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Dong W, Jiang H, He L, Pan B, Lin L, Song Y, Yang Q. Protein profile of ear auricle cartilage and the important role of ITGB1/PTK2 in microtia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 137:110235. [PMID: 32896350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtia is a congenital malformation of the external ear that involves anything from a small reduction in size to a complete absence. The external ear is composed of elastic cartilage which is also the important skeleton of the outer ear. However no previous study explored the difference between abnormal elastic cartilage and normal cartilage in the molecular level. METHODS Microtia cartilage and normal cartilage tissue samples from patients subjected to autologous costal cartilage reconstruction were obtained in surgery. Total proteins were extracted and purified, and then proteomic analyzed via LC-MS/MS using DDA/DIA data collection methods. Proteins were also isolated with lysis beads and then analyzed via antibody chip. Differentially expressed proteins were identified in both experiments and further analyzed with functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis. Valuable regulatory gene expression level was verified by RT-PCR. RESULTS A total of 4178 protein types were identified in the DDA experiment. A total of 2154 proteins were quantified, 172 of which were significantly upregulated and 82 downregulated in the microtia group (P < 0.05). Antibody chip detection allowed identification of 584 protein phosphorylation sites with 102 upregulation sites and 9 downregulation sites (P < 0.05). Differentially altered proteins were annotated to 143 KEGG pathways, while differentiated phosphate site-associated genes were annotated into 21 KEGG pathways. Two intersecting pathways, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the focal adhesion pathway, may paly important role on ear auricle cartilage development. One item is significant in both differential protein expression and phosphorylation. Integrin beta-1, that is downregulated in protein quantification of the microtia group. The mean ITGB1 mRNA level of the microtia patient group was significantly lower than in the healthy control group (P = 0.0007 < 0.05). And the gene expression of downstream gene PTK2 was also decreased. (P = 0.0288 < 0.05). CONCLUSION The research locates the key protein Integrin Beta-1, and verified it at the mRNA level. The increasing level of ITGB1 and decreasing of PTK2 may play an important role in congenital ear deformity. This research will inspire more otolaryngologists and orthopedics doctors to pay attention to the etiology and mechanism of microtia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dong
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Leren He
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Yupeng Song
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, China.
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Vainieri M, Wahl D, Alini M, van Osch G, Grad S. Mechanically stimulated osteochondral organ culture for evaluation of biomaterials in cartilage repair studies. Acta Biomater 2018; 81:256-266. [PMID: 30273741 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Surgical procedures such as microfracture or autologous chondrocyte implantation have been used to treat articular cartilage lesions; however, repair often fails in terms of matrix organization and mechanical behaviour. Advanced biomaterials and tissue engineered constructs have been developed to improve cartilage repair; nevertheless, their clinical translation has been hampered by the lack of reliable in vitro models suitable for pre-clinical screening of new implants and compounds. In this study, an osteochondral defect model in a bioreactor that mimics the multi-axial motion of an articulating joint, was developed. Osteochondral explants were obtained from bovine stifle joints, and cartilage defects of 4 mm diameter were created. The explants were used as an interface against a ceramic ball applying dynamic compressive and shear loading. Osteochondral defects were filled with chondrocytes-seeded fibrin-polyurethane constructs and subjected to mechanical stimulation. Cartilage viability, proteoglycan accumulation and gene expression of seeded chondrocytes were compared to free swelling controls. Cells within both cartilage and bone remained viable throughout the 10-day culture period. Loading did not wear the cartilage, as indicated by histological evaluation and glycosaminoglycan release. The gene expression of seeded chondrocytes indicated a chondrogenic response to the mechanical stimulation. Proteoglycan 4 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein were markedly increased, while mRNA ratios of collagen type II to type I and aggrecan to versican were also enhanced. This mechanically stimulated osteochondral defect culture model provides a viable microenvironment and will be a useful pre-clinical tool to screen new biomaterials and biological regenerative therapies under relevant complex mechanical stimuli. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Articular cartilage lesions have a poor healing capacity and reflect one of the most challenging problems in orthopedic clinical practice. The aim of current research is to develop a testing system to assess biomaterials for implants, that can permanently replace damaged cartilage with the original hyaline structure and can withstand the mechanical forces long term. Here, we present an osteochondral ex vivo culture model within a cartilage bioreactor, which mimics the complex motion of an articulating joint in vivo. The implementation of mechanical forces is essential for pre-clinical testing of novel technologies in the field of cartilage repair, biomaterial engineering and regenerative medicine. Our model provides a unique opportunity to investigate healing of articular cartilage defects in a physiological joint-like environment.
