1
|
Pasero L, Susa F, Limongi T, Pisano R. A Review on Micro and Nanoengineering in Powder-Based Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124248. [PMID: 38782150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery of drugs has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of both lung and systemic diseases. Compared to other drug delivery routes, inhalation offers numerous advantages including high targeting, fewer side effects, and a huge surface area for drug absorption. However, the deposition of drugs in the lungs can be limited by lung defence mechanisms such as mucociliary and macrophages' clearance. Among the delivery devices, dry powder inhalers represent the optimal choice due to their stability, ease of use, and absence of propellants. In the last decades, several bottom-up techniques have emerged over traditional milling to produce inhalable powders. Among these techniques, the most employed ones are spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, spray freeze-drying, and thin film freezing. Inhalable dry powders can be constituted by micronized drugs attached to a coarse carrier (e.g., lactose) or drugs embedded into a micro- or nanoparticle. Particulate-based formulations are commonly composed of polymeric micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, extracellular vesicles, and inorganic nanoparticles. Moreover, engineered formulations including large porous particles, swellable microparticles, nano-in-microparticles, and effervescent nanoparticles have been developed. Particle engineering has also a crucial role in tuning the physical-chemical properties of both carrier-based and carrier-free inhalable powders. This approach can increase powder flowability, deposition, and targeting by customising particle surface features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pasero
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Susa
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy; Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 9 P. Giuria Street, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim T, Jung W, Cho S, Kim G, Yun H, Chae J. Predicting lung exposure of intramuscular niclosamide as an antiviral agent: Power-law based pharmacokinetic modeling. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13833. [PMID: 38797873 PMCID: PMC11128490 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide, a potent anthelmintic agent, has emerged as a candidate against COVID-19 in recent studies. Its formulation has been investigated extensively to address challenges related to systemic exposure. In this study, niclosamide was formulated as a long-acting intramuscular injection to achieve systemic exposure in the lungs for combating the virus. To establish the dose-exposure relationship, a hamster model was selected, given its utility in previous COVID-19 infection studies. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using NONMEM and PsN. Hamsters were administered doses of 55, 96, 128, and 240 mg/kg with each group comprising five animals. Two types of PK models were developed, linear models incorporating partition coefficients and power-law distributed models, to characterize the relationship between drug concentrations in the plasma and lungs of the hamsters. Numerical and visual diagnostics, including basic goodness-of-fit and visual predictive checks, were employed to assess the models. The power-law-based PK model not only demonstrated superior numerical performance compared with the linear model but also exhibited better agreement in visual diagnostic evaluations. This phenomenon was attributed to the nonlinear relationship between drug concentrations in the plasma and lungs, reflecting kinetic heterogeneity. Dose optimization, based on predicting lung exposure, was conducted iteratively across different drug doses, with the minimum effective dose estimated to be ~1115 mg/kg. The development of a power-law-based PK model proved successful and effectively captured the nonlinearities observed in this study. This method is expected to be applicable for investigating the drug disposition of specific formulations in the lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taeheon Kim
- Life Science Institute, Daewoong PharmaceuticalYonginSouth Korea
| | - Woojin Jung
- College of PharmacyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Sangeun Cho
- Life Science Institute, Daewoong PharmaceuticalYonginSouth Korea
| | - Gwanyoung Kim
- Life Science Institute, Daewoong PharmaceuticalYonginSouth Korea
| | - Hwi‐yeol Yun
- College of PharmacyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
- Department of Bio‐AI ConvergenceChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Jung‐woo Chae
- College of PharmacyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
- Department of Bio‐AI ConvergenceChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moon C, Sahakijpijarn S, Maier EY, Taft DR, Jara MO, Praphawatvet T, Manandhar R, Shetty N, Lubach J, Narang A, Nagapudi K, Williams RO. Inhaled JAK Inhibitor GDC-0214 Nanoaggregate Powder Exhibits Improved Pharmacokinetic Profile in Rats Compared to the Micronized Form: Benefits of Thin Film Freezing. