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Esposito E, Pozza E, Contado C, Pula W, Bortolini O, Ragno D, Toldo S, Casciano F, Bondi A, Zauli E, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Melloni E. Microfluidic Fabricated Liposomes for Nutlin-3a Ocular Delivery as Potential Candidate for Proliferative Vitreoretinal Diseases Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3513-3536. [PMID: 38623081 PMCID: PMC11018138 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s452134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinal diseases (PVDs) represent a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by the presence of retinal proliferative membranes, in whose development retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is deeply involved. As the only effective treatment for PVDs at present is surgery, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic activity of Nutlin-3a, a small non-genotoxic inhibitor of the MDM2/p53 interaction, on ARPE-19 cell line and on human RPE primary cells, as in vitro models of RPE and, more importantly, to formulate and evaluate Nutlin-3a loaded liposomes designed for ophthalmic administration. Methods Liposomes were produced using an innovative approach by a microfluidic device under selection of different conditions. Liposome size distribution was evaluated by photon correlation spectroscopy and centrifugal field flow fractionation, while the liposome structure was studied by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The Nutlin-3a entrapment capacity was evaluated by ultrafiltration and HPLC. Nutlin-3a biological effectiveness as a solution or loaded in liposomes was evaluated by viability, proliferation, apoptosis and migration assays and by morphological analysis. Results The microfluidic formulative study enabled the selection of liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) 5.4 or 8.2 mg/mL and 10% ethanol, characterized by roundish vesicular structures with 150-250 nm mean diameters. Particularly, liposomes based on the lower PC concentration were characterized by higher stability. Nutlin-3a was effectively encapsulated in liposomes and was able to induce a significant reduction of viability and migration in RPE cell models. Conclusion Our results lay the basis for a possible use of liposomes for the ocular delivery of Nutlin-3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Elena Pozza
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Catia Contado
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Walter Pula
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Sofia Toldo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Agnese Bondi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
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Simões A, Veiga F, Vitorino C. Question-based review for pharmaceutical development: An enhanced quality approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 195:114174. [PMID: 38160986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last years, the pharmaceutical industry has faced real challenges regarding quality assurance. In this context, the establishment of more holistic approaches to the pharmaceutical development has been encouraged. The emergence of the Quality by Design (QbD) paradigm as systematic, scientific and risk-based methodology introduced a new concept of pharmaceutical quality. In essence, QbD can be interpreted as a strategy to maximize time and cost savings. An in-depth understanding of the formulation and manufacturing process is demanded to optimize the safety, efficacy and quality of a drug product at all stages of development. This innovative approach streamlines the pharmaceutical Research and Development (R&D) process, provides greater manufacturing flexibility and reduces regulatory burden. To assist in QbD implementation, International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) organized and launched QbD principles in their guidance for industry, identifying key concepts and tools to design and develop a high-quality drug product. Despite the undeniable advantages of the QbD approach, and the widespread information on QbD regulatory expectations, its full implementation in the pharmaceutical field is still limited. The present review aims to establish a crosswise overview on the current application status of QbD within the framework of the ICH guidelines (ICH Q8(R2) - Q14 and ICH Q2(R2)). Moreover, it outlines the way information gathered from the QbD methodology is being harmonized in Marketing Authorization Applications (MAAs) for European market approval. This work also highlights the challenges that hinder the deployment of the QbD strategy as a standard practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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3
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Ferrara F, Bondi A, Pula W, Contado C, Baldisserotto A, Manfredini S, Boldrini P, Sguizzato M, Montesi L, Benedusi M, Valacchi G, Esposito E. Ethosomes for Curcumin and Piperine Cutaneous Delivery to Prevent Environmental-Stressor-Induced Skin Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:91. [PMID: 38247515 PMCID: PMC10812558 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diesel particulate matter is one of the most dangerous environmental stressors affecting human health. Many plant-derived compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been proposed to protect the skin from pollution damage. Curcumin (CUR) has a plethora of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, it has low bioavailability due to its difficult absorption and rapid metabolism and elimination. CUR encapsulation in nanotechnological systems and its combination with biopotentiators such as piperine (PIP) can improve its pharmacokinetics, stability and activity. In this study, ethosomes (ETs) were investigated for CUR and PIP delivery to protect the skin from damage induced by diesel particulate matter. ETs were produced by different strategies and characterized for their size distribution by photon correlation spectroscopy, for their morphology by transmission electron microscopy, and for their drug encapsulation efficiency by high-performance liquid chromatography. Franz cells enabled us to evaluate in vitro the drug diffusion from ETs. The results highlighted that ETs can promote the skin permeation of curcumin. The studies carried out on their antioxidant activity demonstrated an increase in the antioxidant power of CUR using a combination of CUR and PIP separately loaded in ETs, suggesting their possible application for the prevention of skin damage due to exogenous stressors. Ex vivo studies on human skin explants have shown the suitability of drug-loaded ETs to prevent the structural damage to the skin induced by diesel engine exhaust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (W.P.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Agnese Bondi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (W.P.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Walter Pula
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (W.P.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Catia Contado
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (W.P.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Baldisserotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Paola Boldrini
- Center of Electron Microscopy, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (W.P.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Leda Montesi
- Cosmetology Center, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Animal Science Department, NC Research Campus, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 26723, Republic of Korea
| | - Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (W.P.); (C.C.); (M.S.)
