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Zhang X, Xu Z, Jin Y, Huang L, Wu W, Gao M. Multi‑parameter quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in the early assessment of radiation‑induced parotid damage in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma following intensity‑modulated radiotherapy. Oncol Lett 2024; 27:180. [PMID: 38464343 PMCID: PMC10921267 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the value of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) and three-dimensional pulsed continuous arterial spin labeling (ASL) in assessing dynamic changes of the parotid gland in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) following radiotherapy (RT). A total of 18 patients with NPC who underwent intensity-modulated RT were enrolled in the present study. All patients underwent conventional magnetic resonance imaging, plus IVIM and ASL imaging of the bilateral parotid glands within 2 weeks prior to RT, and 1 week (1W) and 3 months (3M) following RT. Pure diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), perfusion fraction (F) and blood flow (BF) were analyzed. D and BF values were significantly increased from pre-RT to 1W post-RT [change rate: Median (IQR), ΔD1W%: 39.28% (38.23%) and ΔBF1W%: 60.84% (54.88%)] and continued to increase from 1W post-RT to 3M post-RT [55.44% (40.56%) and ΔBF%: 120.39% (128.74%)]. In addition, the F value was significantly increased from pre-RT to 1W post-RT, [change rate: Median (IQR), ΔF1W%: 28.13% (44.66%)], and this decreased significantly from 1W post-RT to 3M post-RT. However, no significant differences were observed between pre-RT and 3M post-RT. Results of the present study also demonstrated that the D* value was significantly decreased from pre-RT to 1W post-RT and 3M post-RT [change rate: Median (IQR), ΔD*1w%: -41.86% (51.71%) and ΔD*3M: -29.11% (42.67%)]. No significant difference was observed between the different time intervals post-RT. There was a significant positive correlation between percentage change in ΔBF1W and radiation dose (ρ=0.548, P=0.001). Thus, IVIM-diffusion-weighted imaging and ASL may aid in the detection and prediction of radiation-induced parotid damage in the early stages following RT. They may contribute to further understanding the potential association between damage to the parotid glands and patient-/treatment-related variables, through the assessment of individual microcapillary perfusion and tissue diffusivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yabin Jin
- Clinical Research Center, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Linwen Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiu Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Mingyong Gao
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
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2
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Cell-Free Therapies: The Use of Cell Extracts to Mitigate Irradiation-Injured Salivary Glands. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020305. [PMID: 36829582 PMCID: PMC9953449 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for head and neck cancer patients worldwide. However, millions of patients who received radiotherapy consequently suffer from xerostomia because of irreversible damage to salivary glands (SGs) caused by irradiation (IR). Current treatments for IR-induced SG hypofunction only provide temporary symptom alleviation but do not repair the damaged SG, thus resulting in limited treatment efficacy. Therefore, there has recently been a growing interest in regenerative treatments, such as cell-free therapies. This review aims to summarize cell-free therapies for IR-induced SG, with a particular emphasis on utilizing diverse cell extract (CE) administrations. Cell extract is a group of heterogeneous mixtures containing multifunctional inter-cellular molecules. This review discusses the current knowledge of CE's components and efficacy. We propose optimal approaches to improve cell extract treatment from multiple perspectives (e.g., delivery routes, preparation methods, and other details regarding CE administration). In addition, the advantages and limitations of CE treatment are systematically discussed by comparing it to other cell-free (such as conditioned media and exosomes) and cell-based therapies. Although a comprehensive identification of the bioactive factors within CEs and their mechanisms of action have yet to be fully understood, we propose cell extract therapy as an effective, practical, user-friendly, and safe option to conventional therapies in IR-induced SG.
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3
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Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Alleviates Irradiation Induced Salivary Gland Hypofunction through Preserving Endothelial Cells and Resident Macrophages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102050. [PMID: 36290773 PMCID: PMC9598384 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancers frequently causes long-term hypofunction of salivary glands that severely compromises quality of life and is difficult to treat. Here, we studied effects and mechanisms of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a versatile signaling sphingolipid, in preventing irreversible dry mouth caused by radiotherapy. Mouse submandibular glands (SMGs) were irradiated with or without intra-SMG S1P pretreatment. The saliva flow rate was measured following pilocarpine stimulation. The expression of genes related to S1P signaling and radiation damage was examined by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and/or single-cell RNA-sequencing. S1P pretreatment ameliorated irradiation-induced salivary dysfunction in mice through a decrease in irradiation-induced oxidative stress and consequent apoptosis and cellular senescence, which is related to the enhancement of Nrf2-regulated anti-oxidative response. In mouse SMGs, endothelial cells and resident macrophages are the major cells capable of producing S1P and expressing the pro-regenerative S1P receptor S1pr1. Both mouse SMGs and human endothelial cells are protected from irradiation damage by S1P pretreatment, likely through the S1pr1/Akt/eNOS axis. Moreover, intra-SMG-injected S1P did not affect the growth and radiosensitivity of head-and-neck cancer in a mouse model. These data indicate that S1P signaling pathway is a promising target for alleviating irradiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction.