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:564-580. [PMID: 38215042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic disease affecting the airways in the lungs. The receptors of allergic cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, trigger the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, which involves the pathogenesis of asthma. GDC-0214 is a JAK inhibitor that was developed as a potent and selective target for the treatment of asthma, specifically targeting the lungs. While inhaled GDC-0214 is a promising novel treatment option against asthma, improvement is still needed to achieve increased potency of the powder formulation and a reduced number of capsules containing powder to be inhaled. In this study, high-potency amorphous powder formulations containing GDC-0214 nanoaggregates for dry powder inhalation were developed using particle engineering technology, thin film freezing (TFF). A high dose per capsule was successfully achieved by enhancing the solubility of GDC-0214 and powder conditioning. Lactose and/or leucine as excipients exhibited optimum stability and aerosolization of GDC-0214 nanoaggregates, and aerosolization of the dose was independent of air flow through the device between 2 and 6 kPa pressure drops. In the rat PK study, formulation F20, which contains 80% GDC-0214 and 20% lactose, resulted in the highest AUC0-24h in the lungs with the lowest AUC0-24h in the plasma that corresponds to a 4.8-fold higher ratio of the lung-to-plasma exposures compared to micronized crystalline GDC-0214 powder administered by dry powder inhalation. Therefore, GDC-0214 nanoaggregates produced by TFF provided an improved dry powder for inhalation that can lead to enhanced therapeutic efficacy with a lower risk of systemic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaeho Moon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sawittree Sahakijpijarn
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Austin, Texas 78753, United States
| | - Esther Y Maier
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - David R Taft
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Miguel O Jara
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tuangrat Praphawatvet
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Nivedita Shetty
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Lubach
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ajit Narang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krishna SS, Sudheesh MS, Viswanad V. Liposomal drug delivery to the lungs: a post covid-19 scenario. J Liposome Res 2023; 33:410-424. [PMID: 37074963 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2023.2199068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
High local delivery of anti-infectives to the lungs is required for activity against infections of the lungs. The present pandemic has highlighted the potential of pulmonary delivery of anti-infective agents as a viable option for infections like Covid-19, which specifically causes lung infections and mortality. To prevent infections of such type and scale in the future, target-specific delivery of drugs to the pulmonary region is a high-priority area in the field of drug delivery. The suboptimal effect of oral delivery of anti-infective drugs to the lungs due to the poor biopharmaceutical property of the drugs makes this delivery route very promising for respiratory infections. Liposomes have been used as an effective delivery system for drugs due to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature, which can be used effectively for target-specific drug delivery to the lungs. In the present review, we focus on the use of liposomal drug delivery of anti-infectives for the acute management of respiratory infections in the wake of Covid-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Swathi Krishna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
| | - M S Sudheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
| | - Vidya Viswanad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS, Kochi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhai C, Wang M, Jin Y, Chung HJ, Kim S, Kim HJ, Hong ST. Oral delivery of a host-directed antiviral, niclosamide, as a cholate-coated nanoformulation. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106973. [PMID: 37741586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Potentially significant drug candidates often face elimination from consideration due to the lack of an effective method for systemic delivery. The poor solubility of these candidates has posed a major obstacle for their development as oral pills or injectables. Niclosamide, a host-directed antiviral, is a good example. In this study, a nanoformulation technology that allows for the non-covalent formulation of niclosamide with cholic acids was developed. This formulation enables efficient systemic delivery through endocytosis and enterohepatic circulation of bile-acid-coated nanoparticles. The oral bioavailability of niclosamide-delivery nanoparticles (NDNs) was significantly enhanced to 38.3%, representing an eight-fold increase compared with pure niclosamide. Consequently, the plasma concentration of niclosamide for the NDN formulation reached 1179.6 ng/mL, which is 11 times higher than the therapeutic plasma level. This substantial increase in plasma level contributed to the complete resolution of clinical symptoms in animals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This nanoformulation not only provides an orally deliverable antiviral drug for SARS-CoV-2 with improved pharmaceutical bioavailability, but also offers a solution to the systemic delivery challenges faced by potentially significant drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongkai Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Centre of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yanyan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwangju Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sura Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Kim
- SNJ Pharma Inc., BioLabs-LA at the Lundquist Institute for BioMedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA.