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Melgarejo-Ramírez Y, Sánchez-Sánchez R, García-López J, Brena-Molina AM, Gutiérrez-Gómez C, Ibarra C, Velasquillo C. Characterization of pediatric microtia cartilage: a reservoir of chondrocytes for auricular reconstruction using tissue engineering strategies. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:481-9. [PMID: 27566509 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The external ear is composed of elastic cartilage. Microtia is a congenital malformation of the external ear that involves a small reduction in size or a complete absence. The aim of tissue engineering is to regenerate tissues and organs clinically implantable based on the utilization of cells and biomaterials. Remnants from microtia represent a source of cells for auricular reconstruction using tissue engineering. To examine the macromolecular architecture of microtia cartilage and behavior of chondrocytes, in order to enrich the knowledge of this type of cartilage as a cell reservoir. Auricular cartilage remnants were obtained from pediatric patients with microtia undergoing reconstructive procedures. Extracellular matrix composition was characterized using immunofluorescence and histological staining methods. Chondrocytes were isolated and expanded in vitro using a mechanical-enzymatic protocol. Chondrocyte phenotype was analyzed using qualitative PCR. Microtia cartilage preserves structural organization similar to healthy elastic cartilage. Extracellular matrix is composed of typical cartilage proteins such as type II collagen, elastin and proteoglycans. Chondrocytes displayed morphological features similar to chondrocytes derived from healthy cartilage, expressing SOX9, COL2 and ELN, thus preserving chondral phenotype. Cell viability was 94.6 % during in vitro expansion. Elastic cartilage from microtia has similar characteristics, both architectural and biochemical to healthy cartilage. We confirmed the suitability of microtia remnant as a reservoir of chondrocytes with potential to be expanded in vitro, maintaining phenotypical features and viability. Microtia remnants are an accessible source of autologous cells for auricular reconstruction using tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Melgarejo-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J García-López
- Unidad de Ingeniería de tejidos, terapia celular y medicina regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, D.F., Mexico
| | - A M Brena-Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Gutiérrez-Gómez
- División de cirugía plástica y reconstructiva, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Calz. De Tlalpan No. 4800 Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Ibarra
- Unidad de Ingeniería de tejidos, terapia celular y medicina regenerativa, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, D.F., Mexico
| | - C Velasquillo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados (CENIAQ), Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Calzada México-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, C.P. 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Jessop ZM, Javed M, Otto IA, Combellack EJ, Morgan S, Breugem CC, Archer CW, Khan IM, Lineaweaver WC, Kon M, Malda J, Whitaker IS. Combining regenerative medicine strategies to provide durable reconstructive options: auricular cartilage tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 26822227 PMCID: PMC4730656 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in regenerative medicine place us in a unique position to improve the quality of engineered tissue. We use auricular cartilage as an exemplar to illustrate how the use of tissue-specific adult stem cells, assembly through additive manufacturing and improved understanding of postnatal tissue maturation will allow us to more accurately replicate native tissue anisotropy. This review highlights the limitations of autologous auricular reconstruction, including donor site morbidity, technical considerations and long-term complications. Current tissue-engineered auricular constructs implanted into immune-competent animal models have been observed to undergo inflammation, fibrosis, foreign body reaction, calcification and degradation. Combining biomimetic regenerative medicine strategies will allow us to improve tissue-engineered auricular cartilage with respect to biochemical composition and functionality, as well as microstructural organization and overall shape. Creating functional and durable tissue has the potential to shift the paradigm in reconstructive surgery by obviating the need for donor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Muhammad Javed
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Iris A Otto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emman J Combellack
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Siân Morgan
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Corstiaan C Breugem
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Charles W Archer
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
| | - Ilyas M Khan
- KhanLab, Swansea University, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
| | - William C Lineaweaver
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA.