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4
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Tamplin MR, Wang JK, Vitale AH, Hashimoto R, Garvin MK, Binkley EM, Hyer DE, Buatti JM, Boldt HC, Kardon RH, Grumbach IM. Reduced blood flow by laser speckle flowgraphy after 125I-plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:285. [PMID: 35765019 PMCID: PMC9238054 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether reductions in retinal and choroidal blood flow measured by laser speckle flowgraphy are detected after 125I-plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, retinal and choroidal blood flow were measured using laser speckle flowgraphy in 25 patients after treatment with 125I-plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma. Flow was analyzed in the peripapillary region by mean blur rate as well as in the entire image area with a novel superpixel-based method. Relationships between measures were determined by Spearman correlation. RESULTS Significant decreases in laser speckle blood flow were observed in both the retinal and choroidal vascular beds of irradiated, but not fellow, eyes. Overall, 24 of 25 patients had decreased blood flow compared to their fellow eye, including 5 of the 6 patients imaged within the first 6 months following brachytherapy. A significant negative correlation between blood flow and time from therapy was present. CONCLUSIONS Decreases in retinal and choroidal blood flow by laser speckle flowgraphy were detected within the first 6 months following brachytherapy. Reduced retinal and choroidal blood flow may be an early indicator of microangiographic response to radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Tamplin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jui-Kai Wang
- Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anthony H Vitale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ryuya Hashimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mona K Garvin
- Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Elaine M Binkley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Daniel E Hyer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John M Buatti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - H Culver Boldt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Isabella M Grumbach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Transient Activation of Hedgehog Signaling Inhibits Cellular Senescence and Inflammation in Radiated Swine Salivary Glands through Preserving Resident Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413493. [PMID: 34948290 PMCID: PMC8708934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland function is commonly and irreversibly damaged by radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. This damage greatly decreases the patient’s quality of life and is difficult to remedy. Previously, we found that the transient activation of Hedgehog signaling alleviated salivary hypofunction after radiation in both mouse and pig models through the inhibition of radiation-induced cellular senescence that is mediated by resident macrophages in mouse submandibular glands. Here we report that in swine parotid glands sharing many features with humans, the Hedgehog receptor PTCH1 is mainly expressed in macrophages, and levels of PTCH1 and multiple macrophage markers are significantly decreased by radiation but recovered by transient Hedgehog activation. These parotid macrophages mainly express the M2 macrophage marker ARG1, while radiation promotes expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine that is reversed by transient Hedgehog activation. Hedgehog activation likely preserves parotid macrophages after radiation through inhibition of P53 signaling and consequent cellular senescence. Consistently, VEGF, an essential anti-senescence cytokine downstream of Hedgehog signaling, is significantly decreased by radiation but recovered by transient Hedgehog activation. These findings indicate that in the clinically-relevant swine model, transient Hedgehog activation restores the function of irradiated salivary glands through the recovery of resident macrophages and the consequent inhibition of cellular senescence and inflammation.
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Abd El-Haleem MR, Amer MG, Fares AE, Kamel AHM. Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Irradiated Submandibular Gland of Adult Albino Rats. A Histological and Sialochemical Study. BIONANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-021-00917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Li S, An W, Wang B, Li J, Qu Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Qin L. Inorganic nitrate alleviates irradiation-induced salivary gland damage by inhibiting pyroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:130-140. [PMID: 34454049 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Over 80% of patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC) suffer reduced saliva secretion and dry mouth symptoms due to salivary gland damage. Although therapeutic interventions to alleviate such RT-induced damage are available, long-term hypofunction remains a significant issue. Therefore, novel therapeutic solutions to prevent irradiation (IR)-induced salivary gland damage are required. This study explored the protective effect of inorganic nitrate in preventing IR-induced salivary gland injury via pyroptosis suppression, both in vivo and in vitro. In the treatment group, C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with 2 mmol/L NaNO3 supplied in drinking water one week before a single-dose of 15 Gy IR in the submandibular gland (SMG) region. Human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mice SMG cells were treated with 10 μmol/L or 100 μmol/L NaNO3 2 h before a single-dose of 8 Gy IR. In vivo, IR-induced decreased saliva flow rate and body weight loss could be alleviated by nitrate supplementation. Nitrate prevented acinar and microvascular endothelial cell loss. Moreover, nitrate improved mitochondrial function and significantly decreased pyroptosis-related indexes. In vitro, nitrate supplementation reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by preserving mitochondrial homeostasis to inhibit NLPR3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis both in HUVECs and SMG cells. Nitrate showed potential as an oral protective agent to prevent IR-induced salivary gland damage; prospective insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Helath, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Stomatology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wei An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Helath, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yingrui Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Helath, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lizheng Qin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial & Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Helath, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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8
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Liu Z, Dong L, Zheng Z, Liu S, Gong S, Meng L, Xin Y, Jiang X. Mechanism, Prevention, and Treatment of Radiation-Induced Salivary Gland Injury Related to Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111666. [PMID: 34829539 PMCID: PMC8614677 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a common treatment for head and neck cancers. However, because of the presence of nerve structures (brain stem, spinal cord, and brachial plexus), salivary glands (SGs), mucous membranes, and swallowing muscles in the head and neck regions, radiotherapy inevitably causes damage to these normal tissues. Among them, SG injury is a serious adverse event, and its clinical manifestations include changes in taste, difficulty chewing and swallowing, oral infections, and dental caries. These clinical symptoms seriously reduce a patient’s quality of life. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanism of SG injury caused by radiotherapy. Although the mechanism of radiation-induced SG injury has not yet been determined, recent studies have shown that the mechanisms of calcium signaling, microvascular injury, cellular senescence, and apoptosis are closely related to oxidative stress. In this article, we review the mechanism by which radiotherapy causes oxidative stress and damages the SGs. In addition, we discuss effective methods to prevent and treat radiation-induced SG damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shouliang Gong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Xin Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-0430-2750
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9