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saha T, Sinha S, Harfoot R, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Das SC. Inhalable dry powder containing remdesivir and disulfiram: Preparation and in vitro characterization. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123411. [PMID: 37703955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract, as the first and most afflicted target of many viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, seems to be the logical choice for delivering antiviral agents against this and other respiratory viruses. A combination of remdesivir and disulfiram, targeting two different steps in the viral replication cycle, has showed synergistic activity against SARS-CoV-2 in-vitro. In this study, we have developed an inhalable dry powder containing a combination of remdesivir and disulfiram utilizing the spray-drying technique, with the final goal of delivering this drug combination to the respiratory tract. The prepared dry powders were spherical, and crystalline. The particle size was between 1 and 5 μm indicating their suitability for inhalation. The spray-dried combinational dry powder containing remdesivir and disulfiram (RDSD) showed a higher emitted dose (ED) of >88% than single dry powder of remdesivir (RSD) (∼72%) and disulfiram (DSD) (∼84%), with a fine particle fraction (FPF) of ∼55%. Addition of L-leucine to RDSD showed >60% FPF with a similar ED. The in vitro aerosolization was not significantly affected after the stability study conducted at different humidity conditions. Interestingly, the single (RSD and DSD) and combined (RDSD) spray-dried powders showed limited cellular toxicity (CC50 values from 39.4 to >100 µM), while maintaining their anti-SARS-CoV-2 in vitro (EC50 values from 4.43 to 6.63 µM). In a summary, a combinational dry powder formulation containing remdesivir and disulfiram suitable for inhalation was developed by spray-drying technique which showed high cell viability in the respiratory cell line (Calu-3 cells) retaining their anti-SARS-CoV-2 property. In the future, in vivo studies will test the ability of these formulations to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 which is essential for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Saha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shubhra Sinha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri Harfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weiss A, Bischof RJ, Landersdorfer CB, Nguyen TH, Davies A, Ibrahim J, Wynne P, Wright P, Ditzinger G, Montgomery AB, Meeusen E, McIntosh MP, Sommer MO. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and lung function of nebulized niclosamide ethanolamine in sheep. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1915-1925. [PMID: 37498498 PMCID: PMC10447587 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Niclosamide is approved as an oral anthelminthic, but its low oral bioavailability hinders its medical use requiring high drug exposure outside the gastrointestinal tract. An optimized solution of niclosamide for nebulization and intranasal administration using the ethanolamine salt has been developed and tested in a Phase 1 trial. In this study we investigate the pulmonary exposure of niclosamide following administration via intravenous injection, oral administration or nebulization. METHODS We characterized the plasma and pulmonary pharmacokinetics of three ascending doses of nebulized niclosamide in sheep, compare it to intravenous niclosamide for compartmental PK modelling, and to the human equivalent approved 2 g oral dose to investigate in the pulmonary exposure of different niclosamide delivery routes. Following a single-dose administration to five sheep, niclosamide concentrations were determined in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Non-compartmental and compartmental modeling was used to characterize pharmacokinetic profiles. Lung function tests were performed in all dose groups. RESULTS Administration of all niclosamide doses were well tolerated with no adverse changes in lung function tests. Plasma pharmacokinetics of nebulized niclosamide behaved dose-linear and was described by a 3-compartmental model estimating an absolute bioavailability of 86%. ELF peak concentration and area under the curve was 578 times and 71 times higher with nebulization of niclosamide relative to administration of oral niclosamide. CONCLUSIONS Single local pulmonary administration of niclosamide via nebulization was well tolerated in sheep and resulted in substantially higher peak ELF concentration compared to the human equivalent oral 2 g dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weiss
- UNION therapeutics Research Services, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert J Bischof
- Allergenix Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Davies
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Australia
| | - Jibriil Ibrahim
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Wynne
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip Wright
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Els Meeusen
- Allergenix Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
| | - Michelle P McIntosh
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Morten Oa Sommer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