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Mendes M, Branco F, Vitorino R, Sousa J, Pais A, Vitorino C. A two-pronged approach against glioblastoma: drug repurposing and nanoformulation design for in situ-controlled release. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:3169-3191. [PMID: 37574500 PMCID: PMC10624718 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most lethal types of neoplasms. Its biologically aggressive nature and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limit the efficacy of standard therapies. Several strategies are currently being developed to both overcome the BBB and deliver drugs site specifically to tumor cells. This work hypothesizes a two-pronged approach to tackle GB: drug repurposing with celecoxib (CXB) and a nanoformulation using ultra-small nanostructured lipid carriers (usNLCs). CXB antitumor druggable activity was inspected bioinformatically and screened in four glioma cell lines aiming at the comparison with temozolomide (TMZ), as standard of care. Delving into formulation design, it was tailored aiming at (i) improving the drug solubility/loading properties, (ii) assigning a thermal-triggerable drug release based on a lipid matrix with a low melting point, and (iii) enhancing the cytotoxic effect by selecting a template targetable to tumor cells. For this purpose, an integrated analysis of the critical material attributes (CMAs), critical process parameters (CPPs), and critical quality attributes (CQAs) was conducted under the umbrella of a quality by design approach. CMAs that demonstrate a high-risk level for the final quality and performance of the usNLCs include the drug solubility in lipids (solid and liquid), the lipid composition (envisioning a thermoresponsive approach), the ratio between lipids (solid vs. liquid), and the surfactant type and concentration. Particle size was shown to be governed by the interaction lipid-surfactant followed by surfactant type. The drug encapsulation did not influence colloidal characteristics, making it a promising carrier for lipophilic drugs. In general, usNLCs exhibited a controlled drug release during the 72 h at 37 °C with a final release of ca. 25%, while at 45 °C this was doubled. The in vitro cellular performance depended on the surfactant type and lipid composition, with the formulations containing a sole solid lipid (Suppocire® NB) and Kolliphor® RH40 as surfactant being the most cytotoxic. usNLCs with an average diameter of ca. 70 nm and a narrow size distribution (PdI lower than 0.2) were yielded, exhibiting high stability, drug protection, sustained and thermo-sensitive release properties, and high cytotoxicity to glioma cells, meeting the suitable CQAs for parenteral administration. This formulation may pave the way to a multi-addressable purpose to improve GB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Branco
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED-Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, UnIC, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Chiarentin L, Gonçalves C, Augusto C, Miranda M, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Drilling into "Quality by Design" Approach for Analytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-42. [PMID: 37665603 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2253321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The need for consistency in analytical method development reinforces the dependence of pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing on robust analytical data. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), akin to the product Quality by Design (QbD) endows a high degree of confidence to the method quality developed. AQbD involves the definition of the analytical target profile as starting point, followed by the identification of critical method variables and critical analytical attributes, supported on risk assessment and design of experiment tools for the establishment of a method operable design region and control strategy of the method. This systematic approach moves away from reactive troubleshooting to proactive failure reduction. The objective of this review is to highlight the elements of the AQbD framework and provide an overview of their implementation status in various analytical methods used in the pharmaceutical field. These methodologies include but are not limited to, high-performance liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Finally, a critical appraisal is provided to highlight how regulators have encouraged AQbD principles application to boost the prevention of method failures and a better understanding of the method operable design region (MODR) and control strategy, ultimately resulting in cost-effectiveness and regulatory flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chiarentin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Cátia Augusto
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Margarida Miranda
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
- Egas Moniz School of Health and Science, Egas Moniz Center of Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Chiarentin L, Cardoso C, Miranda M, Vitorino C. Rheology of Complex Topical Formulations: An Analytical Quality by Design Approach to Method Optimization and Validation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1810. [PMID: 37513997 PMCID: PMC10385475 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Analytical method validation ensures that a method provides trustworthy information about a particular sample when applied in accordance with the predefined protocol. According to regulatory standards, the rheological characteristics of topically applied semisolid formulations are one of the key elements involved in microstructure equivalence documentation. Therefore, for generic drug product manufacturers, it is a dire need to take a step forward in rheology method development and validation