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Perrone F, Craparo EF, Cemazar M, Kamensek U, Drago SE, Dapas B, Scaggiante B, Zanconati F, Bonazza D, Grassi M, Truong N, Pozzato G, Farra R, Cavallaro G, Grassi G. Targeted delivery of siRNAs against hepatocellular carcinoma-related genes by a galactosylated polyaspartamide copolymer. J Control Release 2021; 330:1132-1151. [PMID: 33212117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the lack of effective treatments for Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the development of novel therapeutic approaches is very urgent. Here, siRNAs were delivered to HCC cells by a synthetic polymer containing α,β-poly-(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L-aspartamide-(PHEA) derivatized with diethylene triamine (DETA) and bearing in the side chain galactose (GAL) linked via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) to obtain (PHEA-DETA-PEG-GAL, PDPG). The GAL residue allows the targeting to the asialo-glycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), overexpressed in HCC cells compared to normal hepatocytes. Uptake studies performed using a model siRNA or a siRNA targeted against the enhanced green fluorescence protein, demonstrated the PDPG specific delivery of siRNA to HuH7 cells, a human cellular model of HCC. GAL-free copolymer (PHEA-DETA-PEG-NH2, PDP) or the chemical block of ASGPR, impaired PDPG targeting effectiveness in vitro. The specificity of PDPG delivery was confirmed in vivo in a mouse dorsal skinfold window chamber assay. Functional studies using siRNAs targeting the mRNAs of HCC-related genes (eEF1A1, eEF1A2 and E2F1) delivered by PDPG, significantly decreased HuH7 vitality/number and down regulated the expression of the target genes. Only minor effectiveness was in contrast observed for PDP. In IHH, a human model of normal hepatocytes with reduced ASGPR expression, PDPG barely reduced cell vitality. In a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model of HCC, PDPG-siRNAs reduced HCC tumor growth compared to controls without significant toxic effects. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the valuable potentials of PDPG for the specific delivery of siRNAs targeting HCC-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perrone
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fabiola Craparo
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-, Izola 6310, Slovenia
| | - Urska Kamensek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Salvatore Emanuele Drago
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - Bruna Scaggiante
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, Trieste 447, Italy
| | - Debora Bonazza
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, Trieste 447, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, Trieste I 34127, Italy
| | - Nhung Truong
- Stem Cell Research and Application Laboratory - VNUHCM - University of Science, Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, Trieste 447, Italy
| | - Rossella Farra
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste I-34149, Italy.
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste I-34149, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, Trieste 447, Italy
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Mucus-penetrating PEGylated polysuccinimide-based nanocarrier for intravaginal delivery of siRNA battling sexually transmitted infections. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111287. [PMID: 32768985 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intravaginal delivery of siRNA for prevention of sexually transmitted infections faces obstacles such as the acidic environment and vaginal mucus barrier. To achieve effective protection and delivery of siRNA, we developed a polysuccinimide (PSI)-based nanocarrier (PSI-PEG-API-PMA, PPAP) by conjugating methoxy polyethylene glycol amine (Me-PEG-NH2, Mw 5000), 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole (API), and 1-pyrenemethylamine hydrochloride (PMA) to PSI. PPAP demonstrated a spherical self-assembled nanostructure before and after encapsulation of a model siRNA. Variable electrostatic interaction between API and siRNA at acidic vs. neutral pH accomplished significantly lower burst release at pH 4.2 (4 ± 1%) than pH 7.0 (26 ± 5%) within 1 h. PEGylation enabled siRNA-PPAP to achieve higher mucus penetration efficiency (64 ± 17%) than free siRNA (27 ± 5%) for 24 h. Moreover, in vitro study showed minimal toxicity, successful internalization of siRNA-PPAP in HeLa cells and improved gene knockdown (97.5 ± 0.4%). Overall, PPAP is promising for developing preventative treatments for battling sexually transmitted infections.
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Strategies for Delivery of siRNAs to Ovarian Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11100547. [PMID: 31652539 PMCID: PMC6835428 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unmet need for novel therapeutic options for ovarian cancer (OC) deserves further investigation. Among the different novel drugs, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are particularly attractive because of their specificity of action and efficacy, as documented in many experimental setups. However, the fragility of these molecules in the biological environment necessitates the use of delivery materials able to protect them and possibly target them to the cancer cells. Among the different delivery materials, those based on polymers and lipids are considered very interesting because of their biocompatibility and ability to carry/deliver siRNAs. Despite these features, polymers and lipids need to be engineered to optimize their delivery properties for OC. In this review, we concentrated on the description of the therapeutic potential of siRNAs and polymer-/lipid-based delivery systems for OC. After a brief description of OC and siRNA features, we summarized the strategies employed to minimize siRNA delivery problems, the targeting strategies to OC, and the preclinical models available. Finally, we discussed the most interesting works published in the last three years about polymer-/lipid-based materials for siRNA delivery.