- UNION therapeutics, Hellerup, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu J, Xue Y, Bolinger AA, Li J, Zhou M, Chen H, Li H, Zhou J. Therapeutic potential of salicylamide derivatives for combating viral infections. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:897-931. [PMID: 36905090 PMCID: PMC10247541 DOI: 10.1002/med.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial human beings have constantly been fighting against viral infections. The ongoing and devastating coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic represents one of the most severe and most significant public health emergencies in human history, highlighting an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Salicylamide (2-hydroxybenzamide) derivatives, represented by niclosamide and nitazoxanide, inhibit the replication of a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses such as flavivirus, influenza A virus, and coronavirus. Moreover, nitazoxanide was effective in clinical trials against different viral infections including diarrhea caused by rotavirus and norovirus, uncomplicated influenza A and B, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. In this review, we summarize the broad antiviral activities of salicylamide derivatives, the clinical progress, and the potential targets or mechanisms against different viral infections and highlight their therapeutic potential in combating the circulating and emerging viral infections in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Mingxiang Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Loo CY, Lee WH, Zhou QT. Recent Advances in Inhaled Nanoformulations of Vaccines and Therapeutics Targeting Respiratory Viral Infections. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1015-1036. [PMID: 37186073 PMCID: PMC10129308 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid outbreak of respiratory viral infections, various biological (e.g. vaccines, peptides, recombinant proteins, antibodies and genes) and antiviral agents (e.g. ribavirin, palivizumab and valaciclovir) have been successfully developed for the treatment of respiratory virus infections such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These therapeutics are conventionally delivered via oral, intramuscular or injection route and are associated with several adverse events due to systemic toxicity. The inherent in vivo instability of biological therapeutics may hinder them from being administered without proper formulations. Therefore, we have witnessed a boom in nanotechnology coupled with a needle-free administration approach such as the inhalation route for the delivery of complex therapeutics to treat respiratory infections. This review discussed the recent advances in the inhalation strategies of nanoformulations that target virus respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yee Loo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL RCMP), 30450, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Wing-Hin Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL RCMP), 30450, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Spray freeze dried niclosamide nanocrystals embedded dry powder for high dose pulmonary delivery. POWDER TECHNOL 2023; 415:118168. [PMID: 36533138 PMCID: PMC9746026 DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on the drug repositioning strategy, niclosamide (NCL) has shown potential applications for treating COVID-19. However, the development of new formulations for effective NCL delivery is still challenging. Herein, NCL-embedded dry powder for inhalation (NeDPI) was fabricated by a novel spray freeze drying technology. The addition of Tween-80 together with 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine showed the synergistic effects on improving both the dispersibility of primary NCL nanocrystals suspended in the feed liquid and the spherical structure integrity of the spray freeze dried (SFD) microparticle. The SFD microparticle size, morphology, crystal properties, flowability and aerosol performance were systematically investigated by regulating the feed liquid composition and freezing temperature. The addition of leucine as the aerosol enhancer promoted the microparticle sphericity with greatly improved flowability. The optimal sample (SF- 80D-N20L2D2T1) showed the highest fine particle fraction of ∼47.83%, equivalently over 3.8 mg NCL that could reach the deep lung when inhaling 10 mg dry powders.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang M, Wang AQ, Padilha EC, Shah P, Hagen NR, Ryu C, Shamim K, Huang W, Xu X. Use of physiological based pharmacokinetic modeling for cross-species prediction of pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of a novel niclosamide prodrug. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1099425. [PMID: 37113753 PMCID: PMC10126473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1099425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Niclosamide (Nc) is an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug that was recently identified in a drug repurposing screening to possess antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. However, due to the low solubility and permeability of Nc, its in vivo efficacy was limited by its poor oral absorption. Method: The current study evaluated a novel prodrug of Nc (PDN; NCATS-SM4705) in improving in vivo exposure of Nc and predicted pharmacokinetic profiles of PDN and Nc across different species. ADME properties of the prodrug were determined in humans, hamsters, and mice, while the pharmacokinetics (PK) of PDN were obtained in mice and hamsters. Concentrations of PDN and Nc in plasma and tissue homogenates were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution data in mice, validated by the PK profiles in hamsters and applied to predict pharmacokinetic profiles in humans. Results: Following intravenous and oral administration of PDN in mice, the total plasma clearance (CLp) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) were 0.061-0.063 L/h and 0.28-0.31 L, respectively. PDN was converted to Nc in both liver and blood, improving the systemic exposure of Nc in mice and hamsters after oral administration. The PBPK model developed for PDN and in vivo formed Nc could adequately simulate plasma and tissue concentration-time profiles in mice and plasma profiles in hamsters. The predicted human CLp/F and Vdss/F after an oral dose were 2.1 L/h/kg and 15 L/kg for the prodrug respectively. The predicted Nc concentrations in human plasma and lung suggest that a TID dose of 300 mg PDN would provide Nc lung concentrations at 8- to 60-fold higher than in vitro IC50 against SARS-CoV-2 reported in cell assays. Conclusion: In conclusion, the novel prodrug PDN can be efficiently converted to Nc in vivo and improves the systemic exposure of Nc in mice after oral administration. The developed PBPK model adequately depicts the mouse and hamster pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles and highlights its potential application in the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles.
