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Joshi SD, Ruffini G, Nuttall HE, Watson DG, Braithwaite JJ. Optimised Multi-Channel Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (MtDCS) Reveals Differential Involvement of the Right-Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (rVLPFC) and Insular Complex in those Predisposed to Aberrant Experiences. Conscious Cogn 2024; 117:103610. [PMID: 38056338 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown a prominent role for cortical hyperexcitability underlying aberrant perceptions, hallucinations, and distortions in human conscious experience - even in neurotypical groups. The rVLPFC has been identified as an important structure in mediating cognitive affective states / feeling conscious states. The current study examined the involvement of the rVLPFC in mediating cognitive affective states in those predisposed to aberrant experiences in the neurotypical population. Participants completed two trait-based measures: (i) the Cortical Hyperexcitability Index_II (CHi_II, a proxy measure of cortical hyperexcitability) and (ii) two factors from the Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale (CDS). An optimised 7-channel MtDCS montage for stimulation conditions (Anodal, Cathodal and Sham) was created targeting the rVLPFC in a single-blind study. At the end of each stimulation session, participants completed a body-threat task (BTAB) while skin conductance responses (SCRs) and psychological responses were recorded. Participants with signs of increasing cortical hyperexcitability showed significant suppression of SCRs in the Cathodal stimulation relative to the Anodal and sSham conditions. Those high on the trait-based measures of depersonalisation-like experiences failed to show reliable effects. Collectively, the findings suggest that baseline brain states can mediate the effects of neurostimulation which would be missed via sample level averaging and without appropriate measures for stratifying individual differences.
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Ettore E, Müller P, Hinze J, Benoit M, Giordana B, Postin D, Lecomte A, Lindsay H, Robert P, König A. Digital Phenotyping for Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Episode: Narrative Review. JMIR Ment Health 2023; 10:e37225. [PMID: 36689265 PMCID: PMC9903183 DOI: 10.2196/37225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive episode (MDE) is a common clinical syndrome. It can be found in different pathologies such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or even occur in the context of psychological trauma. However, only 1 syndrome is described in international classifications (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition [DSM-5]/International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision [ICD-11]), which do not take into account the underlying pathology at the origin of the MDE. Clinical interviews are currently the best source of information to obtain the etiological diagnosis of MDE. Nevertheless, it does not allow an early diagnosis and there are no objective measures of extracted clinical information. To remedy this, the use of digital tools and their correlation with clinical symptomatology could be useful. OBJECTIVE We aimed to review the current application of digital tools for MDE diagnosis while highlighting shortcomings for further research. In addition, our work was focused on digital devices easy to use during clinical interview and mental health issues where depression is common. METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the use of digital tools during clinical interviews for MDE by searching papers published in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases since February 2010. The search was conducted from June to September 2021. Potentially relevant papers were then compared against a checklist for relevance and reviewed independently for inclusion, with focus on 4 allocated topics of (1) automated voice analysis, behavior analysis by (2) video and physiological measures, (3) heart rate variability (HRV), and (4) electrodermal activity (EDA). For this purpose, we were interested in 4 frequently found clinical conditions in which MDE can occur: (1) MDD, (2) BD, (3) PTSD, and (4) psychological trauma. RESULTS A total of 74 relevant papers on the subject were qualitatively analyzed and the information was synthesized. Thus, a digital phenotype of MDE seems to emerge consisting of modifications in speech features (namely, temporal, prosodic, spectral, source, and formants) and in speech content, modifications in nonverbal behavior (head, hand, body and eyes movement, facial expressivity, and gaze), and a decrease in physiological measurements (HRV and EDA). We not only found similarities but also differences when MDE occurs in MDD, BD, PTSD, or psychological trauma. However, comparative studies were rare in BD or PTSD conditions, which does not allow us to identify clear and distinct digital phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our search identified markers from several modalities that hold promise for helping with a more objective diagnosis of MDE. To validate their potential, further longitudinal and prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ettore
- Department of Psychiatry and Memory Clinic, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Philipp Müller
- Research Department Cognitive Assistants, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jonas Hinze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Hombourg, Germany
| | - Michel Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, Hopital Pasteur, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Bruno Giordana
- Department of Psychiatry, Hopital Pasteur, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Danilo Postin
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany
| | - Amandine Lecomte
- Research Department Sémagramme Team, Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, Nancy, France
| | - Hali Lindsay
- Research Department Cognitive Assistants, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philippe Robert
- Research Department, Cognition-Behaviour-Technology Lab, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Alexandra König
- Research Department Stars Team, Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne, France