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Ulkoski D, Bak A, Wilson JT, Krishnamurthy VR. Recent advances in polymeric materials for the delivery of RNA therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1149-1167. [PMID: 31498013 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1663822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics through non-viral carriers face multiple biological barriers that reduce their therapeutic efficiency. Despite great progress, there remains a significant technological gap that continues to limit clinical translation of these nanocarriers. A number of polymeric materials are being exploited to efficiently deliver nucleic acids and achieve therapeutic effects. Areas covered: We discuss the recent advances in the polymeric materials for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics. We examine the use of common polymer architectures and highlight the challenges that exist for their development from bench side to clinic. We also provide an overview of the most notable improvements made to circumvent such challenges, including structural modification and stimuli-responsive approaches, for safe and effective nucleic acid delivery. Expert opinion: It has become apparent that a universal carrier that follows 'one-size' fits all model cannot be expected for delivery of all nucleic acid therapeutics. Carriers need to be designed to exhibit sensitivity and specificity toward individual targets diseases/indications, and relevant subcellular compartments, each of which possess their own unique challenges. The ability to devise synthetic methods that control the molecular architecture enables the future development that allow for the construction of 'intelligent' designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ulkoski
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca , Boston , USA
| | - Annette Bak
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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Diainabo KJ, Neuse EW, Chen CT, Lynne Van Zyl R. Design and synthesis of polysapartamide co-drugs of platinum and methotrexate as anticancer agents. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1455681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayembe Jacques Diainabo
- Polymer Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E. W. Neuse
- Polymer Research Group, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chien-Teng Chen
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robyn Lynne Van Zyl
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Qi P, Wu X, Liu L, Yu H, Song S. Hydrazone-Containing Triblock Copolymeric Micelles for pH-Controlled Drug Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:12. [PMID: 29410626 PMCID: PMC5787066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the structure-activity relationship of amphiphilic block copolymer micelles as nanosized drug delivery system was revealed. Firstly, a biodegradable triblock polymers PEG-DiHyd-PLA containing hydrazone bond was synthesized through the ring-opening polymerization. In this method, PEG-DiHyd-Phenol was used as the initiator and L-lactide as the monomer. Then, the polymeric micelles were formed and used as nano-drug carriers with pH sensitivity. The structure and composition of the polymer were characterized by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), we characterized the self-assembling process of the triblock polymers and the pH sensitivity of the micelles by the means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering method (DLS). Doxorubicin (DOX) acts as the model drug, and we researched the capacities of drug loading and release in vitro of the micelles. MTT experiments showed that the blank micelles of PEG-DiHyd-PLA were not cytotoxic to tumor cells (HepG-2, MCF-7) and normal cell (L-02 cells), but the DOX loaded ones displayed more toxicity than the ones without hydrazone, which was consistent to the further confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | | | - Shiyong Song
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Recent advances in smart biotechnology: Hydrogels and nanocarriers for tailored bioactive molecules depot. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:163-180. [PMID: 28527520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, the global biopharmaceutical market has remarkably grown, with ten over the top twenty worldwide high performance medical treatment sales being biologics. Thus, biotech R&D (research and development) sector is becoming a key leading branch, with expanding revenues. Biotechnology offers considerable advantages compared to traditional therapeutic approaches, such as reducing side effects, specific treatments, higher patient compliance and therefore more effective treatments leading to lower healthcare costs. Within this sector, smart nanotechnology and colloidal self-assembling systems represent pivotal tools able to modulate the delivery of therapeutics. A comprehensive understanding of the processes involved in the self-assembly of the colloidal structures discussed therein is essential for the development of relevant biomedical applications. In this review we report the most promising and best performing platforms for specific classes of bioactive molecules and related target, spanning from siRNAs, gene/plasmids, proteins/growth factors, small synthetic therapeutics and bioimaging probes.