| | - Moshe Kon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Domplein 29, 3512 JE, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
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Yan S, Zhang X, Zhang K, Di H, Feng L, Li G, Fang J, Cui L, Chen X, Yin J. Injectable in situ forming poly(l-glutamic acid) hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:947-961. [PMID: 32263168 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Injectable, in situ forming hydrogels have exhibited many advantages in regenerative medicine. Herein, we present the novel design of poly(l-glutamic acid) injectable hydrogels via the self-crosslinking of adipic dihydrazide (ADH)-modified poly(l-glutamic acid) (PLGA-ADH) and aldehyde-modified poly(l-glutamic acid) (PLGA-CHO), and investigate their potential in cartilage tissue engineering. Both the hydrazide modification degree of PLGA-ADH and oxidation degree of PLGA-CHO can be adjusted by the amount of activators and sodium periodate, respectively. Experiments reveal that the solid content of the hydrogels, -NH2/-CHO molar ratio, and oxidation degree of PLGA-CHO have a great effect on the gelation time, equilibrium swelling, mechanical properties, microscopic morphology, and in vitro degradation of the hydrogels. Encapsulation of rabbit chondrocytes within the hydrogels showed viability of the entrapped cells and cytocompatibility of the injectable hydrogels. A preliminary study exhibits injectability and rapid in vivo gel formation, as well as mechanical stability, cell ingrowth, and ectopic cartilage formation. These results suggest that the PLGA hydrogel has potential as an injectable cell delivery carrier for cartilage regeneration and could serve as a new biomaterial for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Yan
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China.
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Mighri N, Mao J, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rouabhia M. Chitosan-Coated Collagen Membranes Promote Chondrocyte Adhesion, Growth, and Interleukin-6 Secretion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:7673-7689. [PMID: 28793669 PMCID: PMC5458886 DOI: 10.3390/ma8115413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Designing scaffolds made from natural polymers may be highly attractive for tissue engineering strategies. We sought to produce and characterize chitosan-coated collagen membranes and to assess their efficacy in promoting chondrocyte adhesion, growth, and cytokine secretion. Porous collagen membranes were placed in chitosan solutions then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses showed elevated absorption at 1655 cm-1 of the carbon-nitrogen (N=C) bonds formed by the reaction between the (NH₂) of the chitosan and the (C=O) of the glutaraldehyde. A significant peak in the amide II region revealed a significant deacetylation of the chitosan. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the chitosan-coated membranes exhibited surface variations, with pore size ranging from 20 to 50 µm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed a decreased C-C groups and an increased C-N/C-O groups due to the reaction between the carbon from the collagen and the NH2 from the chitosan. Increased rigidity of these membranes was also observed when comparing the chitosan-coated and uncoated membranes at dried conditions. However, under wet conditions, the chitosan coated collagen membranes showed lower rigidity as compared to dried conditions. Of great interest, the glutaraldehyde-crosslinked chitosan-coated collagen membranes promoted chondrocyte adhesion, growth, and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. Overall results confirm the feasibility of using designed chitosan-coated collagen membranes in future applications, such as cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Mighri
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Jifu Mao
- Axe Médecine régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada.