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Wu D, Lombaert IMA, DeLeon M, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Witt RL, Harrington DA, Trombetta MG, Passineau MJ, Farach-Carson MC. Immunosuppressed Miniswine as a Model for Testing Cell Therapy Success: Experience With Implants of Human Salivary Stem/Progenitor Cell Constructs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:711602. [PMID: 34660692 PMCID: PMC8516353 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.711602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An urgent need exists to develop large animal models for preclinical testing of new cell therapies designed to replace lost or damaged tissues. Patients receiving irradiation for treatment of head and neck cancers frequently develop xerostomia/dry mouth, a condition that could one day be treated by cell therapy to repopulate functional saliva-producing cells. Using immunosuppression protocols developed for patients receiving whole face transplants, we successfully used immunosuppressed miniswine as a suitable host animal to evaluate the long-term stability, biocompatibility, and fate of matrix-modified hyaluronate (HA) hydrogel/bioscaffold materials containing encapsulated salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs). An initial biocompatibility test was conducted in parotids of untreated miniswine. Subsequent experiments using hS/PC-laden hydrogels were performed in animals, beginning an immunosuppression regimen on the day of surgery. Implant sites included the kidney capsule for viability testing and the parotid gland for biointegration time periods up to eight weeks. No transplant rejection was seen in any animal assessed by analysis of the tissues near the site of the implants. First-generation implants containing only cells in hydrogel proved difficult to handle in the surgical suite and were modified to adhere to a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) membrane for improved handling and could be delivered through the da Vinci surgical system. Several different surgical techniques were assessed using the second-generation 3D-salivary tissue (3D-ST) for ease and stability both on the kidney capsule and in the capsule-less parotid gland. For the kidney, sliding the implant under the capsule membrane and quick stitching proved superior to other methods. For the parotid gland, creation of a tissue “pocket” for placement and immediate multilayer tissue closure were well tolerated with minimal tissue damage. Surgical clips were placed as fiduciary markers for tissue harvest. Some implant experiments were conducted with miniswine 90 days post-irradiation when salivation decreased significantly. Sufficient parotid tissue remained to allow implant placement, and animals tolerated immunosuppression. In all experiments, viability of implanted hS/PCs was high with clear signs of both vascular and nervous system integration in the parotid implants. We thus conclude that the immunosuppressed miniswine is a high-value emerging model for testing human implants prior to first-in-human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maximilien DeLeon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Swati Pradhan-Bhatt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Robert L Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Daniel Anton Harrington
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark G Trombetta
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael J Passineau
- Gene Therapy Program, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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10
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Feng X, Wu Z, Xu J, Xu Y, Zhao B, Pang B, Qu X, Hu L, Hu L, Fan Z, Jin L, Xia D, Chang S, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang S. Dietary nitrate supplementation prevents radiotherapy-induced xerostomia. eLife 2021; 10:70710. [PMID: 34581269 PMCID: PMC8563005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of salivary gland hypofunction caused by irradiation (IR) therapy for head and neck cancer remains lack of effective treatments. Salivary glands, especially the parotid gland, actively uptake dietary nitrate and secrete it into saliva. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary nitrate on the prevention and treatment of IR-induced parotid gland hypofunction in miniature pigs, and elucidated the underlying mechanism in human parotid gland cells. We found that nitrate administration prevented IR-induced parotid gland damage in a dose-dependent manner, by maintaining the function of irradiated parotid gland tissue. Nitrate could increase sialin expression, a nitrate transporter expressed in the parotid gland, making the nitrate-sialin feedback loop that facilitates nitrate influx into cells for maintaining cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, nitrate enhanced cell proliferation via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-protein kinase B (AKT)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in irradiated parotid gland tissue. Collectively, nitrate effectively prevented IR-induced xerostomia via the EGFR-AKT-MAPK signaling pathway. Dietary nitrate supplementation may provide a novel, safe, and effective way to resolve IR-induced xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Feng
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junji Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipu Xu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxing Pang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingmin Qu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyuan Jin
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengsheng Xia
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Chang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Chen W, Su GY, Zhou Y, Jiang JS, Jiang RH, Bao ML, Xu XQ, Wu FY. Longitudinal Multiparametric MRI Assessment of Irradiated Salivary Gland in a Rat Model: Correlated With Histological Findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:1730-1741. [PMID: 34278649 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences have been applied to assess injured glands but without histological validation. PURPOSE To evaluate longitudinal changes in multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI) of irradiated salivary glands in a rat model and investigate correlations between mp-MRI and histological findings. STUDY TYPE Prospective. ANIMAL MODEL Submandibular glands of 36 rats were radiated using a single dose of 15 Gy X-ray (irradiation [IR] group), and 6 other rats were enrolled into sham-IR group. mp-MRI were scanned 1 day after sham-IR (n = 6), or 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 weeks after IR (n = 36, 6 per subgroup). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3.0-T/Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), readout-segmented echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence; intravoxel incoherent motion DWI, single-shot EPI sequence; T1 mapping, dual-flip-angle gradient-echo sequence with volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination; T2 mapping, turbo spin-echo sequence. ASSESSMENT Parameters including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), pure diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D* ), perfusion fraction (f), T1 and T2 value were obtained. Histological examinations, including hematoxylin and eosin staining (for acinar cell fraction [AC%] detection), Masson's trichrome staining (for degree of fibrosis [F%] determination) and CD34-immunohistochemical staining (for microvessel density [MVD] calculation), were performed at corresponding time points. STATISTICAL TESTS One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the mp-MRI and histological parameters among different groups. Spearman correlation analysis was applied to determine the correlation between mp-MRI and histological parameters. Two-sided P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Changes of mp-MRI parameters (ADC, D, D* , f, T1, T2) and histological results (AC%, F%, MVD) among the seven groups were all significant. ADC, D, and T2 values negatively correlated with AC% (ADC, r = -0.728; D, r = -0.773; T2, r = -0.600), f positively correlated with MVD (r = 0.496), and T1 values positively correlated with F% (r = 0.714). DATA CONCLUSION: mp-MRI might be able to noninvasively and quantitatively evaluate the dynamic pathological changes within the irradiated salivary glands. EVIDENCE LEVEL 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Yi Su
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Suo Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Subei People's Hospital, Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Run-Hao Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Bao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Xu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei-Yun Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Nanduri LSY, Duddempudi PK, Yang WL, Tamarat R, Guha C. Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Radiation Injuries. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662437. [PMID: 34084138 PMCID: PMC8167064 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal tissue injury from accidental or therapeutic exposure to high-dose radiation can cause severe acute and delayed toxicities, which result in mortality and chronic morbidity. Exposure to single high-dose radiation leads to a multi-organ failure, known as acute radiation syndrome, which is caused by radiation-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage to tissue stem cells. The radiation exposure results in acute cell loss, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and early damage to bone marrow and intestine with high mortality from sepsis. There is an urgent need for developing medical countermeasures against radiation injury for normal tissue toxicity. In this review, we discuss the potential of applying secretory extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages for promoting repair and regeneration of organs after radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Sarad Yamini Nanduri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Phaneendra K Duddempudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Weng-Lang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Radia Tamarat