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Farra R, Scaggiante B, Guerra C, Pozzato G, Grassi M, Zanconati F, Perrone F, Ferrari C, Trotta F, Grassi G, Dapas B. Dissecting the role of the elongation factor 1A isoforms in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by liposome-mediated delivery of siRNAs. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:367-376. [PMID: 28229942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A), a protein involved in protein synthesis, has two major isoforms, eEF1A1 and eEF1A2. Despite the evidences of their involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the quantitative contribution of each of the two isoforms to the disease is unknown. We depleted the two isoforms by means of siRNAs and studied the effects in three different HCC cell lines. Particular care was dedicated to select siRNAs able to target each of the two isoform without affecting the other one. This is not a trivial aspect due to the high sequence homology between eEF1A1 and eEF1A2. The selected siRNAs can specifically deplete either eEF1A1 or eEF1A2. This, in turn, results in an impairment of cell vitality, growth and arrest in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. Notably, these effects are quantitatively superior following eEF1A1 than eEF1A2 depletion. Moreover, functional tests revealed that the G1/G0 block induced by eEF1A1 depletion depends on the down-regulation of the transcription factor E2F1, a known player in HCC. In conclusion, our data indicate that the independent targeting of the two eEF1A isoforms is effective in reducing HCC cell growth and that eEF1A1 depletion may result in a more evident effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Farra
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information Technology, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Guerra
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information Technology, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Ferrari
- Department of Clinic-Surgical Sciences, Experimental Surgery Laboratory, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Clinic-Surgical Sciences, Experimental Surgery Laboratory, University of Pavia, Italy; U.O. di Chirurgia Generale e Toracica, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Cavallaro G, Farra R, Craparo EF, Sardo C, Porsio B, Giammona G, Perrone F, Grassi M, Pozzato G, Grassi G, Dapas B. Galactosylated polyaspartamide copolymers for siRNA targeted delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:397-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cavallaro G, Sardo C, Craparo EF, Porsio B, Giammona G. Polymeric nanoparticles for siRNA delivery: Production and applications. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:313-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bui QT, Jeon YS, Kim J, Kim JH. Stabilized polymeric nanoparticle from amphiphilic mPEG-b-polyaspartamides containing ‘click’ functional groups. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1263957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Bui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Young Sil Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Heung Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Scarabel L, Perrone F, Garziera M, Farra R, Grassi M, Musiani F, Russo Spena C, Salis B, De Stefano L, Toffoli G, Rizzolio F, Tonon F, Abrami M, Chiarappa G, Pozzato G, Forte G, Grassi G, Dapas B. Strategies to optimize siRNA delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 14:797-810. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1292247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Scarabel
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Francesca Perrone
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marica Garziera
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Rossella Farra
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Russo Spena
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Salis
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Lucia De Stefano
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, C.R.O. National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Federica Tonon
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michela Abrami
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluca Chiarappa
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of ‘Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute’, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of ‘Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e della Salute’, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Engineering approaches in siRNA delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:343-358. [PMID: 28213276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
siRNAs are very potent drug molecules, able to silence genes involved in pathologies development. siRNAs have virtually an unlimited therapeutic potential, particularly for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, their use in clinical practice is limited because of their unfavorable properties to interact and not to degrade in physiological environments. In particular they are large macromolecules, negatively charged, which undergo rapid degradation by plasmatic enzymes, are subject to fast renal clearance/hepatic sequestration, and can hardly cross cellular membranes. These aspects seriously impair siRNAs as therapeutics. As in all the other fields of science, siRNAs management can be advantaged by physical-mathematical descriptions (modeling) in order to clarify the involved phenomena from the preparative step of dosage systems to the description of drug-body interactions, which allows improving the design of delivery systems/processes/therapies. This review analyzes a few mathematical modeling approaches currently adopted to describe the siRNAs delivery, the main procedures in siRNAs vectors' production processes and siRNAs vectors' release from hydrogels, and the modeling of pharmacokinetics of siRNAs vectors. Furthermore, the use of physical models to study the siRNAs vectors' fate in blood stream and in the tissues is presented. The general view depicts a framework maybe not yet usable in therapeutics, but with promising possibilities for forthcoming applications.