| | - Frej Mighri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Abdallah Ajji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Ishak MFB, See GB, Hui CK, Abdullah AB, Saim LB, Saim AB, Idrus RBH. The formation of human auricular cartilage from microtic tissue: An in vivo study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:1634-9. [PMID: 26250439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to isolate, culture-expand and characterize the chondrocytes isolated from microtic cartilage and evaluate its potential as a cell source for ear cartilage reconstruction. Specific attention was to construct the auricular cartilage tissue by using fibrin as scaffold. STUDY DESIGN Cell culture experiment with the use of microtic chondrocytes. DESIGN Cell culture experiment with the use of microtic chondrocytes. METHODS After ear reconstructive surgery at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, chondrocytes were isolated from microtic cartilage. Chondrocytes isolated from the tissue were cultured expanded until passage 4 (P4). Upon confluency at P4, chondrocytes were harvested and tissue engineered constructs were made with human plasma polymerized to fibrin. Constructs formed later is implanted at the dorsal part of nude mice for 8 weeks, followed by post-implantation evaluation with histology staining (Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Safranin O), immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for chondrogenic associated genes expression level. RESULTS Under gross assessment, the construct after 8 weeks of implantation showed similar physical characteristics that of cartilage. Histological staining showed abundant lacunae cells embedded in extracellular matrix similar to that of native cartilage. Safranin O staining showed positive staining which indicates the presence of proteoglycan-rich matrix. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed the strong positive staining for collagen type II, the specific collagen type in the cartilage. Gene expression quantification showed no significant differences in the expression of chondrogenic gene used which is collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan core protein (ACP), elastin and sox9 genes when compared to construct formed from normal auricular tissue. CONCLUSION Chondrocytes isolated from microtia cartilage has the potential to be used as an alternative cell source for external ear reconstruction in future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fikeri bin Ishak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Goh Bee See
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Chua Kien Hui
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asma bt Abdullah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lokman bin Saim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin bin Saim
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ear, Nose and Throat Consultant Clinic, Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah bt Haji Idrus
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Yan S, Wang T, Feng L, Zhu J, Zhang K, Chen X, Cui L, Yin J. Injectable in situ self-cross-linking hydrogels based on poly(L-glutamic acid) and alginate for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4495-508. [PMID: 25279766 DOI: 10.1021/bm501313t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels as an important biomaterial class have been widely used in regenerative medicine. A series of injectable poly(l-glutamic acid)/alginate (PLGA/ALG) hydrogels were fabricated by self-cross-linking of hydrazide-modified poly(l-glutamic acid) (PLGA-ADH) and aldehyde-modified alginate (ALG-CHO). Both the degree of PLGA modification and the oxidation degree of ALG-CHO could be adjusted by the amount of activators and sodium periodate, respectively. The effect of the solid content of the hydrogels and oxidation degree of ALG-CHO on the gelation time, equilibrium swelling, mechanical properties, microscopic morphology, and in vitro degradation of the hydrogels was examined. Encapsulation of rabbit chondrocytes within hydrogels showed viability of the entrapped cells and good biocompatibility of the injectable hydrogels. A preliminary study exhibited injectability and rapid in vivo gel formation, as well as mechanical stability, cell ingrowth, and ectopic cartilage formation. The injectable PLGA/ALG hydrogels demonstrated attractive properties for future application in a variety of pharmaceutical delivery and tissue engineering, especially in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Yan
- Department of Polymer Materials, Shanghai University , 333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
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Giardini-Rosa R, Joazeiro PP, Thomas K, Collavino K, Weber J, Waldman SD. Development of scaffold-free elastic cartilaginous constructs with structural similarities to auricular cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1012-26. [PMID: 24124666 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