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Institute for Onco-Physics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Li SS, Wu CZ, Qiao XH, Li CJ, Li LJ. Advances on mechanism and treatment of salivary gland in radiation injury. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2021; 39:99-104. [PMID: 33723944 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequent tumour in head and neck malignant. The current treatment is mainly based on surgery therapy, radiation therapy and chemical therapy. Meanwhile, there are many a defect in the treatment. For example, there are many defects in radiotherapy. Radioactive salivatitis is the most common. In addition, there are a series of changes such as dry mouth, oral mucositis, rampant dental caries, and radioactive osteomyelitis of jaw, which cause swallowing, chewing problems, and taste dysfunction. Currently, the research on radioactive salivatitis is progressing rapidly, but its mechanism is more complication. This paper review aims to summarize the research progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Sui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen-Zhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang-He Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Long-Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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14
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Zhang Y, Bai Y, Bai J, Li L, Gao L, Wang F. Targeting Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase with TPPU Alleviates Irradiation‐Induced Hyposalivation in Mice via Preventing Apoptosis and Microcirculation Disturbance. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyang Zhang
- School of Stomatology Dalian Medical University No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road Dalian Liaoning Province 116044 P. R. China
| | - Yuwen Bai
- School of Stomatology Dalian Medical University No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road Dalian Liaoning Province 116044 P. R. China
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Stomatology Dalian Medical University No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road Dalian Liaoning Province 116044 P. R. China
| | - Lijun Li
- School of Stomatology Dalian Medical University No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road Dalian Liaoning Province 116044 P. R. China
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Stomatology Dalian Medical University No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road Dalian Liaoning Province 116044 P. R. China
| | - Fu Wang
- School of Stomatology Dalian Medical University No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road Dalian Liaoning Province 116044 P. R. China
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15
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Pan W, Hu L, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Song J, Shan Z. Sphingosine-1-phosphate alleviates irradiation-induced parotid injury in a miniature pig model. Oral Dis 2020; 26:920-929. [PMID: 32034858 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to verify the alleviation effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in a miniature pig model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty male miniature pigs were randomly separated into 10 groups in our experiment. We administered S1P through the parotid duct in a retrograde fashion 2 hr before irradiation (IR). The salivary flow rate and blood flow rate were tested 20 weeks after IR. The apoptotic level was checked at 12, 24 hr and 7 days post-IR. RESULTS Twenty weeks after IR, the salivary flow rate of the IR-side parotid gland in IR + S1P group can be maintained at about 40% of the non-IR side, while only 20% was maintained in the IR group. The blood flow rate and microvascular density were significantly higher in the IR + S1P group than in the IR group. The apoptotic level and cleaved caspase-3 expression were downregulated in IR + S1P group, and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was increased. The blood flow rate and CD31 level were significantly restored at 12, 24 hr and 7 days post-IR. CONCLUSION Sphingosine-1-phosphate may partially alleviate IR-induced parotid dysfunction by decreasing apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells and maintaining the blood flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Pan
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhu
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Song
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaochen Shan
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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16
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Hu L, Zhu Z, Hai B, Chang S, Ma L, Xu Y, Li X, Feng X, Wu X, Zhao Q, Qin L, Wang J, Zhang C, Liu F, Wang S. Intragland Shh gene delivery mitigated irradiation-induced hyposalivation in a miniature pig model. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4321-4331. [PMID: 30214623 PMCID: PMC6134926 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible hypofunction of salivary glands is common in head and neck cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy and can only be temporarily relieved with current treatments. We found recently in mouse models that transient activation of Hedgehog pathway following irradiation rescued salivary gland function by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells, parasympathetic innervation and microvessels. Due to huge differences between salivary glands of rodents and humans, to examine the translational potential of this approach, we evaluated effects of Shh gene transfer in a miniature pig model of irradiation-induced hyposalivation. Methods: The right parotid of each pig was irradiated with a single dose of 20 Gray. Shh and control GFP genes were delivered into irradiated parotid glands by noninvasive retrograde ductal instillation of corresponding adenoviral vectors 4 or 16 weeks after irradiation. Parotid saliva was collected every two weeks. Parotid glands were collected 5 or 20 weeks after irradiation for histology, Western blot and qRT-PCR assays. Results: Shh gene delivery 4 weeks after irradiation significantly improved stimulated saliva secretion and local blood supply up to 20 weeks, preserved saliva-producing acinar cells, parasympathetic innervation and microvessels as found in mouse models, and also activated autophagy and inhibited fibrogenesis in irradiated glands. Conclusion: These data indicate the translational potential of transient activation of Hedgehog pathway to preserve salivary function following irradiation.
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17
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Radioprotective effects of Keratinocyte Growth Factor-1 against irradiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13496-13508. [PMID: 28086221 PMCID: PMC5355115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation can cause salivary gland hypofunction, with hyposalivation producing discomfort, health risks, and reducing function in daily life. Despite increasing translational research interest in radioprotection, there are no satisfactory treatments available. Keratinocyte growth factor-1 stimulates proliferation of salivary epithelial cells or salivary stem/progenitor cells. However, the exact mechanism of its radioprotection against radiation-induced salivary hypofunction is not fully elucidated. Our results reveal that the radioprotective effects of keratinocyte growth factor-1 involved alleviation of growth inhibition and anti-apoptotic cell death of human parotid epithelial cells. Furthermore, keratinocyte growth factor-1 protected human parotid epithelial cells through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase - protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and inhibition of p53-mediated apoptosis through activation of mouse double minute 2. Local delivery of keratinocyte growth factor-1 into the irradiated salivary glands could protect radiation-induced salivary cell damages, suppress p53-mediated apoptosis and prevent salivary hypofunction in vivo. This suggests that keratinocyte growth factor-1 is a promising candidate to prevent radiation-induced salivary hypofunction and raise rational development keratinocyte growth factor-1 local delivery system.