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Sardo C, Craparo EF, Porsio B, Giammona G, Cavallaro G. Improvements in Rational Design Strategies of Inulin Derivative Polycation for siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2352-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sardo
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fabiola Craparo
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Barbara Porsio
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Lab of Biocompatible Polymers,
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche
(STEBICEF), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90123, Italy
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PHEA–PLA biocompatible nanoparticles by technique of solvent evaporation from multiple emulsions. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:719-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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A New Hyaluronic Acid Derivative Obtained from Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization as a siRNA Vector for CD44 Receptor Tumor Targeting. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1605-15. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Cationic polyaspartamide-based nanocomplexes mediate siRNA entry and down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory mediator high mobility group box 1 in airway epithelial cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:359-66. [PMID: 26140987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone protein secreted by airway epithelial cells in hyperinflammatory diseases such as asthma. In order to down-regulate HMGB1 expression in airway epithelial cells, siRNA directed against HMGB1 was delivered through nanocomplexes based on a cationic copolymer of poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-d,l-aspartamide (PHEA) by using H441 cells. Two copolymers were used in these experiments bearing respectively spermine side chains (PHEA-Spm) and both spermine and PEG2000 chains (PHEA-PEG-Spm). PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm derivatives complexed dsDNA oligonucleotides with a w/w ratio of 1 and higher as shown by a gel retardation assay. PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm siRNA polyplexes were sized 350-650 nm and 100-400 nm respectively and ranged from negativity/neutrality (at 0.5 ratio) to positivity (at 5 ratio) as ζ potential. Polyplexes formed either at a ratio of 0.5 (partially complexing) or at the ratio of 5 (fully complexing) were tested in subsequent experiments. Epifluorescence revealed that nanocomplexes favored siRNA entry into H441 cells in comparison with naked siRNA. As determined by flow cytometry and a trypan blue assay, PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm allowed siRNA uptake in 42-47% and 30% of cells respectively, however only with PHEA-Spm at w/w ratio of 5 these percentages were significantly higher than those obtained with naked siRNA (20%). Naked siRNA or complexed scrambled siRNA did not exert any effect on HMGB1mRNA levels, whereas PHEA-Spm/siRNA at the w/w ratio of 5 down-regulated HMGB1 mRNA up to 58% of control levels (untransfected cells). PEGylated PHEA-Spm/siRNA nanocomplexes were able to down-regulate HMGB1 mRNA levels up to 61% of control cells. MTT assay revealed excellent biocompatibility of copolymer/siRNA polyplexes with cells. In conclusion, we have found optimal conditions for down-regulation of HMGB1 by siRNA delivery mediated by polyaminoacidic polymers in airway epithelial cells in the absence of cytotoxicity. Functional and in-vivo studies are warranted.
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Sardo C, Farra R, Licciardi M, Dapas B, Scialabba C, Giammona G, Grassi M, Grassi G, Cavallaro G. Development of a simple, biocompatible and cost-effective Inulin-Diethylenetriamine based siRNA delivery system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:60-71. [PMID: 25845631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have the potential to be of therapeutic value for many human diseases. So far, however, a serious obstacle to their therapeutic use is represented by the absence of appropriate delivery systems able to protect them from degradation and to allow an efficient cellular uptake. In this work we developed a siRNA delivery system based on inulin (Inu), an abundant and natural polysaccharide. Inu was functionalized via the conjugation with diethylenetriamine (DETA) residues to form the complex Inu-DETA. We studied the size, surface charge and the shape of the Inu-DETA/siRNA complexes; additionally, the cytotoxicity, the silencing efficacy and the cell uptake-mechanisms were studied in the human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) and in the hepatocellular carcinoma derived cells (JHH6). The results presented here indicate that Inu-DETA copolymers can effectively bind siRNAs, are highly cytocompatible and, in JHH6, can effectively deliver functional siRNAs. Optimal delivery is observed using a weight ratio Inu-DETA/siRNA of 4 that corresponds to polyplexes with an average size of 600nm and a slightly negative surface charge. Moreover, the uptake and trafficking mechanisms, mainly based on micropinocytosis and clatrin mediated endocytosis, allow the homogeneous diffusion of siRNA within the cytoplasm of JHH6. Notably, in 16 HBE where the trafficking mechanism (caveolae mediated endocytosis) does not allow an even distribution of siRNA within the cell cytoplasm, no significant siRNA activity is observed. In conclusion, we developed a novel inulin-based siRNA delivery system able to efficiently release siRNA in JHH6 with negligible cytotoxicity thus opening the way for further testing in more complex in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - R Farra
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Licciardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - B Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, University Hospital of Cattinara, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Scialabba
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - G Giammona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio, 6/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, University Hospital of Cattinara, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - G Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche, Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Lab of Biocompatible Polymers, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Frère A, Kawalec M, Tempelaar S, Peixoto P, Hendrick E, Peulen O, Evrard B, Dubois P, Mespouille L, Mottet D, Piel G. Impact of the Structure of Biocompatible Aliphatic Polycarbonates on siRNA Transfection Ability. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:769-79. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501676p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Kawalec
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sarah Tempelaar
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Mespouille
- Laboratory
of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Center of Innovation and Research
in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research Institute for Health
Sciences and Technology, University of Mons, Place du Parc 20 - 7000, Mons, Belgium
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