External ear reconstruction with autologous cartilage still remains one of the most difficult problems in the fields of plastic and reconstructive surgery. As the absence of tissue vascularization limits the ability to stimulate new tissue growth, relatively few surgical approaches are currently available (alloplastic implants or sculpted autologous cartilage grafts) to repair or reconstruct the auricle (or pinna) as a result of traumatic loss or congenital absence (e.g., microtia). Alternatively, tissue engineering can offer the potential to grow autogenous cartilage suitable for implantation. While tissue-engineered auricle cartilage constructs can be created, a substantial number of cells are required to generate sufficient quantities of tissue for reconstruction. Similarly, as routine cell expansion can elicit negative effects on chondrocyte function, we have developed an approach to generate large-sized engineered auricle constructs (≥3 cm(2)) directly from a small population of donor cells (20,000-40,000 cells/construct). Using rabbit donor cells, the developed bioreactor-cultivated constructs adopted structural-like characteristics similar to native auricular cartilage, including the development of distinct cartilaginous and perichondrium-like regions. Both alterations in media composition and seeding density had profound effects on the formation of engineered elastic tissue constructs in terms of cellularity, extracellular matrix accumulation, and tissue structure. Higher seeding densities and media containing sodium bicarbonate produced tissue constructs that were closer to the native tissue in terms of structure and composition. Future studies will be aimed at improving the accumulation of specific tissue constituents and determining the clinical effectiveness of this approach using a reconstructive animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Giardini-Rosa
- 1 Human Mobility Research Centre, Kingston General Hospital and Queen's University , Kingston, Canada
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Leijten JC, Georgi N, Wu L, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Cell Sources for Articular Cartilage Repair Strategies: Shifting from Monocultures to Cocultures. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:31-40. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen C.H. Leijten
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Georgi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Wu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Hamid AA, Idrus RBH, Saim AB, Sathappan S, Chua KH. Characterization of human adipose-derived stem cells and expression of chondrogenic genes during induction of cartilage differentiation. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:99-106. [PMID: 22358233 PMCID: PMC3275119 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(02)03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the changes in chondrogenic gene expression that are involved in the differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells to chondrogenic cells is important prior to using this approach for cartilage repair. The aims of the study were to characterize human adipose-derived stem cells and to examine chondrogenic gene expression after one, two, and three weeks of induction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human adipose-derived stem cells at passage 4 were evaluated by flow cytometry to examine the expression of surface markers. These adipose-derived stem cells were tested for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity. Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the cells for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis to determine the expression levels of chondrogenic genes after chondrogenic induction. RESULTS Human adipose-derived stem cells were strongly positive for the mesenchymal markers CD90, CD73, CD44, CD9, and histocompatibility antigen and successfully differentiated into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. The human adipose-derived stem cells aggregated and formed a dense matrix after chondrogenic induction. The expression of chondrogenic genes (collagen type II, aggrecan core protein, collagen type XI, COMP, and ELASTIN) was significantly higher after the first week of induction. However, a significantly elevated expression of collagen type X was observed after three weeks of chondrogenic induction. CONCLUSION Human adipose-derived stem cells retain stem cell characteristics after expansion in culture to passage 4 and serve as a feasible source of cells for cartilage regeneration. Chondrogenesis in human adipose-derived stem cells was most prominent after one week of chondrogenic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila A Hamid
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ishak MF, Chua KH, Asma A, Saim L, Aminuddin BS, Ruszymah BHI, Goh BS. Stem cell genes are poorly expressed in chondrocytes from microtic cartilage. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:835-40. [PMID: 21543123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to see the difference between chondrocytes from normal cartilage compared to chondrocytes from microtic cartilage. Specific attentions were to characterize the growth of chondrocytes in terms of cell morphology, growth profile and RT-PCR analysis. STUDY DESIGN Laboratory experiment using auricular chondrocytes. METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from normal and microtic human auricular cartilage after ear reconstructive surgeries carried out at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. Chondrocytes were cultured in vitro and subcultured until passage 4. Upon confluency, cultured chondrocytes at each passage (P1, P2, P3 and P4) were harvested and subjected to growth profile and gene expression analyses. Comparison was made between the microtic and normal chondrocytes. RESULTS For growth profile analysis cell viability did not show significant differences between both samples. There are no significance differences between both samples in terms of its growth rate, except in passage 1 where microtic chondrocytes were significant lower in their growth rate. Population doubling time and total number of cell doubling of all samples also did not show any significant differences. Gene expression is measured using Real Time-Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). There is no significant differences in the expression of collagen type I, collagen type II, collagen type X, aggrecan core protein, elastin and sox9 genes in both samples. There are significant lower in the expression of sox2, nestin, BST-1 and OCT-4 gene in microtic chondrocytes compared to the normal chondrocytes. Stem cells markers are included in this study as stemness in cells may imply a greater proliferative potential and plasticity in vitro. CONCLUSION Chondrocytes from microtic samples have the same properties as chondrocytes from normal samples and hold promises to be used as a starting material in the reconstruction of the external ear in future clinical application. The reduction in sox2, nestin, BST-1 and OCT-4 gene expression in microtic samples could be the possible cause of the arrested development of the external ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ishak
