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Jamil R, Polli JE. Application of bootstrap f 2 to dissolution data from biorelevant media and evidence of the conservative nature of bootstrap f 2. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106745. [PMID: 38471596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
f2 with or without bootstrapping is the most common method to compare in vitro dissolution profiles, but methods to compare dissolution profiles have become less harmonized. The objective was to compare outcomes from bootstrap f2 and f2 (i.e. not-bootstrapped f2) using a large set of in vitro dissolution data. Non-parametric bootstrapping was performed on the 104 profile comparisons that did not meet the percent coefficient of variation (CV%) criteria to use average dissolution data. Bootstrap f2 was taken as the lower 90 % confidence interval of bootstrapped samples. There was concordance between bootstrap f2 and f2 in 92 of the 104 comparisons (88 %). There were no false positives. However, 12 % were false negative. Inspection of these discordance pairs suggests that bootstrap f2 serves as a conservative approach to assess profile similarity, particularly when a value of 50 is being used as decision criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raqeeb Jamil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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2
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Shawahna R, Saba'aneh H, Daraghmeh A, Qassarwi Y, Franco V, Declèves X. Solubility of lamotrigine in age-specific biorelevant media that simulated the fasted- and fed-conditions of the gastric and intestinal environments in pediatrics and adults: implications for traditional, re-formulated, modified, and new oral formulations. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:36. [PMID: 37684623 PMCID: PMC10492362 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lamotrigine is an effective antiseizure medication that can be used in the management of focal and generalized epilepsies in pediatric patients. This study was conducted to quantify and compare the solubility of lamotrigine in age-specific biorelevant media that simulated the fasted and fed conditions of the gastric and intestinal environments in pediatrics and adults. Another aim was to predict how traditional, re-formulated, modified, and new oral formulations would behave in the gastric and intestinal environments across different age groups. METHODS Solubility studies of lamotrigine were conducted in 16 different age-specific biorelevant media over the pH range and temperature specified by the current biopharmaceutical classification system-based criteria. The age-specific biorelevant media simulated the environments in the stomach and proximal gastrointestinal tract in both fasted and fed conditions of adults and pediatric sub-populations. The solubility of lamotrigine was determined using a pre-validated HPLC-UV method. RESULTS Lamotrigine showed low solubility in the 16 age-specific biorelevant media as indicated by a dose number of > 1. There were significant age-specific variabilities in the solubility of lamotrigine in the different age-specific biorelevant media. Pediatric/adult solubility ratios of lamotrigine fell outside the 80-125% range in 6 (50.0%) and were borderline in 3 (25.0%) out of the 12 compared media. These ratios indicated that the solubility of lamotrigine showed considerable differences in 9 out of the 12 (75.0%) of the compared media. CONCLUSION Future studies are still needed to generate more pediatric biopharmaceutical data to help understand the performances of oral dosage forms in pediatric sub-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Shawahna
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, New Campus, Building: 19, Office: 1340, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine.
