and the test product is rapidly dissolving, as well as the test product fulfils the criterion of similarity of dissolution profiles to the reference product.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kalantzi
- School of Pharmacy, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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