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Giesen CG, Eder AB. Emotional arousal does not modulate stimulus-response binding and retrieval effects. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:1509-1521. [PMID: 36181455 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2130180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation-by-binding account and the arousal-biased competition model suggest that emotional arousal increases binding effects for transient links between stimuli and responses. Two highly-powered, pre-registered experiments tested whether transient stimulus-response bindings are stronger for high versus low arousing stimuli. Emotional words were presented in a sequential prime-probe design in which stimulus relation, response relation, and stimulus arousal were orthogonally manipulated. In Experiment 1 (N = 101), words with high and low arousal levels were presented individually in prime and probe displays. In Experiment 2 (N = 170), a high arousing affective word was presented simultaneously with a neutral word during the prime display; in the subsequent probe display, either the arousing or the neutral word repeated or a different high versus low arousal word was shown. Data from both experiments did not demonstrate a modulation of SRBR effects by stimulus arousal and SRBR effects were of equal magnitude for word stimuli of high and low arousal levels. These null results are not in line with binding accounts that hypothesise a modulatory influence of emotional arousal on perception-action binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina G Giesen
- Department of Psychology, General Psychology II, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas B Eder
- Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Ruggiero G, Rapuano M, Cartaud A, Coello Y, Iachini T. Defensive functions provoke similar psychophysiological reactions in reaching and comfort spaces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5170. [PMID: 33664292 PMCID: PMC7933359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The space around the body crucially serves a variety of functions, first and foremost, preserving one's own safety and avoiding injury. Recent research has shown that emotional information, in particular threatening facial expressions, affects the regulation of peripersonal-reaching space (PPS, for action with objects) and interpersonal-comfort space (IPS, for social interaction). Here we explored if emotional facial expressions may similarly or differently affect both spaces in terms of psychophysiological reactions (cardiac inter-beat intervals: IBIs, i.e. inverse of heart rate; Skin Conductance Response amplitude: SCR amplitude) and spatial distance. Through Immersive Virtual Reality technology, participants determined reaching-distance (PPS) and comfort-distance (IPS) from virtual confederates exhibiting happy/angry/neutral facial expressions while being approached by them. During these interactions, spatial distance and psychophysiological reactions were recorded. Results revealed that when interacting with angry virtual confederates the distance increased similarly in both comfort-social and reaching-action spaces. Moreover, interacting with virtual confederates exhibiting angry rather than happy or neutral expressions provoked similar psychophysiological activations (SCR amplitude, IBIs) in both spaces. Regression analyses showed that psychophysiological activations, particularly SCR amplitude in response to virtual confederates approaching with angry expressions, were able to predict the increase of PPS and IPS. These findings suggest that self-protection functions could be the expression of a common defensive mechanism shared by social and action spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ruggiero
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - M. Rapuano
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - A. Cartaud
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, CNRS, CHU Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Y. Coello
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, CNRS, CHU Lille, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - T. Iachini
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Cartaud A, Ott L, Iachini T, Honoré J, Coello Y. The influence of facial expression at perceptual threshold on electrodermal activity and social comfort distance. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13600. [PMID: 32437046 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal distance, an essential component of social interaction, is modulated by the emotion conveyed by others and associated physiological response. However, in modern societies with overcrowded and hyperstimulating environments, we can only surreptitiously glimpse the faces of others in order to quickly make behavioral adjustments. How this impacts social interactions is not yet well understood. In the present study, we investigated this issue by testing whether facial expressions that are difficult to identify modify the physiological response (Electrodermal Activity, EDA) and subsequent judgment of interpersonal comfort distance. We recorded participants' EDA while they provided comfort judgments to interpersonal distances with a Point-Light Walker (PLW). The PLW, with an emotionally neutral gait, moved toward and crossed participants at various distances after the latter were exposed to a negative (anger), positive (happiness) or neutral facial expression presented at the perceptual threshold. Bayesian analyses of the data revealed an increase versus decrease of interpersonal comfort distance with the PLW depending on the negative versus positive emotional valence of the facial expression. They also showed an increase in EDA when the approaching PLW violated interpersonal comfort distance after participants were exposed to an angry facial expression. These effects correlated with the subjective assessment of the arousal of facial expressions. Thus, previous exposure to barely visible facial expressions can alter the representation of social comfort space and the physiological response associated with a violation of interpersonal comfort distances, depending on the valence and arousal of the emotional social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cartaud
- Laboratoire SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Ott
- Laboratoire SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Tina Iachini
- Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Immersive Virtual Reality, CS-IVR, Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserte, Italy
| | - Jacques Honoré
- Laboratoire SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yann Coello
- Laboratoire SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, Université Lille, Lille, France
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Klein Selle N, Ben-Shakhar G, Kindt M, Verschuere B. Preliminary evidence for physiological markers of implicit memory. Biol Psychol 2018; 135:220-235. [PMID: 29477478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) aims to detect concealed knowledge and is known to be sensitive to explicit memory. In two experiments, we examined whether the CIT is also sensitive to implicit memory using skin conductance, respiration and heart rate measures. For each participant, previously studied items were either categorized as explicitly remembered, implicitly remembered or forgotten. The two experiments differed in the strength of memory encoding, the type of implicit memory test, the delay between study and test and the number of critical CIT items. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that CIT detection efficiency was weak and significant only in the explicit memory condition. In Experiment 2, however, CIT detection efficiency was stronger and significant in both the explicit and implicit memory conditions as indexed by skin conductance and respiration. Altogether, our results provide initial evidence that the CIT may be sensitive to implicit memory. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Klein Selle