Collapse
|
12
|
The challenge of repurposing niclosamide: Considering pharmacokinetic parameters, routes of administration, and drug metabolism. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
13
|
Lei S, Chen X, Wu J, Duan X, Men K. Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:387. [PMID: 36464706 PMCID: PMC9719906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding of the structure, function, and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and Mpro, interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases, and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways, are regarded feasible in drug development. The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies, including computer-aided lead compound design and screening, natural product discovery, drug repurposing, and combination therapy. Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries. And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19. This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism of action, chemical structures, and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Jieping Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Ke Men
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ke WR, Chang RYK, Chan HK. Engineering the right formulation for enhanced drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114561. [PMID: 36191861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) can be used with a wide range of drugs such as small molecules and biologics and offer several advantages for inhaled therapy. Early DPI products were intended to treat asthma and lung chronic inflammatory disease by administering low-dose, high-potency drugs blended with lactose carrier particles. The use of lactose blends is still the most common approach to aid powder flowability and dose metering in DPI products. However, this conventional approach may not meet the high demand for formulation physical stability, aerosolisation performance, and bioavailability. To overcome these issues, innovative techniques coupled with modification of the traditional methods have been explored to engineer particles for enhanced drug delivery. Different particle engineering techniques have been utilised depending on the types of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (e.g., small molecules, peptides, proteins, cells) and the inhaled dose. This review discusses the challenges of formulating DPI formulations of low-dose and high-dose small molecule drugs, and biologics, followed by recent and emerging particle engineering strategies utilised in developing the right inhalable powder formulations for enhanced drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ren Ke
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Praphawatvet T, Cui Z, Williams RO. Pharmaceutical dry powders of small molecules prepared by thin-film freezing and their applications – A focus on the physical and aerosol properties of the powders. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Pardeshi SR, Kole EB, Kapare HS, Chandankar SM, Shinde PJ, Boisa GS, Salgaonkar SS, Giram PS, More MP, Kolimi P, Nyavanandi D, Dyawanapelly S, Junnuthula V. Progress on Thin Film Freezing Technology for Dry Powder Inhalation Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122632. [PMID: 36559129 PMCID: PMC9784462 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface drying process is an important technology in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and food industries. The final stage of formulation development (i.e., the drying process) faces several challenges, and overall mastering depends on the end step. The advent of new emerging technologies paved the way for commercialization. Thin film freezing (TFF) is a new emerging freeze-drying technique available for various treatment modalities in drug delivery. TFF has now been used for the commercialization of pharmaceuticals, food, and biopharmaceutical products. The present review highlights the fundamentals of TFF along with modulated techniques used for drying pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, we have covered various therapeutic applications of TFF technology in the development of nanoformulations, dry powder for inhalations and vaccines. TFF holds promise in delivering therapeutics for lung diseases such as fungal infection, bacterial infection, lung dysfunction, and pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar R. Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India
| | - Eknath B. Kole
- University Institute of Chemical Technology, KBC North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Harshad S. Kapare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, India
| | - Sachin M. Chandankar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, India
| | - Prashant J. Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India
| | - Ganesh S. Boisa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India
| | - Sanjana S. Salgaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, India
| | - Prabhanjan S. Giram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Mahesh P. More
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Buldhana 443101, India
- Correspondence: (M.P.M.); (S.D.); (V.J.)