- Clinical Research Center, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
| | - Hala Saba'aneh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Amal Daraghmeh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Yara Qassarwi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Valentina Franco
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Biologie du Médicament-Toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, Paris, 75679, France
- Faculty of Health, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, 75006, France
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Nur Oktay A, Polli JE. Comparison of a single pharmaceutical surfactant versus intestinal biorelevant media for etravirine dissolution: Role and impact of micelle diffusivity. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122015. [PMID: 35839980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Etravirine is an antiviral whose oral absorption is limited by low solubility/dissolution. The objective was to predict and compare etravirine's surfactant-mediated dissolution into polyoxyethylene-10 lauryl ether (POE) and FeSSIF-V2, including the contribution of slow micelle diffusivity. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to measure the size and diffusivity values of drug-loaded micelles. In vitro intrinsic dissolution into surfactant media were predicted using a model for surfactant-mediated dissolution. Compared to maleic buffer, POE and FeSSIF-V2 increased etravirine solubility 232-fold and 8.97-fold, respectively. From DLS, micelle diffusivity of drug-loaded POE micelle and FeSSIF-V2 mixed-micelle was 5.15x10-7 cm2/s and 5.76x10-8 cm2/s, respectively. Observed and predicted dissolution enhancement into POE were 50.7 and 31.3, and 1.26 and 1.24 into FeSSIF-V2, respectively. Hence, there was high dissolution enhancement into POE, although the observed enhancement was only 21.9% of the observed solubility enhancement, reflecting the attenuating impact of the large and slowly diffusing drug-loaded POE micelles. Meanwhile, there was minimal dissolution enhancement into FeSSIF-V2, and the observed enhancement was only 14.0% of the observed solubility enhancement, reflecting the even slower diffusing drug-loaded FeSSIF-V2 mixed-micelles compared to drug-loaded POE micelles. Results are considered in light of designing a single pharmaceutical surfactant system for dissolution that mimics a FeSSIF-V2 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Nur Oktay
- University of Maryland, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Chen R, Blanchard A, Kushner J, Harrington B, Liu J, DeMatteo V. Developing a Biorelevant Dissolution Method for an Extrudable Core System (ECS) Osmotic Tablet. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:5. [PMID: 34850297 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work is to develop a biorelevant dissolution method to support the clinical study for In Vitro In Vivo Correlation (IVIVC) of the first commercially approved single-layer extrudable core system (ECS) osmotic tablet - the 11 mg tofacitinib modified-release tablet. The dissolution conditions were selected through analysis of experimental work including several designed experiments (DoE). The Apparatus 2 (paddles) was selected over the Apparatus 1 (baskets) to minimize the dissolution test variability. The paddle speed was kept at 50 rpm to be conservative and because higher paddle speed did not offer statistically significant improvement in dissolution test variability. The buffer of 50 mM potassium phosphate at pH 6.8 was selected over other buffers at lower or acid pH as the in vivo drug release is expected to occur in the small intestinal region, where the pH is approximately neutral. Finally, the statistically designed experiments proved that use of the Japanese basket sinkers was effective in reducing dissolution variability and eliminating the artificial shift in dissolution profile caused by final pink color-coated tablets sticking to the dissolution vessel. Discriminatory power of the method was verified and the method was validated per ICH and FDA guidelines. Since a Level A IVIVC is established from the analysis of the results of both in vivo clinical study and in vitro dissolution testing, the method is proven to be biorelevant. It also serves a suitable quality control dissolution method.
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Li D, Chow PY, Lin TP, Cheow C, Li Z, Wacker MG. Simulate SubQ: The Methods and the Media. J Pharm Sci 2021:S0022-3549(21)00593-1. [PMID: 34728176 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For decades, there has been a growing interest in injectable subcutaneous formulations to improve the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation and to prolong their release over a longer period. However, fluctuations in the blood plasma levels together with bioavailability issues often limit their clinical success. This warrants a closer look at the performance of long-acting depots, for example, and their dependence on the complex interplay between the dosage form and the physiological microenvironment. For this, biopredictive performance testing is used for a thorough understanding of the biophysical processes affecting the absorption of compounds from the injection site in vivo and their simulation in vitro. In the present work, we discuss in vitro methodologies including methods and media developed for the subcutaneous route of administration on the background of the most relevant absorption mechanisms. Also, we highlight some important knowledge gaps and shortcomings of the existing methodologies to provide the reader with a better understanding of the scientific evidence underlying these models.