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Verschuere
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15933, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Ploeg MM, Brosschot JF, Versluis A, Verkuil B. Peripheral physiological responses to subliminally presented negative affective stimuli: A systematic review. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:131-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kosonogov V, De Zorzi L, Honoré J, Martínez-Velázquez ES, Nandrino JL, Martinez-Selva JM, Sequeira H. Facial thermal variations: A new marker of emotional arousal. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183592. [PMID: 28922392 PMCID: PMC5603162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional infrared thermal imaging (fITI) is considered a promising method to measure emotional autonomic responses through facial cutaneous thermal variations. However, the facial thermal response to emotions still needs to be investigated within the framework of the dimensional approach to emotions. The main aim of this study was to assess how the facial thermal variations index the emotional arousal and valence dimensions of visual stimuli. Twenty-four participants were presented with three groups of standardized emotional pictures (unpleasant, neutral and pleasant) from the International Affective Picture System. Facial temperature was recorded at the nose tip, an important region of interest for facial thermal variations, and compared to electrodermal responses, a robust index of emotional arousal. Both types of responses were also compared to subjective ratings of pictures. An emotional arousal effect was found on the amplitude and latency of thermal responses and on the amplitude and frequency of electrodermal responses. The participants showed greater thermal and dermal responses to emotional than to neutral pictures with no difference between pleasant and unpleasant ones. Thermal responses correlated and the dermal ones tended to correlate with subjective ratings. Finally, in the emotional conditions compared to the neutral one, the frequency of simultaneous thermal and dermal responses increased while both thermal or dermal isolated responses decreased. Overall, this study brings convergent arguments to consider fITI as a promising method reflecting the arousal dimension of emotional stimulation and, consequently, as a credible alternative to the classical recording of electrodermal activity. The present research provides an original way to unveil autonomic implication in emotional processes and opens new perspectives to measure them in touchless conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kosonogov
- School of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Academy of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Lucas De Zorzi
- SCALab, UMR 9193, CNRS & University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jacques Honoré
- SCALab, UMR 9193, CNRS & University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eduardo S. Martínez-Velázquez
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Facultad de Psicología, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - José M. Martinez-Selva
- School of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Murcia Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Henrique Sequeira
- SCALab, UMR 9193, CNRS & University of Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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Martínez-Velázquez ES, Honoré J, de Zorzi L, Ramos-Loyo J, Sequeira H. Autonomic Reactivity to Arousing Stimuli with Social and Non-social Relevance in Alexithymia. Front Psychol 2017; 8:361. [PMID: 28348539 PMCID: PMC5346581 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional difficulties in alexithymia and their social consequences have been linked to alterations in autonomic nervous system. However, most of previous studies did not take into account the distinction between the affective and the cognitive dimensions of the alexithymia, leading to inconsistent results. Aim: In this study, we compared the effects of both dimensions of alexithymia on the autonomic arousal to emotional and social visual stimulations. Methods: Skin conductance responses (SCRs) to items of the International Affective Pictures System characterized by emotional (unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant), social (with humans) or non-social (without humans) content were recorded in non-alexithymic (NA), affective (AA) and cognitive alexithymic (CA) participants, selected on the basis of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. All participants responded to questionnaires of empathy, social phobia, depression, and anxiety before the experiment and evaluated the arousal of the pictures after it. Results: Cognitive alexithymic group showed lower amplitudes of SCRs to pictures with social than without social relevance whereas the opposite pattern was observed for the NA group. Arousal emotional effects of the pictures on SCRs did not differ among groups. In addition, CA participants showed lower scores than NA in the Personal Taking sub-scale of the empathy questionnaire, while AA showed lower scores than NA in the fantasy sub-scale. The CA group showed higher social phobia, depression and anxiety scores, than the other two groups. Conclusion: This work has two original outcomes: first, affective alexithymics expressed lower empathic affective scores than other groups; second, alexithymia modulated the impact of the social relevance of the stimuli on the autonomic reactivity, this impact vanishing in affective alexithymics and reversing in cognitive alexithymics. Thus, though the groups could not be distinguished on the basis of emotional effect on SCRs, they clearly differed when the empathic characteristics and the autonomic impact of social relevance were considered. Finally, the described autonomic signature to social relevant information could contribute to elucidate the difficulty of alexithymics to deal with emotions during social transactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo S. Martínez-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Psicofisiologia, Institute of Neuroscience, University of GuadalajaraGuadalajara, Mexico
- Facultad de Psicología, Meritorious Autonomous University of PueblaPuebla, Mexico
| | - Jacques Honoré