| | - Praveen Kolimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Dinesh Nyavanandi
- Product Development, Continuus Pharmaceuticals, 25 Olympia Ave, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | - Sathish Dyawanapelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, NP Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
- Correspondence: (M.P.M.); (S.D.); (V.J.)
| | - Vijayabhaskarreddy Junnuthula
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.P.M.); (S.D.); (V.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saha T, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Das SC. Inhaled therapy for COVID-19: Considerations of drugs, formulations and devices. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122042. [PMID: 35868481 PMCID: PMC9296254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has outspread at full tilt across the world. Although several effective vaccines continue to be deployed, reliable antiviral treatments have yet to be developed against this disease. Currently, available therapeutics for COVID-19 include repurposed, and a few novel drugs. Many drugs have been promising in preclinical studies, but a majority of these drugs have shown little or no efficacy in clinical studies. One of the major reasons is the insufficient drug concentration in the lung, the primary target site of infection for SARS-CoV-2, from the administration of drugs through oral or intravenous routes. Higher effective doses administered through these routes could also lead to adverse side effects. For this reason, inhaled treatments are being tested as an efficient approach for COVID-19, allowing lower doses of drugs ensuring higher concentrations of the drug(s) in the lung. The inhaled treatment combining two or more antiviral drugs will increase potency and reduce the possibility of selecting for SARS-CoV-2 variants with reduced drug susceptibility. Finally, the appropriate drug combination needs to be delivered using a suitable system. Here, we review the current treatment for COVID-19 and their limitations, discussing the advantages of mono and combinational inhaled therapy with a brief outline of the recently reformulated anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents as inhaled formulations. The selection of appropriate delivery devices for inhalation and associated key considerations including the formulation challenges are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Saha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vazquez-Rodriguez JA, Shaqour B, Guarch-Pérez C, Choińska E, Riool M, Verleije B, Beyers K, Costantini VJA, Święszkowski W, Zaat SAJ, Cos P, Felici A, Ferrari L. A Niclosamide-releasing hot-melt extruded catheter prevents Staphylococcus aureus experimental biomaterial-associated infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12329. [PMID: 35854044 PMCID: PMC9296466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial-associated infections are a major healthcare challenge as they are responsible for high disease burden in critically ill patients. In this study, we have developed drug-eluting antibacterial catheters to prevent catheter-related infections. Niclosamide (NIC), originally an antiparasitic drug, was incorporated into the polymeric matrix of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) via solvent casting, and catheters were fabricated using hot-melt extrusion technology. The mechanical and physicochemical properties of TPU polymers loaded with NIC were studied. NIC was released in a sustained manner from the catheters and exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Moreover, the antibacterial efficacy of NIC-loaded catheters was validated in an in vivo biomaterial-associated infection model using a methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strain of S. aureus. The released NIC from the produced catheters reduced bacterial colonization of the catheter as well as of the surrounding tissue. In summary, the NIC-releasing hot-melt extruded catheters prevented implant colonization and reduced the bacterial colonization of peri-catheter tissue by methicillin sensitive as well as resistant S. aureus in a biomaterial-associated infection mouse model and has good prospects for preclinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Augusto Vazquez-Rodriguez
- Discovery Microbiology, Aptuit S.R.L., an Evotec Company, via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Bahaa Shaqour
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Clara Guarch-Pérez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Choińska
- Faculty of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martijn Riool
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Verleije
- Voxdale BV, Bijkhoevelaan 32C, 2110, Wijnegem, Belgium
| | - Koen Beyers
- Voxdale BV, Bijkhoevelaan 32C, 2110, Wijnegem, Belgium
| | - Vivian J A Costantini
- Discovery Microbiology, Aptuit S.R.L., an Evotec Company, via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian A J Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 S.7, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Antonio Felici