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Munirah S, Samsudin OC, Aminuddin BS, Ruszymah BHI. Expansion of human articular chondrocytes and formation of tissue-engineered cartilage: a step towards exploring a potential use of matrix-induced cell therapy. Tissue Cell 2011; 42:282-92. [PMID: 20810142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monolayer culture expansion remains as a fundamental step to acquire sufficient number of cells for 3D constructs formation. It has been well-documented that cell expansion is however accompanied by cellular dedifferentiation. In order to promote cell growth and circumvent cellular dedifferentiation, we evaluated the effects of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-2 (TGF-β2), Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) combination on articular chondrocytes culture and 'chondrocytes-fibrin' construct formation. Chondrocytes were serially cultured in: (1) F12:DMEM+10% Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS) with growth factors (FD10GFs), (2) F12:DMEM+2%FBS with the growth factors (FD2GFs) and, (3) F12:DMEM+10%FBS without growth factors (FD) as control. Cultured chondrocytes were evaluated by means of growth kinetics parameters, cell cycle analysis, quantitative phenotypic expression of collagen type II, aggrecan core protein sox-9 and collagen type I and, immunochemistry technique. Harvested chondrocytes were incorporated with plasma-derived fibrin and were polymerized to form the 3D constructs and implanted subcutaneously at the dorsum of athymic nude mice for eight (8) weeks. Resulted constructs were assigned for gross inspections and microscopic evaluation using standard histochemicals staining, immunochemistry technique and, quantitative phenotypic expression of cartilage markers to reassure cartilaginous tissue formation. Growth kinetics performance of chondrocytes cultured in three (3) types of culture media from the most to least was in the following order: FD10GFs>FD2GFs>FD. Following growth kinetics analysis, we decided to use FD10GFs and FD (control) for further evaluation and 'chondrocytes-fibrin' constructs formation. Chondrocytes cultured in FD10GFs preserved the normal diploid state (2c) with no evidence of aneuploidy, haploidy or tetraploidy. Expression of cartilage-specific markers namely collagen type II, aggrecan core protein and sox-9 were significantly higher in FD10GFs when compared to control. After implantation, 'chondrocytes-fibrin' constructs exhibited firm, white, smooth and glistening cartilage-like properties. FD10GFs constructs formed better quality cartilage-like tissue than FD constructs in term of overall cartilaginous tissue formation, cells organization and extracellular matrix distribution in the specimens. Cartilaginous tissue formation was confirmed by the presence of lacunae and cartilage-isolated cells embedded within basophilic ground substance. Presence of proteoglycan was confirmed by positive Safranin O staining. Collagen type II exhibited immunopositivity at the pericellular and inter-territorial matrix area. Chondrogenic properties of the construct were further confirmed by the expression of genes encoding collagen type II, aggrecan core protein and sox9. In conclusion, FD10GFs promotes the proliferation of chondrocytes and formation of good quality 'chondrocytes-fibrin' constructs which may have potential use of matrix-induced cell implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Munirah
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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An update on auricular reconstruction: three major auricular malformations of microtia, prominent ear and cryptotia. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 18:544-9. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32833fecb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yonenaga K, Nishizawa S, Fujihara Y, Asawa Y, Sanshiro K, Nagata S, Takato T, Hoshi K. The Optimal Conditions of Chondrocyte Isolation and Its Seeding in the Preparation for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1461-9. [PMID: 20412008 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumichi Yonenaga
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sensory and Motor System, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishizawa
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujihara
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Asawa
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanazawa Sanshiro
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagata
- Nagata Microtia and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Clinic, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- Department of Sensory and Motor System, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hoshi