- DEEP Team, SCALab, UMR 9193, CNRS & University of LilleLille, France
| | - Lucas de Zorzi
- DEEP Team, SCALab, UMR 9193, CNRS & University of LilleLille, France
| | - Julieta Ramos-Loyo
- Laboratorio de Psicofisiologia, Institute of Neuroscience, University of GuadalajaraGuadalajara, Mexico
| | - Henrique Sequeira
- DEEP Team, SCALab, UMR 9193, CNRS & University of LilleLille, France
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Sperduti M, Makowski D, Arcangeli M, Wantzen P, Zalla T, Lemaire S, Dokic J, Pelletier J, Piolino P. The distinctive role of executive functions in implicit emotion regulation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 173:13-20. [PMID: 27978422 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several theoretical models stress the role of executive functions in emotion regulation (ER). However, most of the previous studies on ER employed explicit regulatory strategies that could have engaged executive functions, beyond regulatory processes per se. Recently, there has been renewed interest in implicit forms of ER, believed to be closer to daily-life requirements. While various studies have shown that implicit and explicit ER engage partially overlapping neurocognitive processes, the contribution of different executive functions in implicit ER has not been investigated. In the present study, we presented participants with negatively valenced pictures of varying emotional intensity preceded by short texts describing them as either fictional or real. This manipulation was meant to induce a spontaneous emotional down-regulation. We recorded electrodermal activity (EDA) and subjective reports of emotion arousal. Executive functions (updating, switching, and inhibition) were also assessed. No difference was found between the fictional and real condition on EDA. A diminished self-reported arousal was observed, however, when pictures were described as fictional for high- and mild-intensity material, but not for neutral material. The amount of down-regulation in the fictional condition was found to be predicted by interindividual variability in updating performances, but not by the other measures of executive functions, suggesting its implication even in implicit forms of ER. The relationship between down-regulation and updating was significant only for high-intensity material. We discuss the role of updating in relation to the consciousness of one's emotional state.
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Mental Reactivation and Pleasantness Judgment of Experience Related to Vision, Hearing, Skin Sensations, Taste and Olfaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159036. [PMID: 27400090 PMCID: PMC4939968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Language acquisition is based on our knowledge about the world and forms through multiple sensory-motor interactions with the environment. We link the properties of individual experience formed at different stages of ontogeny with the phased development of sensory modalities and with the acquisition of words describing the appropriate forms of sensitivity. To test whether early-formed experience related to skin sensations, olfaction and taste differs from later-formed experience related to vision and hearing, we asked Russian-speaking participants to categorize or to assess the pleasantness of experience mentally reactivated by sense-related adjectives found in common dictionaries. It was found that categorizing adjectives in relation to vision, hearing and skin sensations took longer than categorizing adjectives in relation to olfaction and taste. In addition, experience described by adjectives predominantly related to vision, hearing and skin sensations took more time for the pleasantness judgment and generated less intense emotions than that described by adjectives predominantly related to olfaction and taste. Interestingly the dynamics of skin resistance corresponded to the intensity and pleasantness of reported emotions. We also found that sense-related experience described by early-acquired adjectives took less time for the pleasantness judgment and generated more intense and more positive emotions than that described by later-acquired adjectives. Correlations were found between the time of the pleasantness judgment of experience, intensity and pleasantness of reported emotions, age of acquisition, frequency, imageability and length of sense-related adjectives. All in all these findings support the hypothesis that early-formed experience is less differentiated than later-formed experience.
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Sperduti M, Arcangeli M, Makowski D, Wantzen P, Zalla T, Lemaire S, Dokic J, Pelletier J, Piolino P. The paradox of fiction: Emotional response toward fiction and the modulatory role of self-relevance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 165:53-9. [PMID: 26922617 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For over forty years, philosophers have struggled with the "paradox of fiction", which is the issue of how we can get emotionally involved with fictional characters and events. The few neuroscientific studies investigating the distinction between the processing of real and fictional entities have evidenced that midline cortical structures and lateral fronto-parietal regions are more engaged for real and fictional entities, respectively. Interestingly, the former network is engaged in autobiographical memory retrieval and self-reference, processes that are known to boost emotional reactivity, while the latter underpins emotion regulation. Thus, a possible modulation of the emotional response according to the nature (real or fictional) of the stimulus is conceivable. To test this hypothesis, we presented short emotional (negative and positive) and neutral video as fictional or real. For negative material, we found that subjective emotional experience, but not physiological arousal measured by electrodermal activity, was reduced in the fictional condition. Moreover, the amount of personal memories linked to the scenes counteracted this effect boosting the subjective emotional response. On the contrary, personal memories elicited by the scenes, but not fiction, modulate the emotional response for positive material. These results suggest that when a stimulus triggers a personal memory, the emotional response is less prone to be modulated by contextual factors, and suggest that personal engagement could be responsible for emotional reaction toward fiction. We discuss these results in the emotion regulation framework and underline their implications in informing theoretical accounts of emotion in the neuroscientific domain and the philosophical debate on the paradox of emotional response to fiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sperduti
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, France; INSERM UMR S894, Center for Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France.