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18
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Wang Z, Ju Z, He L, Li Z, Liu Y, Liu B. Intraglandular Transplantation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for the Alleviation of Irradiation-Induced Parotid Gland Damage in Miniature Pigs. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75:1784-1790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Lafargue A, Degorre C, Corre I, Alves-Guerra MC, Gaugler MH, Vallette F, Pecqueur C, Paris F. Ionizing radiation induces long-term senescence in endothelial cells through mitochondrial respiratory complex II dysfunction and superoxide generation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:750-759. [PMID: 28431961 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation causes oxidative stress, leading to acute and late cellular responses. We previously demonstrated that irradiation of non-proliferating endothelial cells, as observed in normal tissues, induces early apoptosis, which can be inhibited by pretreatment with Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. We now propose to better characterize the long-term radiation response of endothelial cells by studying the molecular pathways associated with senescence and its link with acute apoptosis. First, senescence was validated in irradiated quiescent microvascular HMVEC-L in a dose- and time-dependent manner by SA β-galactosidase staining, p16Ink4a and p21Waf1 expression, pro-inflammatory IL-8 secretion and DNA damage response activation. This premature aging was induced independently of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate treatment, supporting its non-connection with acute IR-induced apoptosis. Then, senescence under these conditions showed persistent activation of p53 pathway and mitochondrial dysfunctions, characterized by O2·- generation, inhibition of respiratory complex II activity and over-expression of SOD2 and GPX1 detoxification enzymes. Senescence was significantly inhibited by treatment with pifithrin-α, a p53 inhibitor, or by MnTBAP, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, validating those molecular actors in IR-induced endothelial cell aging. However, MnTBAP, but not pifithrin-α, was able to limit superoxide generation and to rescue the respiratory complex II activity. Furthermore, MnTBAP was not modulating p53 up-regulation, suggesting that IR-induced senescence in quiescent endothelial cells is provided by at least 2 different pathways dependent of the mitochondrial oxidative stress response and the p53 activation. Further characterization of the actors involved in the respiratory complex II dysfunction will open new pharmacological strategies to modulate late radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Corre
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Clotilde Alves-Guerra
- Inserm UMR1016, Paris F-75014, France; CNRS UMR8104, Paris F-75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris F-75014, France
| | | | - François Vallette
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain F-44800, France
| | | | - François Paris
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain F-44800, France.
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20
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Hai B, Zhao Q, Qin L, Rangaraj D, Gutti VR, Liu F. Rescue Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Intragland Shh Gene Delivery on Irradiation-Induced Hyposalivation. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:390-9. [PMID: 27021743 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible hypofunction of salivary glands is common in head and neck cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy and can only be temporarily relieved with current treatments. We found in an inducible sonic hedgehog (Shh) transgenic mouse model that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway after irradiation rescued salivary gland function in males by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells and parasympathetic innervation. To translate these findings into feasible clinical application, we evaluated the effects of Shh gene transfer to salivary glands of wild-type mice on irradiation-induced hyposalivation. Shh or control GFP gene was delivered by noninvasive retrograde ductal instillation of corresponding adenoviral vectors. In both male and female mice, Shh gene delivery efficiently activated Hedgehog/Gli signaling, and significantly improved stimulated saliva secretion and preserved saliva-producing acinar cells after irradiation. In addition to preserving parasympathetic innervation through induction of neurotrophic factors, Shh gene delivery also alleviated the irradiation damage of the microvasculature, likely via inducing angiogenic factors, but did not expand the progeny of cells responsive to Hedgehog/Gli signaling. These data indicate that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway by gene delivery is promising to rescue salivary function after irradiation in both sexes, and the Hedgehog/Gli pathway may function mainly in cell nonautonomous manners to achieve the rescue effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hai
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Qingguo Zhao
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
| | - Lizheng Qin
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas.,2 Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | | | - Veera R Gutti
- 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Hospital , Temple, Texas
| | - Fei Liu
- 1 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Temple, Texas
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21
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Zhou N, Chu C, Dou X, Li M, Liu S, Zhu L, Liu B, Guo T, Chen W, He J, Yan J, Zhou Z, Yang X, Liu T. Early evaluation of irradiated parotid glands with intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging: correlation with dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:865. [PMID: 27821130 PMCID: PMC5100256 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation-induced parotid damage is one of the most common complications in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) undergoing radiotherapy (RT). Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been reported for evaluating irradiated parotid damage. However, the changes of IVIM perfusion-related parameters in irradiated parotid glands have not been confirmed by conventional perfusion measurements obtained from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MR imaging. The purposes of this study were to monitor radiation-induced parotid damage using IVIM and DCE MR imaging and to investigate the correlations between changes of these MR parameters. Methods Eighteen NPC patients underwent bilateral parotid T1-weighted, IVIM and DCE MR imaging pre-RT (2 weeks before RT) and post-RT (4 weeks after RT). Parotid volume; IVIM MR parameters, including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), pure diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f); and DCE MR parameters, including maximum relative enhancement (MRE), time to peak (TTP), Wash in Rate, and the degree of xerostomia were recorded. Correlations of parotid MR parameters with mean radiation dose, atrophy rate and xerostomia degree, as well as the relationships between IVIM and DCE MR parameters, were investigated. Results From pre-RT to post-RT, all of the IVIM and DCE MR parameters increased significantly (p < 0.001 for ADC, D, f, MRE, Wash in Rate; p = 0.024 for D*; p = 0.037 for TTP). Change rates of ADC, f and MRE were negatively correlated with atrophy rate significantly (all p < 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between the change rates of D* and MRE (r = 0.371, p = 0.026) and between the change rates of D* and TTP (r = 0.396, p = 0.017). The intra- and interobserver reproducibility of IVIM and DCE MR parameters was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.633–0.983). Conclusions Early radiation-induced changes of parotid glands could be evaluated by IVIM and DCE MR imaging. Certain IVIM and DCE MR parameters were correlated significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chen Chu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xin Dou
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Weibo Chen