procedures. This paper aims to apply Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) principles towards the development and validation of rheology methods for topical creams, as complex semisolid formulations. Risk assessment was carried out through an Ishikawa diagram and an estimate failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA). Sample application, peltier temperature control, and sample rest time were identified as critical method variables (CMVs), and a 23 full factorial design was applied to understand their impact on rotational, creep recovery and, oscillatory measurements. The development of the method was carried out as per the ICH Q8-Q10, and Q14 guidelines and validated according to ICH Q2 (R2) guideline. The method demonstrated adequate precision (RSD < 15%), as well as selectivity. AQbD provided a comprehensive framework for developing a reliable and effective rheology method for this type of formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chiarentin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A., Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A., Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Margarida Miranda
- Laboratórios Basi Indústria Farmacêutica S.A., Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Ethosomal Gel for Topical Administration of Dimethyl Fumarate in the Treatment of HSV-1 Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044133. [PMID: 36835541 PMCID: PMC9967198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The infections caused by the HSV-1 virus induce lesions on the lips, mouth, face, and eye. In this study, an ethosome gel loaded with dimethyl fumarate was investigated as a possible approach to treat HSV-1 infections. A formulative study was conducted, evaluating the effect of drug concentration on size distribution and dimensional stability of ethosomes by photon correlation spectroscopy. Ethosome morphology was investigated by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, while the interaction between dimethyl fumarate and vesicles, and the drug entrapment capacity were respectively evaluated by FTIR and HPLC. To favor the topical application of ethosomes on mucosa and skin, different semisolid forms, based on xanthan gum or poloxamer 407, were designed and compared for spreadability and leakage. Dimethyl fumarate release and diffusion kinetics were evaluated in vitro by Franz cells. The antiviral activity against HSV-1 was tested by plaque reduction assay in Vero and HRPE monolayer cells, while skin irritation effect was evaluated by patch test on 20 healthy volunteers. The lower drug concentration was selected, resulting in smaller and longer stable vesicles, mainly characterized by a multilamellar organization. Dimethyl fumarate entrapment in ethosome was 91% w/w, suggesting an almost total recovery of the drug in the lipid phase. Xanthan gum 0.5%, selected to thicken the ethosome dispersion, allowed to control drug release and diffusion. The antiviral effect of dimethyl fumarate loaded in ethosome gel was demonstrated by a reduction in viral growth both 1 h and 4 h post-infection. Moreover, the patch test demonstrated the safety of the ethosomal gel applied on the skin.
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Development of a new hydrogel for the prevention of allergic contact dermatitis. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Szoleczky R, Budai-Szűcs M, Csányi E, Berkó S, Tonka-Nagy P, Csóka I, Kovács A. Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) Approach to the Development of In Vitro Release Test for Topical Hydrogel. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:707. [PMID: 35456541 PMCID: PMC9026520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to adapt the analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach to design an effective in vitro release test method using USP apparatus IV with a semi-solid adapter (SSA) for diclofenac sodium hydrogel. The analytical target profile (ATP) of the in vitro release test and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography were defined; the critical method attributes (CMAs) (min. 70% of the drug should be released during the test, six time points should be obtained in the linear portion of the drug release profile, and the relative standard deviation of the released drug should not be over 10%) were selected. An initial risk assessment was carried out, in which the CMAs (ionic strength, the pH of the media, membrane type, the rate of flow, the volume of the SSA (sample amount), the individual flow rate of cells, drug concentration %, and the composition of the product) were identified. With the results, it was possible to determine the high-risk parameters of the in vitro drug release studies performed with the USP apparatus IV with SSA, which were the pH of the medium and the sample weight of the product. Focusing on these parameters, we developed a test protocol for our hydrogel system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Szoleczky
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Laboratory of Finished Product Analytical Development 3, Bökényföldi Str. 116-120, 1165 Budapest, Hungary; (R.S.); (P.T.-N.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.B.-S.); (E.C.); (S.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.B.-S.); (E.C.); (S.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.B.-S.); (E.C.); (S.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.B.-S.); (E.C.); (S.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Péter Tonka-Nagy
- Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., Laboratory of Finished Product Analytical Development 3, Bökényföldi Str. 116-120, 1165 Budapest, Hungary; (R.S.); (P.T.-N.)
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.B.-S.); (E.C.); (S.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Eötvös Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.B.-S.); (E.C.); (S.B.); (I.C.)