| | - Margherita Arcangeli
- Institut Jean Nicod (CNRS-EHESS-ENS), UMR 8129 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Makowski
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, France; INSERM UMR S894, Center for Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Prany Wantzen
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, France; INSERM UMR S894, Center for Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Tiziana Zalla
- Institut Jean Nicod (CNRS-EHESS-ENS), UMR 8129 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Dokic
- Institut Jean Nicod (CNRS-EHESS-ENS), UMR 8129 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Pelletier
- Institut Jean Nicod (CNRS-EHESS-ENS), UMR 8129 Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France; Ecole des Haute Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris, France
| | - Pascale Piolino
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institute of Psychology, Memory and Cognition Laboratory, Boulogne Billancourt, France; INSERM UMR S894, Center for Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
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Birk JL, Opitz PC, Urry HL. Distractibility as a precursor to anxiety: Preexisting attentional control deficits predict subsequent autonomic arousal during anxiety. Biol Psychol 2015; 122:59-68. [PMID: 26711301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Low attentional control (AC) and high anxiety are closely linked. Researchers often presume that high anxiety reduces AC; however, the reverse causal possibility - that low AC increases anxiety - is equally plausible. We addressed this question in people with elevated trait anxiety by evaluating the temporal precedence of the AC-anxiety association. We tested whether autonomic arousal (electrodermal activity) and subjective anxiety elicited by an anxiety induction were associated more strongly with AC measured either pre-induction (N=40) or post-induction (N=38). Low AC was indexed by distractibility during a visual search task requiring attentional inhibition of emotionally neutral distractors. Higher distractibility predicted higher autonomic activation but not higher increases in self-reported anxiety. Critically, this AC-anxiety association occurred for pre-induction but not post-induction AC. The results suggest that low AC may heighten subsequent anxious arousal. By implication, treatment interventions should specifically enhance AC to alleviate anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Birk
- Department of Psychology,Tufts University, United States; Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States.
| | - Philipp C Opitz
- Department of Psychology,Tufts University, United States; School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Heather L Urry
- Department of Psychology,Tufts University, United States
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Maoz K, Breska A, Ben-Shakhar G. Orienting response elicitation by personally significant information under subliminal stimulus presentation: Demonstration using the Concealed Information Test. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1610-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Maoz
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Gershon Ben-Shakhar
- Department of Psychology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Israel
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Borg C, Bedoin N, Bogey S, Michael GA, Poujois A, Laurent B, Thomas-Antérion C. Implicit and explicit emotional processing in Parkinson's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:289-96. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.639296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Peira N, Golkar A, Öhman A, Anders S, Wiens S. Emotional responses in spider fear are closely related to picture awareness. Cogn Emot 2012; 26:252-60. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.579087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Grapperon J, Pignol AC, Vion-Dury J. [The measurement of electrodermal activity]. Encephale 2011; 38:149-55. [PMID: 22516273 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electrodermal activity (EDA) is an early physiological index and the subject of constant interest, in spite of the bad reputation attached to "lie detectors". This interest is expected to increase in the future, following the development of research related to the neurobiological aspect of emotions of which it is an index. Recent data provided by functional cerebral imaging has added to the significance of this index and should result in further interest. AIM The authors thus re-examined the various notions related to measuring EDA, and its practical aspect as well as its mechanisms. EDA should be useful both for authors wishing to use this variable and for readers wishing to form their own critical point of view. LITERATURE FINDINGS The article first defines the various terms used to qualify EDA. Then, it analyses the mechanisms occurring at the sweat glands' level, showing that a distinct innervation of the sweat glands causes sweat to be released in the excretory channels, thereby allowing the recording of a negative surface potential in parallel to the lowering of skin conductance. Arguments are then pointed out to illustrate that the potential's positive phase following this first answer occurs in the case of high intensity stimulations. The study of the central command of sudation demonstrates that, several areas are involved and that different functions such as thermal regulation and motricity may interfere with emotive reactions. Difficulties regarding the mode of measurement of these answers as to their number and amplitude are also brought to light. DISCUSSION A particular interest of measuring EDA is its ability to highlight individual characteristic and unconscious emotional reactivity. Subjects who constitutionally present many spontaneous and therefore habitual EDA can indeed be opposed to subjects whose EDA reflexes are very few and hardly habitual. A theory suggests that for the first category, whose subjects are named labiles, emotional control may be at the origin of EDA. This characteristic brings to mind the case of antisocial subjects whose rate of EDA is also reduced, although for the latter a primitive drop in behavioral inhibition is involved. The production of EDA in response to non-conscious emotive stimulations can be objectified in the rare cases of prosopagnosia. These subjects who are unable to recognize familiar faces can produce EDA when presented faces with an emotional load. These cases contrast with the delusional denial of the Capgras syndrome where subjects do not present EDA, suggesting that the dysfunction of visual analysis occurs at a different level. There are other rare cases represented by cortical blindness where EDA shows that an unconscious emotional analysis is preserved. These subjects are known however to be capable of unconscious visual discriminations, which are possibly accompanied by EDA. This possibility of a "blind vision" is experimentally studied via subliminal vision testing (backward masking tests). These demonstrate that a rudimentary visual analysis is carried out in the subcortical circuits while taking into account the affective aspect of stimulations. CONCLUSION Present or future data should allow a greater comprehension of electrodermal signals, making it possible to overcome the difficulties related to their interpretation and facilitate their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grapperon