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Guimarães M, Kuentz M, Vertzoni M, Fotaki N. Evaluating pediatric and adult simulated fluids solubility: Abraham solvation parameters and multivariate analysis. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1889-1896. [PMID: 34697725 PMCID: PMC8688383 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand drug solubilization as a function of age and identify drugs at risk of altered drug solubility in pediatric patients. To assess the discrimination ability of the Abraham solvation parameters and age-related changes in simulated media composition to predict in vitro drug solubility differences between pediatric and adult gastrointestinal conditions by multivariate data analysis. METHODS Differences between drug solubility in pediatric and adult biorelevant media were expressed as a % pediatric-to-adult ratio [Sp/Sa (%)]. Solubility ratios of fourteen poorly water-soluble drugs (2 amphoteric; 4 weak acids; 4 weak bases; 4 neutral compounds) were used in the analysis. Partial Least Squares Regression was based on Abraham solvation parameters and age-related changes in simulated gastrointestinal fluids, as well as their interactions, to predict the pediatric-to-adult solubility ratio. RESULTS The use of Abraham solvation parameters was useful as a theory-informed set of molecular predictors of drug solubility changes between pediatric and adult simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Our findings suggest that the molecular solvation environment in the fasted gastric state was similar in the pediatric age-groups studied, which led to fewer differences in the pediatric-to-adult solubility ratio. In the intestinal fasted and fed state, there was a high relative contribution of the physiologically relevant surfactants to the alteration of drug solubility in the pediatric simulated conditions compared to the adult ones, which confirms the importance of an age-appropriate composition in biorelevant media. CONCLUSION Statistical models based on Abraham solvation parameters were applied mostly to better understand drug solubility differences in adult and pediatric biorelevant media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Murphy DJ, Lim D, Armstrong R, McCoy CF, Bashi YHD, Boyd P, Derrick T, Spence P, Devlin B, Malcolm RK. Refining the in vitro release test method for a dapivirine-releasing vaginal ring to match in vivo performance. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021:10.1007/s13346-021-01081-7. [PMID: 34674162 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously reported in vitro release test methods for drug-releasing vaginal rings containing poorly water-soluble drugs have described use of water-alcohol systems or surfactant solutions in efforts to maintain sink conditions. Here, as part of efforts to more closely match in vitro and in vivo release for the 25 mg dapivirine matrix-type silicone elastomer vaginal ring for HIV prevention, we have investigated alternatives to the 1:1 v/v water/isopropanol medium described previously. Specifically, we evaluated dapivirine release from rings into (i) monophasic water/isopropanol mixtures of varying compositions and (ii) biphasic buffer/octanol systems using pH 4.2 and pH 7.0 buffers. The rate and mechanism of dapivirine release were dependent upon the isopropanol concentration in the release medium, in accordance with the observed trend in drug solubility. At 0 and 10% v/v isopropanol concentrations, dapivirine release followed a partition-controlled mechansim. For media containing ≥ 20% v/v isopropanol, in vitro release of dapivirine was significantly increased and obeyed permeation-controlled kinetics. Cumulative release of ~3.5 mg dapivirine over 28 days was obtained using a water isopropanol mixture containing 20% v/v isopropanol, similar to the ~4 mg dapivirine released in vivo. Dapivirine release into the biphasic buffer/octanol system (intended to mimic the fluid/tissue environment in vivo) was constrained by the limited solubility of dapivirine in the buffer component in which the ring resided, such that cumulative dapivirine release was consistently lower than that observed with the 20% v/v isopropanol in water medium. Release into the biphasic system was also pH dependent, in line with dapivirine's pKa and with potential implications for in vivo release and absorption in women with elevated vaginal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diarmaid J Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Deanna Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan Armstrong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Clare F McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Tiffany Derrick
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Spence
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bríd Devlin
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Patel SK, Greene AC, Desai SM, Rothstein S, Basha IT, MacPherson JS, Wang Y, Zou Y, Shehabeldin M, Sfeir CS, Little SR, Rohan LC. Biorelevant and screening dissolution methods for minocycline hydrochloride microspheres intended for periodontal administration. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120261. [PMID: 33486044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no compendial-level method to assess dissolution of particulate systems administered in the periodontal pocket. This work seeks to develop dissolution methods for extended release poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres applied in the periodontal pocket. Arestin®, PLGA microspheres containing minocycline hydrochloride (MIN), is indicated for reduction of pocket depth in adult periodontitis. Utilizing Arestin® as a model product, two dissolution methods were developed: a dialysis set-up using USP apparatus 4 and a novel apparatus fabricated to simulate in vivo environment of the periodontal pocket. In the biorelevant method, the microspheres were dispersed in 250 μL of simulated gingival crevicular fluid (sGCF) which was enclosed in a custom-made dialysis enclosure. sGCF was continuously delivered to the device at a biorelevant flow rate and was collected daily for drug content analysis using UPLC. Both methods could discriminate release characteristics of a panel of MIN-loaded PLGA microspheres that differed in composition and process conditions. A mechanistic model was developed, which satisfactorily explained the release profiles observed using both dissolution methods. The developed methods may have the potential to be used as routine quality control tools to ensure batch-to-batch consistency and to support evaluation of bioequivalence for periodontal microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashlee C Greene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stuti M Desai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Iman Taj Basha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James Scott MacPherson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Zou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Mostafa Shehabeldin
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles S Sfeir
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Kožák J, Rabišková M, Lamprecht A. In-vitro drug release testing of parenteral formulations via an agarose gel envelope to closer mimic tissue firmness. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120142. [PMID: 33326826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Current in vitro drug-release testing of the sustained-release parenterals represents the in vivo situation insufficiently. In this work, a thin agarose hydrogel layer surrounding the tested dosage form was proposed to mimic the tissue. The method was applied on implantable formulations of different geometries (films, microspheres, and cylindrical implants); prepared from various polymers (several Resomer® grades or ethyl cellulose) and loaded with different model drugs: flurbiprofen, lidocaine or risperidone. The hydrogel layer did not possess any retarding effect on the released drug and acted as a physical restriction to swelling and/or plastic deformation of the tested dosage forms. This led to a different surface area available for drug-release compared with testing in release medium alone and correspondingly to significantly different release profiles of the majority of the formulations obtained between the two methods (e.g. t50% = 18 days in pure release medium vs. t50% = 26 days in gel-setup for risperidone loaded Resomer® 503 H films or t50% = 7 days vs. t50% = 19 days for risperidone loaded Resomer® 503 H microspheres). The limited space for swelling and the rigidity of the agarose gel might mimic the tight encapsulation of the dosage form in the tissue better than the conventional liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kožák
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslava Rabišková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Jamil R, Xu T, Shah HS, Adhikari A, Sardhara R, Nahar K, Morris KR, Polli JE. Similarity of dissolution profiles from biorelevant media: Assessment of interday repeatability, interanalyst repeatability, and interlaboratory reproducibility using ibuprofen and ketoconazole tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 156:105573. [PMID: 32987114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biorelevant media are increasingly being employed as dissolution media in drug development, including in smaller volumes than 900ml and under non-sink conditions. The objectives were to assess interday repeatability, interanalyst repeatability, and interlaboratory reproducibility of dissolution profiles from biorelevant media, as well as to assess the impacts of biorelevant media production method and biorelevant medium volume on dissolution profiles. Ibuprofen and ketoconazole tablets were subjected to dissolution testing in 500ml, 300ml, and 40ml of fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF), fed state simulated gastric fluid (FeSSGF), fasted state simulated intestinal fluid version 2 (FaSSIF-V2), and fed state simulated intestinal fluid version 2 (FeSSIF-V2). f2 was used to assess repeatability and reproducibility of dissolution profiles. Results indicate favorable interday repeatability (83 of 88 comparisons were similar), favorable interanalyst repeatability (19 of 21 comparisons were similar), and favorable interlaboratory reproducibility (10 of 14 comparisons were similar) of dissolution profiles from biorelevant media, with commercial media showing greater interlaboratory reproducibility than 'from scratch' media. However, biorelevant medium production had low impact on profiles when one analyst conducted all medium preparations and study procedures at one location. Additionally, biorelevant media detected differences when products were not similar. Overall, biorelevant media showed favorable repeatability and reproducibility performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raqeeb Jamil
- University of Maryland, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD21201, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Long Island University, Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York, NY11201, United States
| | - Harsh S Shah
- Long Island University, Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York, NY11201, United States
| | - Asmita Adhikari
- University of Maryland, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD21201, United States
| | - Rusha Sardhara
- Long Island University, Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York, NY11201, United States
| | - Kajal Nahar
- Long Island University, Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York, NY11201, United States
| | - Kenneth R Morris
- Long Island University, Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York, NY11201, United States
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD21201, United States.