- Discovery Microbiology, Aptuit S.R.L., an Evotec Company, via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy
| | - Livia Ferrari
- Discovery Microbiology, Aptuit S.R.L., an Evotec Company, via A. Fleming 4, 37135, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dao HM, Sahakijpijarn S, Chrostowski RR, Moon C, Mangolini F, Cui Z, Williams RO. Aggregation of Lactoferrin Caused by Droplet Atomization Process via a Two-Fluid Nozzle: The Detrimental Effect of Air-Water Interfaces. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2662-2675. [PMID: 35639017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules, especially therapeutic proteins, are delicate and highly sensitive to denaturation from stresses encountered during the manufacture of dosage forms. Thin-film freeze-drying (TFFD) and spray freeze-drying (SFD) are two processes used to convert liquid forms of protein into dry powders. In the production of inhalable dry powders that contain proteins, these potential stressors fall into three categories based on their occurrence during the primary steps of the process: (1) droplet formation (e.g., the mechanism of droplet formation, including spray atomization), (2) freezing, and (3) frozen water removal (e.g., sublimation). This study compares the droplet formation mechanism used in TFFD and SFD by investigating the effects of spraying on the stability of proteins, using lactoferrin as a model. This study considers various perspectives on the denaturation (e.g., conformation) of lactoferrin after subjecting the protein solution to the atomization process using a pneumatic two-fluid nozzle (employed in SFD) or a low-shear drop application through the nozzle. The surface activity of lactoferrin was examined to explore the interfacial adsorption tendency, diffusion, and denaturation process. Subsequently, this study also investigates the secondary and tertiary structure of lactoferrin and the quantification of monomers, oligomers, and, ultimately, aggregates. The spraying process affected the tertiary structure more negatively than the tightly woven secondary structure, resulting in the peak position corresponding to the tryptophan (Trp) residues red-shifting by 1.5 nm. This conformational change can either (a) be reversed at low concentrations via relaxation or (b) proceed to form irreversible aggregates at higher concentrations. Interestingly, when the sample was allowed to progress into micrometer-sized aggregates, such a dramatic change was not detected using methods such as size-exclusion chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering at 173°. A more complete understanding of the heterogeneous protein sample was achieved only through a combination of 173 and 13° backward and forward scattering, a combination of derived count rate measurements, and microflow imaging (MFI). After studying the impact of droplet formation mechanisms on aggregation tendency of lactoferrin, we further investigated two additional model proteins with different surface activity: bovine IgG (serving as a non surface-active negative reference), and β-galactosidase (another surface-active protein). The results corroborated the lactoferrin findings that spray-atomization-related stress-induced protein aggregation was much more pronounced for proteins that are surface active (lactoferrin and β-galactosidase), but it was minimal for non-surface-active protein (bovine IgG). Finally, compared to the low-shear dripping used in the TFFD process, lactoferrin underwent a relatively fast conformational change upon exposure to the high air-water interface of the two-fluid atomization nozzle used in the SFD process as compared to the low shear dripping used in the TFFD process. The interfacial-induced denaturation that occurred during spraying was governed primarily by the size of the atomized droplets, regardless of the duration of exposure to air. The percentage of denatured protein population and associated activity loss, in the case of β-galactosidase, was determined to range from 2 to 10% depending on the air-flow rate of the spraying process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy M Dao
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | | | - Robert R Chrostowski
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Chaeho Moon
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Filippo Mangolini