- Philips Healthcare, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jing Yan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Mizrachi A, Cotrim AP, Katabi N, Mitchell JB, Verheij M, Haimovitz-Friedman A. Radiation-Induced Microvascular Injury as a Mechanism of Salivary Gland Hypofunction and Potential Target for Radioprotectors. Radiat Res 2016; 186:189-95. [PMID: 27459704 DOI: 10.1667/rr14431.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). One of the major side effects of radiotherapy is injury to the salivary glands (SG), which is thought to be mediated by microvascular dysfunction leading to permanent xerostomia. The goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of radiation-induced microvasculature damage and its impact on SG function. We measured bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) apoptosis and ceramide production in response to 5 Gy irradiation, either alone or with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. We then investigated the effect of a single 15 Gy radiation dose on murine SG function. BAECs exposed to 5 Gy underwent apoptosis with increased ceramide production, both prevented by ROS scavengers. Among the 15 Gy irradiated mice, there was considerable weight loss, alopecia and SG hypofunction manifested by reduced saliva production and lower lysozyme levels. All of these effects, except for the lysozyme levels, were prevented by pretreatment with ROS scavengers. Microvessel density was significantly lower in the SG of irradiated mice compared to the control group, and this effect was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with Tempol. This study demonstrates that radiation-induced SG hypofunction is to a large extent mediated by microvascular dysfunction involving ceramide and ROS generation. These findings strongly suggest that ROS scavengers may serve as potential radioprotectors of SG function in patients undergoing radiotherapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana P Cotrim
- d Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | | | - James B Mitchell
- d Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Marcel Verheij
- e Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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23
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Satyamitra MM, DiCarlo AL, Taliaferro L. Understanding the Pathophysiology and Challenges of Development of Medical Countermeasures for Radiation-Induced Vascular/Endothelial Cell Injuries: Report of a NIAID Workshop, August 20, 2015. Radiat Res 2016; 186:99-111. [PMID: 27387859 DOI: 10.1667/rr14436.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
After the events of September 11, 2001, a decade of research on the development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) to treat victims of a radiological incident has yielded two FDA-approved agents to mitigate acute radiation syndrome. These licensed agents specifically target the mitigation of radiation-induced neutropenia and infection potential, while the ramifications of the exposure event in a public health emergency incident could include the entire body, causing additional acute and/or delayed organ/tissue injuries. Anecdotal data as well as recent findings from both radiation accident survivors and animal experiments implicate radiation-induced injury or dysfunction of the vascular endothelium leading to tissue and organ injuries. There are significant gaps in our understanding of the disease processes and progression, as well as the optimum approaches to develop medical countermeasures to mitigate radiation vascular injury. To address this issue, the Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) organized a one-day workshop to examine the current state of the science in radiation-induced vascular injuries and organ dysfunction, the natural history of the pathophysiology and the product development maturity of potential medical countermeasures to treat these injuries. Meeting presentations were followed by a NIAID-led open discussion among academic investigators, industry researchers and government agency representatives. This article provides a summary of these presentations and subsequent discussion from the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merriline M Satyamitra
- Division of Allergy Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Division of Allergy Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Lanyn Taliaferro
- Division of Allergy Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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24
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Zhu H, Deng K, Zhao YQ, Wang X, Shen YL, Liu TG, Cui DD, Xu F. The Effects of ASMase Mediated Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Multiple Hypofractionated Irradiations in CT26 Tumor Bearing Mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:4543-8. [PMID: 26107201 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.11.4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of ASMase mediated endothelial cell apoptosis in multiple hypofractionated irradiations in CT26 tumor bearing mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five CT26 tumor bearing mice were subjected to single ionizing radiation (IR) of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 Gy. Eight hours after IR, the mice were sacrificed and tumor tissues were used for CD31 immunohistochemistry staining, TUNEL and CD31 double staining, ASMase activity assay. Then 6 and 12 Gy were chosen for multiple hypofractionated IR experiments according to the above results. Each time after IR, 5 mice were sacrificed and assayed as above. RESULTS The ASMase activities were increased significantly after a single IR of 12 Gy or higher which was accompanied with remarkable increased endothelial cell apoptosis and decreased MVD. For 6 Gy which was not high enough to trigger ASMase activation, after 2 or more times of IR, the ASMase activities were significantly increased accompanied with remarkable increased endothelial cell apoptosis and decreased MVD. While for 12 Gy, after 2 or more times of IR, the ASMase activities and endothelial cell apoptosis rates were maintained without remarkable increase; however, the MVD was significantly decreased. What's more, the cancer cell apoptosis rates were significantly increased after multiple IR for both 6 Gy and 12 Gy. CONCLUSIONS ASMase mediated endothelial cell apoptosis may play an important role in the process of multiple hypofractionated IR for CT26 colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China E-mail :
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25
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Rich LJ, Seshadri M. Photoacoustic monitoring of tumor and normal tissue response to radiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21237. [PMID: 26883660 PMCID: PMC4756329 DOI: 10.1038/srep21237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a recognized characteristic of tumors that influences efficacy of radiotherapy (RT). Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a relatively new imaging technique that exploits the optical characteristics of hemoglobin to provide information on tissue oxygenation. In the present study, PAI based measures of tumor oxygen saturation (%sO2) were compared to oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of longitudinal relaxation rate (R1 = 1/T1) and ex-vivo histology in patient derived xenograft (PDX) models of head and neck cancer. PAI was utilized to assess early changes (24 h) in %sO2 following RT and chemoRT (CRT) and to assess changes in salivary gland hemodynamics following radiation. A significant increase in tumor %sO2 and R1 was observed following oxygen inhalation. Good spatial correlation was observed between PAI, MRI and histology. An early increase in %sO2 after RT and CRT detected by PAI was associated with significant tumor growth inhibition. Twenty four hours after RT, PAI also detected loss of hemodynamic response to gustatory stimulation in murine salivary gland tissue suggestive of radiation-induced vascular damage. Our observations illustrate the utility of PAI in detecting tumor and normal tissue hemodynamic response to radiation in head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Rich
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263.,Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263.,Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263.,Oral Medicine/Head and Neck Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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26
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Acauan MD, Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K, Gomes APN, Salum FG. Radiotherapy-induced salivary dysfunction: Structural changes, pathogenetic mechanisms and therapies. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1802-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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27