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Miranda M, Veloso C, Brown M, A. C. C. Pais A, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Topical bioequivalence: Experimental and regulatory considerations following formulation complexity. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Murphy DJ, Lim D, Armstrong R, McCoy CF, Bashi YHD, Boyd P, Derrick T, Spence P, Devlin B, Malcolm RK. Refining the in vitro release test method for a dapivirine-releasing vaginal ring to match in vivo performance. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021:10.1007/s13346-021-01081-7. [PMID: 34674162 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously reported in vitro release test methods for drug-releasing vaginal rings containing poorly water-soluble drugs have described use of water-alcohol systems or surfactant solutions in efforts to maintain sink conditions. Here, as part of efforts to more closely match in vitro and in vivo release for the 25 mg dapivirine matrix-type silicone elastomer vaginal ring for HIV prevention, we have investigated alternatives to the 1:1 v/v water/isopropanol medium described previously. Specifically, we evaluated dapivirine release from rings into (i) monophasic water/isopropanol mixtures of varying compositions and (ii) biphasic buffer/octanol systems using pH 4.2 and pH 7.0 buffers. The rate and mechanism of dapivirine release were dependent upon the isopropanol concentration in the release medium, in accordance with the observed trend in drug solubility. At 0 and 10% v/v isopropanol concentrations, dapivirine release followed a partition-controlled mechansim. For media containing ≥ 20% v/v isopropanol, in vitro release of dapivirine was significantly increased and obeyed permeation-controlled kinetics. Cumulative release of ~3.5 mg dapivirine over 28 days was obtained using a water isopropanol mixture containing 20% v/v isopropanol, similar to the ~4 mg dapivirine released in vivo. Dapivirine release into the biphasic buffer/octanol system (intended to mimic the fluid/tissue environment in vivo) was constrained by the limited solubility of dapivirine in the buffer component in which the ring resided, such that cumulative dapivirine release was consistently lower than that observed with the 20% v/v isopropanol in water medium. Release into the biphasic system was also pH dependent, in line with dapivirine's pKa and with potential implications for in vivo release and absorption in women with elevated vaginal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diarmaid J Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Deanna Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan Armstrong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Clare F McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Tiffany Derrick
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Spence
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bríd Devlin
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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12
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Ilić T, Pantelić I, Savić S. The Implications of Regulatory Framework for Topical Semisolid Drug Products: From Critical Quality and Performance Attributes towards Establishing Bioequivalence. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:710. [PMID: 34068036 PMCID: PMC8152494 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to complex interdependent relationships affecting their microstructure, topical semisolid drug formulations face unique obstacles to the development of generics compared to other drug products. Traditionally, establishing bioequivalence is based on comparative clinical trials, which are expensive and often associated with high degrees of variability and low sensitivity in detecting formulation differences. To address this issue, leading regulatory agencies have aimed to advance guidelines relevant to topical generics, ultimately accepting different non-clinical, in vitro/in vivo surrogate methods for topical bioequivalence assessment. Unfortunately, according to both industry and academia stakeholders, these efforts are far from flawless, and often upsurge the potential for result variability and a number of other failure modes. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the literature focused on amending regulatory positions concerning the demonstration of (i) extended pharmaceutical equivalence and (ii) equivalence with respect to the efficacy of topical semisolids. The proposed corrective measures are disclosed and critically discussed, as they span from mere demands to widen the acceptance range (e.g., from ±10% to ±20%/±25% for rheology and in vitro release parameters highly prone to batch-to-batch variability) or reassess the optimal number of samples required to reach the desired statistical power, but also rely on specific data modeling or novel statistical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Snežana Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11 221 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.I.); (I.P.)