- Unité de neurophysiologie et psychophysiologie, pôle de psychiatrie universitaire, hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, 274, boulevard de Sainte-Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Bayer M, Sommer W, Schacht A. Emotional words impact the mind but not the body: evidence from pupillary responses. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:1554-1562. [PMID: 21592139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pupillary responses have been shown to be sensitive to both task load and emotional content. We investigated the interplay of these factors in the processing of single words that varied in emotional valence and arousal. Two tasks of different cognitive load, uninstructed reading and a lexical decision task, were employed, followed by an unannounced recognition task. Reaction times were faster and incidental memory performance was better for high-arousing than for low-arousing words. In contrast to previous findings for pictures and sounds, high-arousing words elicited smaller pupillary responses than low-arousing words; these effects were independent of task load, which increased pupil diameter. Therefore, emotional arousal attributed to words does not mandatorily activate the autonomic nervous system, but rather works on a cognitive level, facilitating word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Bayer
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyCRC Text Structures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Werner Sommer
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyCRC Text Structures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Schacht
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, GermanyCRC Text Structures, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Green DA, Bunday KL, Bowen J, Carter T, Bronstein AM. What does autonomic arousal tell us about locomotor learning? Neuroscience 2010; 170:42-53. [PMID: 20620200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Walking onto a stationary sled previously experienced as moving induces locomotor aftereffects (LAE, or "broken escalator phenomenon"). This particular form of aftereffect can develop after a single adaptation trial and occurs despite subjects being fully aware that the sled will not move. Here, we investigate whether such strong LAE expression may relate to arousal or fear related to instability during the gait adaptation process. Forty healthy subjects were allocated to three sled velocity groups; SLOW (0.6 m/s), MEDIUM (1.3 m/s), or FAST (2.0 m/s). Subjects walked onto the stationary sled for five trials (BEFORE), then onto the moving sled for 15 trials (adaptation or MOVING trials) and, finally, again onto the stationary sled for five trials (AFTER). Explicit warning regarding sled status was given. Trunk position, foot-sled contact timing, autonomic markers (electrodermal activity [EDA], ECG, respiratory movements) in addition to self-reported task-related confidence and state/trait anxiety were recorded. Trunk sway, EDA, and R-R interval shortening were greatest during the first MOVING trial (MOVING_1), progressively attenuating during subsequent MOVING trials. A LAE, recorded as increased gait velocity and trunk sway during AFTER_1, occurred in both MEDIUM and FAST sled velocity groups. The amplitude of forward trunk sway in AFTER_1 (an indicator of aftereffect magnitude) was related to EDA during the final adaptation trial (MOVING_15). AFTER_1 gait velocity (also an indicator of aftereffect magnitude) was related to MOVING_1 trunk sway. Hence, gait velocity and trunk sway components of the LAE are differentially related to kinematic and autonomic parameters during the early and late adaptation phase. The finding that EDA is a predictor of LAE expression indicates that autonomic arousal or fear-based mechanisms can promote locomotor learning. This could in turn explain some unusual characteristics of this LAE, namely its resistance to explicit knowledge and its generation with just a single adaptation trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Green
- Centre for Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, Division of Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Physiology, King's College London, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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D'Hondt F, Lassonde M, Collignon O, Dubarry AS, Robert M, Rigoulot S, Honoré J, Lepore F, Sequeira H. Early brain-body impact of emotional arousal. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4:33. [PMID: 20428514 PMCID: PMC2859881 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research in affective neuroscience suggests that the emotional content of visual stimuli activates brain–body responses that could be critical to general health and physical disease. The aim of this study was to develop an integrated neurophysiological approach linking central and peripheral markers of nervous activity during the presentation of natural scenes in order to determine the temporal stages of brain processing related to the bodily impact of emotions. More specifically, whole head magnetoencephalogram (MEG) data and skin conductance response (SCR), a reliable autonomic marker of central activation, were recorded in healthy volunteers during the presentation of emotional (unpleasant and pleasant) and neutral pictures selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Analyses of event-related magnetic fields (ERFs) revealed greater activity at 180 ms in an occipitotemporal component for emotional pictures than for neutral counterparts. More importantly, these early effects of emotional arousal on cerebral activity were significantly correlated with later increases in SCR magnitude. For the first time, a neuromagnetic cortical component linked to a well-documented marker of bodily arousal expression of emotion, namely, the SCR, was identified and located. This finding sheds light on the time course of the brain–body interaction with emotional arousal and provides new insights into the neural bases of complex and reciprocal mind–body links.