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Acauan MD, Gomes APN, Braga-Filho A, de Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Effect of low-level laser therapy on irradiated parotid glands--study in mice. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:108002. [PMID: 26502234 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on radiotherapy-induced morphological changes and caspase-3 immunodetection in parotids of mice. Forty-one Swiss mice were divided into control, radiotherapy, 2- and 4-J laser groups. The experimental groups were exposed to ionizing radiation in a single session of 10 Gy. In the laser groups, a GaAlAs laser (830 nm, 100 mW, 0.028 cm2, 3.57 W/cm2) was used on the region corresponding to the parotid glands, with 2-J energy (20 s, 71 J/cm2) or 4 J (40 s, 135 J/cm2) per point. LLLT was performed immediately before and 24 h after radiotherapy. One point was applied in each parotid gland. The animals were euthanized 48 h or 7 days after radiotherapy and parotid glands were dissected for morphological analysis and immunodetection of caspase-3. There was no significant difference between groups in the immunodetection of caspase-3, but the laser groups had a lower percentage compared to the radiotherapy group. LLLT promoted the preservation of acinar structure, reduced the occurrence of vacuolation, and stimulated parotid gland vascularization. Of the two LLLT protocols, the one using 4 J of energy showed better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Dossena Acauan
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Neutziling Gomes
- Federal University of Pelotas-UFPEL, Oral Pathology Division, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 457, CEP: 96015-560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Aroldo Braga-Filho
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Radiotherapy Division, São Lucas Hospital, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Zancanaro de Figueiredo
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Cherubini
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gonçalves Salum
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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28
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Morgan-Bathke M, Lin HH, Ann DK, Limesand KH. The Role of Autophagy in Salivary Gland Homeostasis and Stress Responses. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1035-40. [PMID: 26092378 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515590796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that has been shown to have a role in many cellular processes including the removal of excessive or damaged proteins and protein aggregates. The salivary glands play a critical role in oral health, and their secretory capacity may be critically intertwined with the autophagic process. This review describes the role of autophagy activation in normal salivary gland homeostasis and during the glandular stress responses of therapeutic radiation, ductal ligation, autoimmunity, and salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morgan-Bathke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H H Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - D K Ann
- Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - K H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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29
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Korpela E, Liu SK. Endothelial perturbations and therapeutic strategies in normal tissue radiation damage. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:266. [PMID: 25518850 PMCID: PMC4279961 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-014-0266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy, but the treatment can also damage the surrounding normal tissue. Radiotherapy side-effects diminish patients’ quality of life, yet effective biological interventions for normal tissue damage are lacking. Protecting microvascular endothelial cells from the effects of irradiation is emerging as a targeted damage-reduction strategy. We illustrate the concept of the microvasculature as a mediator of overall normal tissue radiation toxicity through cell death, vascular inflammation (hemodynamic and molecular changes) and a change in functional capacity. Endothelial cell targeted therapies that protect against such endothelial cell perturbations and the development of acute normal tissue damage are mostly under preclinical development. Since acute radiation toxicity is a common clinical problem in cutaneous, gastrointestinal and mucosal tissues, we also focus on damage in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Korpela
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, M4N 3M5, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Stanley K Liu
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, M4N 3M5, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College St., Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 149 College St., Toronto, M5T 1P5, Canada.
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30
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Guo L, Gao R, Xu J, Jin L, Cotrim AP, Yan X, Zheng C, Goldsmith CM, Shan Z, Hai B, Zhou J, Zhang C, Baum BJ, Wang S. AdLTR2EF1α-FGF2-mediated prevention of fractionated irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction in swine. Gene Ther 2014; 21:866-73. [PMID: 25030610 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients frequently experience a loss of salivary function following irradiation (IR) for the treatment of an oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Herein, we tested if transfer of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) cDNA could limit salivary dysfunction after fractionated IR (7.5 or 9 Gy for 5 consecutive days to one parotid gland) in the miniature pig (minipig). Parotid salivary flow rates steadily decreased by 16 weeks post-IR, whereas blood flow in the targeted parotid gland began to decrease ~3 days after beginning IR. By 2 weeks, post-IR salivary blood flow was reduced by 50%, at which point it remained stable for the remainder of the study. The single preadministration of a hybrid serotype 5 adenoviral vector encoding FGF2 (AdLTR2EF1a-FGF2) resulted in the protection of parotid microvascular endothelial cells from IR damage and significantly limited the decline of parotid salivary flow. Our results suggest that a local treatment directed at protecting salivary gland endothelial cells may be beneficial for patients undergoing IR for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guo
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - R Gao
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - J Xu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - L Jin
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - A P Cotrim
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - X Yan
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - C Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C M Goldsmith
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Z Shan
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - B Hai
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhou
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - C Zhang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - B J Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Wang
- 1] Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Vissink A, Luijk P, Langendijk JA, Coppes RP. Current ideas to reduce or salvage radiation damage to salivary glands. Oral Dis 2014; 21:e1-10. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - P Luijk
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - JA Langendijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - RP Coppes
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology Section of Radiation and Stress Biology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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32
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Corre I, Guillonneau M, Paris F. Membrane signaling induced by high doses of ionizing radiation in the endothelial compartment. Relevance in radiation toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22678-96. [PMID: 24252908 PMCID: PMC3856084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor areas can now be very precisely delimited thanks to technical progress in imaging and ballistics. This has also led to the development of novel radiotherapy protocols, delivering higher doses of ionizing radiation directly to cancer cells. Despite this, radiation toxicity in healthy tissue remains a major issue, particularly with dose-escalation in these new protocols. Acute and late tissue damage following irradiation have both been linked to the endothelium irrigating normal tissues. The molecular mechanisms involved in the endothelial response to high doses of radiation are associated with signaling from the plasma membrane, mainly via the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway. This review describes this signaling pathway and discusses the relevance of targeting endothelial signaling to protect healthy tissues from the deleterious effects of high doses of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Corre
- CRCNA-UMR Inserm U892-CNRS 6299-Institut de Recherche en Santé de l'Université de Nantes, Nantes 44007, France.
