A systematic review of recent outbreaks and the efficacy and safety of drugs approved for the treatment of Salmonella infections

Microbial Assessment and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Isolated Pathogens in Retail Chicken

Poultry is U.S. consumers' protein of choice with an annual consumption of nearly 45 kg per person. This increasing demand has required poultry producers to minimize pathogen contamination to protect public health. This study assessed Salmonella and Campylobacter incidence and loads in retail chicken from conventional (CON) and raised without antibiotics (RWA) sources, while profiling antibiotic resistance of selected isolates. A total of 170 chicken samples from two brands (A and B), including whole carcass WOG (60), parts (80), and giblets (30) were evaluated. Both pathogens were examined by culture and BAX® system methods and confirmed isolates were identified. Aerobic bacteria count (AC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were also tested using Petrifilms™. Selected isolates of Salmonella (22) and Campylobacter (24) were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the Sensititre™ system. The overall respective incidence of Salmonella and Campylobacter was 36% and 35% with no difference between CON (33% and 25%) and RWA (23% and 29%), but product types differed (p < 0.05). Salmonella incidence was not different between the brands, but Campylobacter differed. Giblets had a higher incidence of both pathogens at 80% and 70%, respectively. The most and least abundant Salmonella serotypes were Infantis (60%) and Ouakam (2%), while Campylobacter jejuni was the abundant species. All the indicators differed (p < 0.05) between CON and RWA. Many isolated pathogens possessed resistance to at least one antibiotic, Salmonella (91%) and Campylobacter (38%), with multidrug resistance in 45% of CON and 36% of RWA Salmonella isolates. The highest resistance was to tetracycline and nalidixic acid for both pathogens and the lowest was to antibiotics in the macrolides class. These results highlight the need for robust microbial control at all levels, as both production practices showed notable contamination and antibiotic resistance, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance at the retail level and encouraging consumers to properly cook poultry to 165 °F.

Phytoconstituents from Artemisia annua medicinal plant as potent inhibitors targeting Salmonella SpvB: a molecular docking and dynamic study

Salmonella, a genus with a global presence, is a leading cause of diarrheal diseases in both humans and animals. With over 2,400 distinct serotypes, most exhibiting minimal host specificity, Salmonella infection remains a significant public health issue. It poses a substantial economic burden on both developed and developing nations due to the costs associated with disease surveillance, prevention, and treatment. To address this global challenge, it is essential to explore cost-effective therapeutic interventions derived from medicinal plants. In this study, we targeted the Salmonella SpvB ATR domain for molecular docking of phytochemical compounds. A library of 392 phytochemical compounds from the Artemisia annua (Sweet wormwood) medicinal plant was utilized. In the initial screening, the top 20 phytochemical compounds were selected based on their high binding affinity toward SpvB. These 20 compounds underwent interaction analysis, revealing that two compounds, IMPHY004808 and IMPHY015047, formed crucial interactions. The IMPHY004808 compound bound at binding site residues ARG414, ARG471, LEU473, and GLU538, with residue SER501 present at the active site. Similarly, the IMPHY015047 compound formed bonds at binding site residues ARG471, ARG414, GLY472, and GLU538, while residue SER501 was present at the active site of SpvB. The trajectory analysis of 500 ns MD simulation, including deviation, fluctuation, compactness, surface area calculation, secondary structure element alterations, and hydrogen bond analysis, showed that the complexes were stable during the simulation time. Moreover, PCA with minimal vibration, FEL analysis and MMPBSA analysis strongly recommend that the complexes were stable and further validation with experimentation is needed.