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21
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Mardaga S, Hansenne M. Autonomic aspect of emotional response in depressed patients: Relationships with personality. Neurophysiol Clin 2009; 39:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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22
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Nasrallah M, Carmel D, Lavie N. Murder, she wrote: enhanced sensitivity to negative word valence. Emotion 2009; 9:609-18. [PMID: 19803583 PMCID: PMC2759814 DOI: 10.1037/a0016305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced sensitivity to information of negative (compared to positive) valence has an adaptive value, for example, by expediting the correct choice of avoidance behavior. However, previous evidence for such enhanced sensitivity has been inconclusive. Here we report a clear advantage for negative over positive words in categorizing them as emotional. In 3 experiments, participants classified briefly presented (33 ms or 22 ms) masked words as emotional or neutral. Categorization accuracy and valence-detection sensitivity were both higher for negative than for positive words. The results were not due to differences between emotion categories in either lexical frequency, extremeness of valence ratings, or arousal. These results conclusively establish enhanced sensitivity for negative over positive words, supporting the hypothesis that negative stimuli enjoy preferential access to perceptual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Nasrallah
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
| | - David Carmel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Nilli Lavie
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
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23
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Sequeira H, Hot P, Silvert L, Delplanque S. Electrical autonomic correlates of emotion. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 71:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Il'yuchenok IR, Sysoeva OV, Ivanitskii AM. Two semantic systems in the brain for rapid and slow differentiation of abstract and concrete words. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 38:963-70. [PMID: 18975097 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-008-9083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of semantic processing address changes in the late (300-800 msec) components of evoked potentials. However, recent years have seen the appearance of data showing that humans can perceive the sense of stimuli presented to them in significantly shorter periods of time. We report here studies of the mechanism of semantic analysis of written abstract and concrete words in four series of experiments: 1) reading of words on a monitor screen; 2) simple classification of all presented words into the categories "abstract" and "concrete;" 3) complex, i.e., selective classification of words written only in a specified color with a prompt as to which color would be used for the word; 4) complex classification of words of only a specified color without a prior prompt. Early (40-100 msec) differences in evoked brain potentials were seen on comparison of responses to abstract and concrete words, predominantly in the frontal areas in the case of simple reading of words and in the more dorsal areas in the case of tasks with simple classification. All cases of explicit classification of words were characterized by differences in late (450-700 msec) components in the left frontal zone. The results indicate the existence of two semantic systems: a rapid, implicit system associated with activation of the right frontal area, and a slow, explicit system of word classification which is predominantly associated with activity in the left frontal area. The relationship between the two systems is to a certain extent reciprocal: the rapid system can by inhibited by introduction of a word classification task.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Il'yuchenok
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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25
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Rigoulot S, Delplanque S, Despretz P, Defoort-Dhellemmes S, Honoré J, Sequeira H. Peripherally Presented Emotional Scenes: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Early ERP Responses. Brain Topogr 2008; 20:216-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-008-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Djordjevic J, Lundstrom JN, Clément F, Boyle JA, Pouliot S, Jones-Gotman M. A Rose by Any Other Name: Would it Smell as Sweet? J Neurophysiol 2008; 99:386-93. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00896.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether presenting an odor with a positive, neutral, or negative name would influence how people perceive it. In experiment 1, 40 participants rated 15 odors for their pleasantness, intensity, and arousal. In experiment 2, 30 participants passively smelled 10 odors while their skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), and sniffing were recorded. We found significant overall effects of odor names on perceived pleasantness, intensity, and arousal. Pleasantness showed the most robust effect of odor names: the same odors were perceived as more pleasant when presented with positive than with neutral and negative names and when presented with neutral than with negative names. In addition, odorants were rated as more intense when presented with negative than with neutral and positive names and as more arousing when presented with positive than with neutral names. Furthermore, SC and sniff volumes, but not HR, were modified by odor names, and the SC changes could not be accounted for by sniffing changes. Importantly, odor names presented with odorless water did not produce any effect on skin conductance and sniff volumes, ruling out the possibility that the naming-related findings were triggered by an emotional reaction to odor names. Taken together, these experiments show that there is a lot to a name, at least when it comes to olfactory perception.
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Sysoeva OV, Ilyuchenok IR, Ivanitsky AM. Rapid and slow brain systems of abstract and concrete words differentiation. Int J Psychophysiol 2007; 65:272-83. [PMID: 17582633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have repeatedly found that late (300-800 ms) components of event-related potentials (ERP) reflected semantic analysis, i.e. the differentiation between abstract and concrete words. However, the human brain may detect the meaning of the words much earlier. This study investigated the brain mechanisms of the processing of abstract and concrete written words in four experimental conditions: i) Simple Reading, during which volunteers were required to silently read words; ii) Simple Classification, during which volunteers were required to classify the presented word into the abstract and concrete categories; and iii) Cued and iv) Uncued Selective Classification conditions, during which subjects had to classify only the words typed in a particular colour. 19-channel EEG was recorded during the experiment from 13 subjects. The ERP to abstract and concrete words differed not only at the late but also at early (40-100 ms) latencies in the Simple Reading and Classification conditions, as well as for the words that should not be explicitly classified in the Cued Selective Classification condition. This means that semantic analysis can occur in a manner which is both very rapid and implicit. Moreover, increasing task demands can even suppress this rapid semantic analysis. The functional microstate analysis revealed a topographical difference in response to abstract and concrete words, which indicated that at least partly distinct brain networks are involved in the processing of words during both early (implicit differentiation) and late (explicit classification) latencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Sysoeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5a Butlerova street, Moscow 117485, Russia.