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Scott N, Patel K, Sithole T, Xenofontos K, Mohylyuk V, Liu F. Regulating the pH of bicarbonate solutions without purging gases: Application to dissolution testing of enteric coated tablets, pellets and microparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119562. [PMID: 32565282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution media based on bicarbonate buffers closely mimic the environment of intestinal fluids and thus improve in vitro in vivo correlation compared to phosphate buffers. Purging gases into the medium is used as a method to stabilise bicarbonate buffers; however, this causes issues due to the disturbance of the hydrodynamics in the dissolution vessel. The aim of this study was to develop a novel system to regulate and stabilise the pH of bicarbonate buffers without purging gases for the application of dissolution testing of enteric coated products. A novel enclosure system was applied to the USP II dissolution vessel to supply N2 and CO2 gases above the dissolution medium without purging into the solution. Drug release from enteric coated predinisolone microparticles (216.9 µm), pellets (1.25 mm) and commercially available tablets was determined in 0.1 M HCl and subsequently in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer or pH 6.2-6.8 bicarbonate buffers generated by titration of the acidic medium in situ using USP II apparatus. Supplying N2 at 3-4 bar and CO2 at 0.1 bar were able to increase the pH of the bicarbonate buffer from pH 6.2 to 6.8 within 45 min and subsequently stabilise the medium pH at 6.8 ± 0.05 pH units. Enteric coated microparticles showed much faster drug release in the physiological bicarbonate buffers than tablets and pellets. The novel bicarbonate-based dissolution system moves forward the application of the physiological bicarbonate buffers for testing pharmaceutical products to meet compendial requirements.
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12
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Auch C, Jede C, Harms M, Wagner C, Mäder K. Impact of amorphization and GI physiology on supersaturation and precipitation of poorly soluble weakly basic drugs using a small-scale in vitro transfer model. Int J Pharm 2020; 574:118917. [PMID: 31811926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) is one possibility to improve poor aqueous drug solubility by creating supersaturation. In case of weakly basic drugs like ketoconazole (KTZ), supersaturation can also be generated during the gastrointestinal (GI) transfer from the stomach to the intestine due to pH-dependent solubility. In both cases, the supersaturation during dissolution can be stabilized by polymeric precipitation inhibitors. A small-scale GI transfer model was used to compare the dissolution performance of ASD versus crystalline KTZ with the polymeric precipitation inhibitor HPMCAS. Similar in vitro AUCs were found for the transfer from SGF pH2 into FaSSIF. Moreover, the impact of variability in gastric pH on drug dissolution was assessed. Here, the ASD performed significantly better at a simulated hypochlorhydric gastric pHof 4. Last, the importance of drug-polymer interactions for precipitation inhibition was evaluated. HPMCAS HF and LF grades with and without the basic polymer Eudragit EPO were used. However, EPO caused a faster precipitation probably due to competition for the interaction sites between KTZ and HPMCAS. Thus, the results are suited to assess the benefits of amorphous formulations vs. precipitation inhibitors under different gastrointestinal conditions to optimize the design of such drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Auch
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty I of Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Jede
- Department of Analytical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Meike Harms
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty I of Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Jede C, Wagner C, Kubas H, Weber C, Weigandt M, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Automated small-scale in vitro transfer model as screening tool for the prediction of in vivo-dissolution and precipitation of poorly solubles. Int J Pharm 2019; 556:150-158. [PMID: 30553006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation testing, especially for weakly basic APIs, represents a key parameter in drug substance characterization during early development stages, where the amount of API available is limited. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop an automated small-scale in vitro transfer model to characterize the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of two poorly water-soluble drugs. Following automation and scale-down of the standard transfer model, the developed small-scale model was used to assess the impact of gastrointestinal variability, i.e. gastric pH, gastric emptying, and gastrointestinal fluid volumes, on supersaturation and precipitation of two weakly basic model compounds, ketoconazole and a new chemical entity from the research laboratories of Merck KGaA, MSC-A. The experiments revealed that variations in gastrointestinal parameters affected the in vitro behavior of ketoconazole, but not of MSC-A. Elevated gastric pH, as it can result from co-medication with acid-reducing drugs, resulted in lower degrees of supersaturation for both substances. This result is in agreement with the observation that the oral bioavailability of ketoconazole is lowered when proton pump inhibitors are co-administered. The small-scale transfer model presented herein represents a valuable in vitro tool to assess the risk of drug precipitation, additionally covering a broad range of gastrointestinal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jede