- Department of Cartilage and Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ahmed TAE, Dare EV, Hincke M. Fibrin: a versatile scaffold for tissue engineering applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:199-215. [PMID: 18544016 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2007.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering combines cell and molecular biology with materials and mechanical engineering to replace damaged or diseased organs and tissues. Fibrin is a critical blood component responsible for hemostasis, which has been used extensively as a biopolymer scaffold in tissue engineering. In this review we summarize the latest developments in organ and tissue regeneration using fibrin as the scaffold material. Commercially available fibrinogen and thrombin are combined to form a fibrin hydrogel. The incorporation of bioactive peptides and growth factors via a heparin-binding delivery system improves the functionality of fibrin as a scaffold. New technologies such as inkjet printing and magnetically influenced self-assembly can alter the geometry of the fibrin structure into appropriate and predictable forms. Fibrin can be prepared from autologous plasma, and is available as glue or as engineered microbeads. Fibrin alone or in combination with other materials has been used as a biological scaffold for stem or primary cells to regenerate adipose tissue, bone, cardiac tissue, cartilage, liver, nervous tissue, ocular tissue, skin, tendons, and ligaments. Thus, fibrin is a versatile biopolymer, which shows a great potential in tissue regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A E Ahmed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Tissue engineering in plastic surgery: an up-to-date review of the current literature. Ann Plast Surg 2009; 62:97-103. [PMID: 19131730 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e3181788ec9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. This field has enjoyed tremendous growth in the past 10 years fuelled by its potential role in regenerating new tissues and naturally healing injured or diseased organs. Stem cells due to their pluripotentiality and unlimited capacity for self-renewal, may allow significant advances for distinct reconstructive and cosmetic procedures. This review aims at outlining the principles of tissue engineering, focusing on the use of adult-derived stem cells as applied to the research and practice of plastic surgery. Review categories have been divided into tissue engineering of the skin and connective tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, and breast tissue. An analytical review of the current literature on stem cell technology on the above mentioned areas is presented. There have been reports of side effects and unsuccessful treatments. The key to the progress of tissue engineering is an understanding between basic scientists, biochemical engineers, clinicians, and industry. Although there has been an ongoing research pointing to the enormous potential of using stem cells in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery, at this stage, stem cell therapy is still a hope that has not been fully studied and approved. More long-term studies are needed and many questions remain to be answered.
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Kusuhara H, Isogai N, Enjo M, Otani H, Ikada Y, Jacquet R, Lowder E, Landis WJ. Tissue engineering a model for the human ear: assessment of size, shape, morphology, and gene expression following seeding of different chondrocytes. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:136-46. [PMID: 19152661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2008.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the tissue engineering of a human ear model through use of bovine chondrocytes isolated from four different cartilaginous sites (nasoseptal, articular, costal, and auricular) and seeded onto biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid) and poly(L-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) (50 : 50) polymer ear-shaped scaffolds. After implantation in athymic mice for up to 40 weeks, cell/scaffold constructs were harvested and analyzed in terms of size, shape, histology, and gene expression. Gross morphology revealed that all the tissue-engineered cartilages retained the initial human auricular shape through 40 weeks of implantation. Scaffolds alone lost significant size and shape over the same period. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the engineered chondrocyte/scaffolds yielded unique expression patterns for type II collagen, aggrecan, and bone sialoprotein mRNA. Histological analysis showed type II collagen and proteoglycan to be the predominant extracellular matrix components of the various constructs sampled at different implantation times. Elastin was also present but it was found only in constructs seeded with auricular chondrocytes. By 40 weeks of implantation, tissue-engineered cartilage of costal origin became calcified, marked by a notably high relative gene expression level of bone sialoprotein and the presence of rigid, nodular protrusions formed by mineralizing rudimentary cartilaginous growth plates. The collective data suggest that nasoseptal, articular, and auricular cartilages represent harvest sites suitable for development of tissue-engineered human ear models with retention over time of three-dimensional construct architecture, gene expression, and extracellular matrix composition comparable to normal, nonmineralizing cartilages. Calcification of constructs of costal chondrocyte origin clearly shows that chondrocytes from different tissue sources are not identical and retain distinct characteristics and that these specific cells are inappropriate for use in engineering a flexible ear model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Kusuhara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kinki University Medical School, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Sterodimas A, de Faria J, Correa WE, Pitanguy I. Tissue engineering and auricular reconstruction: a review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62:447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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