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Svensson N, Archer T, Norlander T. A Swedish Version of the Regressive Imagery Dictionary: Effects of Alcohol and Emotional Enhancement on Primary-Secondary Process Relations. CREATIVITY RESEARCH JOURNAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1207/s15326934crj1804_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
The sufficiency of behavioral data supporting reasoning biases was challenged. Our objective was to test if physiological data could significantly support reasoning biases. Experiment 1: When performing a rule discovery task with feedback, participants systematically gave the same response. This was not compatible with norms referring to a formal logic system, but was insufficient to conclude there was a reasoning bias. Only the knowledge of participants' expectations of feedback would merit this conclusion. Experiment 2: Participants' expectations were indexed by electrodermal activity. The results showed that when participants displayed the behavioral bias, they considered their responses to be correct and hence committed an error of logic. However, this error of logic did not prevent them from solving the task. This argues for a theory according to which human reasoning uses more economical strategies than the simple application of formal logical rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Carbonnell
- Institut für Arbeitphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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Mardaga S, Laloyaux O, Hansenne M. Personality traits modulate skin conductance response to emotional pictures: An investigation with Cloninger’s model of personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Herbert C, Kissler J, Junghöfer M, Peyk P, Rockstroh B. Processing of emotional adjectives: Evidence from startle EMG and ERPs. Psychophysiology 2006; 43:197-206. [PMID: 16712590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Affective startle modulation in the electromyographic (EMG), auditory startle evoked potentials, and visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were assessed while subjects evaluated pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral adjectives. Acoustic startle probes were presented at random time points 2.5-4.0 s after word onset. The visual P2 and P3 potentials were generally larger during processing of emotional than of neutral adjectives. In contrast, the late positive component was enhanced and was correlated with larger EMG startle responses and auditory startle evoked potential P3 amplitudes for pleasant words only. During internal cognitive activity, the startle reflex represents a measure of "processing interrupt." Thus the startle tone interrupted processing of particularly pleasant adjectives and caused re-alerting to environmental stimuli. Specific effects for pleasant material may arise from a "positivity offset," favoring responses to pleasant material at lower arousal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Herbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Kissler J, Assadollahi R, Herbert C. Emotional and semantic networks in visual word processing: insights from ERP studies. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2006; 156:147-83. [PMID: 17015079 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The event-related brain potential (ERP) literature concerning the impact of emotional content on visual word processing is reviewed and related to general knowledge on semantics in word processing: emotional connotation can enhance cortical responses at all stages of visual word processing following the assembly of visual word form (up to 200 ms), such as semantic access (around 200 ms), allocation of attentional resources (around 300 ms), contextual analysis (around 400 ms), and sustained processing and memory encoding (around 500 ms). Even earlier effects have occasionally been reported with subliminal or perceptual threshold presentation, particularly in clinical populations. Here, the underlying mechanisms are likely to diverge from the ones operational in standard natural reading. The variability in timing of the effects can be accounted for by dynamically changing lexical representations that can be activated as required by the subjects' motivational state, the task at hand, and additional contextual factors. Throughout, subcortical structures such as the amygdala are likely to contribute these enhancements. Further research will establish whether or when emotional arousal, valence, or additional emotional properties drive the observed effects and how experimental factors interact with these. Meticulous control of other word properties known to affect ERPs in visual word processing, such as word class, length, frequency, and concreteness and the use of more standardized EEG procedures is vital. Mapping the interplay between cortical and subcortical mechanisms that give rise to amplified cortical responses to emotional words will be of highest priority for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kissler
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, P. O. Box D25, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Hot P, Leconte P, Sequeira H. Diurnal autonomic variations and emotional reactivity. Biol Psychol 2005; 69:261-70. [PMID: 15925029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal temporal variations of emotional reactivity were investigated in relationship with fluctuations of psychophysiological state, evaluated by tonic autonomic activity. Neutral and unpleasant pictures, selected to constitute seven matched sets, were evaluated by 12 participants during seven sessions in the course of daytime. Skin conductance level (SCL) was recorded at the beginning of each session, whereas skin conductance responses (SCRs), affective evaluation and emotional experience were measured during or after each session. Data show significant temporal variations for SCL, SCRs and emotional experience which follow similar patterns during the daytime. Discussion highlights the role of temporal patterns of autonomic activity as an interesting basis to better understand the emotional regulation and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hot
- Neurosciences Cognitives, SN4.1, Université de Lille I, 59 655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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