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Kubas
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Project and Dossier Leadership, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Weigandt
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Abstract
Supersaturable formulation can generate supersaturation after dissolution, providing kinetic advantage in vivo. However, the supersaturation may precipitate before being absorbed, which makes it difficult to ensure and predict its in vivo performance. The traditional USP method is typically for Quality Control (QC) purpose and cannot be used to predict the formulation in vivo performance. Therefore, there is generally a lack of a predictive biorelevant testing method. In this review, different types of supersaturable formulations are described, including amorphous dispersions, polymorphs, salts/co-crystals, weak base and supersaturable solubilized formulations. Different kinds of in vitro dissolution methods for supersaturable formulations are also reviewed and discussed. Most of the methods take the physiology of gastrointestinal (GI) track into consideration, allowing reasonable prediction of the in vivo performance of supersaturable formulation. However, absorbing drug from GI track into blood stream is a complicate process, which can be affected by different in vivo processes such as transporter and metabolism. These factors cannot be captured by the in vitro testing. Thus, combining in vitro biorelevant dissolution methods with physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling is a better way for the product development of supersaturable formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxian Lu
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shoufeng Li
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Zhongqin Wang
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
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Khadra I, Zhou Z, Dunn C, Wilson CG, Halbert G. Statistical investigation of simulated intestinal fluid composition on the equilibrium solubility of biopharmaceutics classification system class II drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 67:65-75. [PMID: 25444845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A drug's solubility and dissolution behaviour within the gastrointestinal tract is a key property for successful administration by the oral route and one of the key factors in the biopharmaceutics classification system. This property can be determined by investigating drug solubility in human intestinal fluid (HIF) but this is difficult to obtain and highly variable, which has led to the development of multiple simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) recipes. Using a statistical design of experiment (DoE) technique this paper has investigated the effects and interactions on equilibrium drug solubility of seven typical SIF components (sodium taurocholate, lecithin, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, pH, pancreatin and sodium oleate) within concentration ranges relevant to human intestinal fluid values. A range of poorly soluble drugs with acidic (naproxen, indomethacin, phenytoin, and piroxicam), basic (aprepitant, carvedilol, zafirlukast, tadalafil) or neutral (fenofibrate, griseofulvin, felodipine and probucol) properties have been investigated. The equilibrium solubility results determined are comparable with literature studies of the drugs in either HIF or SIF indicating that the DoE is operating in the correct space. With the exception of pancreatin, all of the factors individually had a statistically significant influence on equilibrium solubility with variations in magnitude of effect between the acidic and basic or neutral compounds and drug specific interactions were evident. Interestingly for the neutral compounds pH was the factor with the second largest solubility effect. Around one third of all the possible factor combinations showed a significant influence on equilibrium solubility with variations in interaction significance and magnitude of effect between the acidic and basic or neutral compounds. The least number of significant media component interactions were noted for the acidic compounds with three and the greatest for the neutral compounds at seven, with again drug specific effects evident. This indicates that a drug's equilibrium solubility in SIF is influenced depending upon drug type by between eight to fourteen individual or combinations of media components with some of these drug specific. This illustrates the complex nature of these fluids and provides for individual drugs a visualisation of the possible solubility envelope within the gastrointestinal tract, which may be of importance for modelling in vivo behaviour. In addition the results indicate that the design of experiment approach can be employed to provide greater detail of drug solubility behaviour, possible drug specific interactions and influence of variations in gastrointestinal media components due to disease. The approach is also feasible and amenable to adaptation for high throughput screening of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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