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13
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Henriques J, Schaberle FA, Serpa C, Pais AACC, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Photoacoustic method for real-time assessment of salt content in aqueous solutions. Talanta 2021; 222:121497. [PMID: 33167211 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration established the foundations for the application of process analytical technologies (PAT) in real-time control of the drug manufacturing process, where progress has been essentially directed to solid formulations. In order to enlarge the application of PAT principles to injectable drug products, the development of appropriate manufacturing process control tools is mandatory. Photoacoustics is a non-invasive technique with the potential for application in real-time control of the manufacturing process of injectable drug products. Herein, we applied a photoacoustic method for the determination of the concentration of salts (sodium chloride) in mono-salt formulations by measuring the changes induced in the speed of sound by density changes. This method was explored using two modes of generating the photoacoustic wave and two detectors with central frequencies of 10 MHz and 100 MHz. The results were analyzed using a 2k full-factorial design, considering the generation mode and detection as independent variables. The optimized method was subsequently validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) standards. The method showed good linearity, precision, and accuracy, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.05% (w/v) of NaCl and a limit of detection of 0.02% (w/v) of NaCl. Due to its simplicity and high throughput, this method has potential applicability as PAT in the manufacturing of injectable drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Henriques
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo Das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fábio A Schaberle
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto A C C Pais
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo Das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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14
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Miranda M, Cova T, Augusto C, Pais AACC, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Diving into Batch-to-Batch Variability of Topical Products-a Regulatory Bottleneck. Pharm Res 2020; 37:218. [PMID: 33037479 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following the recent European Medicine Agency (EMA) draft guideline on quality and equivalence of topical products, a modular framework for bioequivalence assessment is proposed, wherein the qualitative, quantitative, microstructure and product performance sameness is demanded to support generic applications. Strict regulatory limits are now imposed, but, the suitability of these limits has been subject of intense debate. In this context, this paper aims to address these issues by characterizing a panel of 8 reference blockbuster semisolid topical products. METHODS For each product, three batches were selected and, whenever possible, batches retrieved from different manufacturing sites were considered. Product microstructure was evaluated in terms of globule size, pH, rheological attributes and, if required, the thermal behaviour was also assessed. Performance was evaluated through in vitro release testing (IVRT). Finally, an integrated multivariate analysis was performed to highlight the features that most contribute for product variability. RESULTS Marked differences were registered within reference products. Statistical analysis demonstrated that if EMA criteria are applied, none of the same product batches can be considered as equivalent. Rheological parameters as well as IVRT indicators account for the majority of batch-to-batch differences. CONCLUSIONS Semisolid dosage forms exhibit intrinsic variability. This calls for the attention to the need of establishing reasonable equivalence criteria applied to generic drug products. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Cova
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Augusto
- Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Portugal, lote 15 3450-232, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Portugal, lote 15 3450-232, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, 1st floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Simões A, Miranda M, Cardoso C, Veiga F, Vitorino C. Rheology by Design: A Regulatory Tutorial for Analytical Method Validation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090820. [PMID: 32872221 PMCID: PMC7558587 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for product and process understanding as an active pursuit in the quality guideline Q8 and, more recently, on the draft guideline on quality and equivalence of topical products, has unveiled the tremendous potential of rheology methods as a tool for microstructure characterization of topical semisolid dosage forms. Accordingly, procedure standardization is a dire need. This work aimed at developing and validating a methodology tutorial for rheology analysis. A 1% hydrocortisone cream was used as model cream formulation. Through a risk assessment analysis, the impact of selected critical method variables (geometry, temperature and application mode) was estimated in a broad range of rheological critical analytical attributes-zero-shear viscosity, upper-shear thinning viscosity, lower-shear thinning viscosity, infinite-shear viscosity, rotational yield point, thixotropic relative area, linear viscoelastic region, oscillatory yield point, storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent. The proposed validation of the approach included the rheometer qualification, followed by the validation of numerous operational critical parameters regarding a rheology profile acquisition. The thixotropic relative area, oscillatory yield point, flow point and viscosity related endpoints proved to be highly sensitive and discriminatory parameters. This rationale provided a standard framework for the development of a reliable and robust rheology profile acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.M.); (F.V.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV. REQUIMTE) Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.M.); (F.V.)
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.M.); (F.V.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV. REQUIMTE) Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.); (M.M.); (F.V.)
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 1st floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-488-400
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Abstract
Considering the recent regulatory requirements, the overall importance of in vitro release testing (IVRT) methods regarding topical product development is undeniable, especially when addressing particulate systems. For each IVRT study, several hundreds of samples are generated. Therefore, developing rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods, able to provide a real-time drug analysis of IVRT samples, is a priority. In this study, eight topical complex drug products exhibiting distinct physicochemical profiles were considered. RP-HPLC methods were developed and fully validated. Chromatographic separations were achieved on a XBridgeTM C18 (5 µm particle size, 150 mm × 2.1 mm), or alternatively on a LiChrospher® 100 RP-18 (5 µm particle size, 125 mm × 4.6 mm) at 30 °C, under isocratic conditions using UV detection at specific wavelengths. According to the physicochemical characteristics of each drug, different mobile phases were selected. Irrespective of the drug (hydrocortisone, etofenamate, bifonazole, clotrimazole, acyclovir, tioconazole, clobetasol, and diclofenac) and formulation, retention time values did not exceed 6.5 min. All methods were linear, specific, precise, and accurate at the intraday and interday levels, robust, and stable. These were successfully applied to establish product-specific IVRT profiles, thus providing a key database useful for topical pharmaceutical manufacturers.
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