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Adhikari BR, Dummer J, Gordon KC, Das SC. An expert opinion on respiratory delivery of high dose powders for lung infections. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:795-813. [PMID: 35695722 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2089111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High dose powder inhalation is evolving as an important approach to to treat lung infections. It is important to its identify applications, consider the factors affecting high dose powder delivery, and assess the effect of high dose drugs in patients. AREA COVERED Both current and pipeline high dose inhalers and their applications have been summarized. Challenges and opportunities to high dose delivery have been highlighted after reviewing formulation techniques in the context of factors affecting aerosolization, devices, and patient factors. EXPERT OPINION High dose inhaled delivery of antimicrobials is an innovative way to increase treatment efficacy of respiratory infections, tackle drug resistance, and the scarcity of new antimicrobials. The high dose inhaled technology also has potential for systemic action; however, innovations in formulation strategies and devices are required to realize its full potential. Advances in formulation strategies include the use of excipients or the engineering of particles to decrease the cohesive property of microparticles and their packing density. Similarly, selection of a synergistic drug instead of an excipient can be considered to increase aerosolization and stability. Device development focused on improving dispersion and loading capacity is also important, and modification of existing devices for high dose delivery can also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Dummer
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Needham D. The pH Dependence of Niclosamide Solubility, Dissolution, and Morphology: Motivation for Potentially Universal Mucin-Penetrating Nasal and Throat Sprays for COVID19, its Variants and other Viral Infections. Pharm Res 2021; 39:115-141. [PMID: 34962625 PMCID: PMC8713544 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Motivation With the coronavirus pandemic still raging, prophylactic-nasal and early-treatment throat-sprays could help prevent infection and reduce viral load. Niclosamide has the potential to treat a broad-range of viral infections if local bioavailability is optimized as mucin-penetrating solutions that can reach the underlying epithelial cells. Experimental pH-dependence of supernatant concentrations and dissolution rates of niclosamide were measured in buffered solutions by UV/Vis-spectroscopy for niclosamide from different suppliers (AK Sci and Sigma), as precipitated material, and as cosolvates. Data was compared to predictions from Henderson-Hasselbalch and precipitation-pH models. Optical-microscopy was used to observe the morphologies of original, converted and precipitated niclosamide. Results Niclosamide from the two suppliers had different polymorphs resulting in different dissolution behavior. Supernatant concentrations of the “AKSci-polymorph” increased with increasing pH, from 2.53μM at pH 3.66 to 300μM at pH 9.2, reaching 703μM at pH 9.63. However, the “Sigma-polymorph” equilibrated to much lower final supernatant concentrations, reflective of more stable polymorphs at each pH. Similarly, when precipitated from supersaturated solution, or as cosolvates, niclosamide also equilibrated to lower final supernatant concentrations. Polymorph equilibration though was avoided by using a solvent-exchange technique to make the solutions. Conclusions Given niclosamide’s activity as a host cell modulator, optimized niclosamide solutions could represent universal prophylactic nasal and early treatment throat sprays against COVID19, its more contagious variants, and other respiratory viral infections. They are the simplest and potentially most effective formulations from both an efficacy standpoint as well as manufacturing and distribution, (no cold chain). They now just need testing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-021-03112-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Needham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA. .,Professor of Translational Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eedara BB, Alabsi W, Encinas-Basurto D, Polt R, Ledford JG, Mansour HM. Inhalation Delivery for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1077. [PMID: 34371768 PMCID: PMC8308954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has produced a global pandemic. As of 22 June 2021, 178 million people have been affected worldwide, and 3.87 million people have died from COVID-19. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Since the location of initial infection and disease progression is primarily through the lungs, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs may be the most appropriate route of administration for treating COVID-19. This review article aims to present possible inhalation therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. This review covers the comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV/MERS, inhalation therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms, and vaccines for preventing infection, as well as the current clinical status of inhaled therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basanth Babu Eedara
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Wafaa Alabsi
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Julie G. Ledford
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|