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33
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Tran SD, Liu Y, Xia D, Maria OM, Khalili S, Wang RWJ, Quan VH, Hu S, Seuntjens J. Paracrine effects of bone marrow soup restore organ function, regeneration, and repair in salivary glands damaged by irradiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61632. [PMID: 23637870 PMCID: PMC3634855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are reports that bone marrow cell (BM) transplants repaired irradiated salivary glands (SGs) and re-established saliva secretion. However, the mechanisms of action behind these reports have not been elucidated. METHODS To test if a paracrine mechanism was the main effect behind this reported improvement in salivary organ function, whole BM cells were lysed and its soluble intracellular contents (termed as "BM Soup") injected into mice with irradiation-injured SGs. The hypothesis was that BM Soup would protect salivary cells, increase tissue neovascularization, function, and regeneration. Two minor aims were also tested a) comparing two routes of delivering BM Soup, intravenous (I.V.) versus intra-glandular injections, and b) comparing the age of the BM Soup's donors. The treatment-comparison group consisted of irradiated mice receiving injections of living whole BM cells. Control mice received irradiation and injections of saline or sham-irradiation. All mice were followed for 8 weeks post-irradiation. RESULTS BM Soup restored salivary flow rates to normal levels, protected salivary acinar, ductal, myoepithelial, and progenitor cells, increased cell proliferation and blood vessels, and up-regulated expression of tissue remodeling/repair/regenerative genes (MMP2, CyclinD1, BMP7, EGF, NGF). BM Soup was as an efficient therapeutic agent as injections of live BM cells. Both intra-glandular or I.V. injections of BM Soup, and from both young and older mouse donors were as effective in repairing irradiated SGs. The intra-glandular route reduced injection frequency/dosage by four-fold. CONCLUSION BM Soup, which contains only the cell by-products, can be advantageously used to repair irradiation-damaged SGs rather than transplanting whole live BM cells which carry the risk of differentiating into unwanted/tumorigenic cell types in SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Younan Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Dengsheng Xia
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Ola M. Maria
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Vu-Hung Quan
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Department of Oncology, Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
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Li Y, Xu J, Mao L, Liu Y, Gao R, Zheng Z, Chen W, Le A, Shi S, Wang S. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy for bisphosphonate-related jaw osteonecrosis in Swine. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2047-56. [PMID: 23461552 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs), which are used to treat a variety of clinical disorders, have the side effect of jawbone necrosis. Currently, there is no reliable treatment for BP-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) due to a lack of understanding of its pathogenesis. To investigate the pathogenesis of BRONJ and observe the treatment effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMMSC) transplantation, we established a preclinical animal model of BRONJ in miniature pigs (minipigs). After treatment with zoledronic acid, the clinical and radiographic manifestations of BRONJ could be observed in minipigs after first premolar extraction. The biological and immunological properties of BMMSCs were impaired in the BP-treated minipigs. Moreover, the ratio of Foxp3-positive regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in peripheral blood decreased, and interleukin (IL)-17 increased in the serum of BP-treated minipigs. After allogeneic BMMSC transplantation via intravenous infusion, mucosal healing and bone reconstruction were observed; IL-17 levels were reduced; and Tregs were elevated. In summary, we established a clinically relevant BRONJ model in minipigs and tested a promising allogeneic BMMSC-based therapy, which may have potential clinical applications for treating BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Li
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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35
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Štembírek J, Kyllar M, Putnová I, Stehlík L, Buchtová M. The pig as an experimental model for clinical craniofacial research. Lab Anim 2012; 46:269-79. [PMID: 22969144 DOI: 10.1258/la.2012.012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pig represents a useful, large experimental model for biomedical research. Recently, it has been used in different areas of biomedical research. The aim of this study was to review the basic anatomical structures of the head region in the pig in relation to their use in current research. Attention was focused on the areas that are frequently affected by pathological processes in humans: the oral cavity with teeth, salivary gland, orbit, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, maxilla, mandible and temporomandibular joint. Not all of the structures have an equal morphology in the pig and human, and these morphological dissimilarities must be taken into account before choosing the pig as an experimental model for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Štembírek
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, vvi, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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36
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Xu J, Zheng Z, Fang D, Gao R, Liu Y, Fan Z, Zhang C, Shi S, Wang S. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Treatment of Jaw Osteoradionecrosis in Swine. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1679-86. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x637434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaw osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a common and serious complication of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) are multipotent postnatal stem cells and have been widely used in clinical therapies. In the present study, we generated the mandibular ORN model in swine using a combination of single-dose 25-Gy irradiation and tooth extraction. A typical ORN phenotype, including loss of bone regeneration capacity and collagen collapse with the obliteration of vessels, gradually appeared after irradiation. After autologous BMMSC transplantation, new bone and vessels were regenerated, and the advanced mandibular ORN was treated successfully. In summary, we developed a swine model of jaw ORN, and our results indicate that autologous BMMSC transplantation may be a promising therapeutic approach for ORN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Xu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongmei Zheng
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dianji Fang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Runtao Gao
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Ostrow, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Xu J, Zheng Z, Fang D, Gao R, Liu Y, Fan Z, Zhang C, Wang S. Early-stage Pathogenic Sequence of Jaw Osteoradionecrosis in vivo. J Dent Res 2012; 91:702-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512448661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying jaw osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is not fully understood, particularly in the early stages. To investigate bone and vessel pathogenesis in the early stages of jaw ORN, we generated a mandibular ORN model in miniature pigs (minipigs) by applying a combination of single-dose 25-Gy irradiation (IR) and tooth extraction. We studied 6 ORN model minipigs and 6 control, non-irradiated minipigs. We measured dynamic morphological changes, bone-remodeling-associated gene expression, sphingomyelinase activity, and local blood flow. Bone remodeling, including bone resorption and new bone formation, was observed within 15 days post-IR. Later, an ORN-related imbalance in bone metabolism gradually occurred, with loss of bone regeneration capacity, collagen collapse, and microvascular obliteration. Within 24 hrs post-IR, sphingomyelinase significantly increased in irradiated tissues. At 1 wk post-IR, local blood flow increased, but at 15 days post-IR, it significantly decreased to 50% below normal levels. This study provided details of the sequential occurrences in early-stage ORN in a large animal model. Our results suggested that reduced local blood flow and consequent hypovascularity may have caused an imbalance in bone remodeling. This suggested that microvessel damage may play a key role in the initiation of ORN.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Xu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Z. Zheng
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - D. Fang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - R. Gao
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Y. Liu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Z.P. Fan
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - C.M. Zhang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - S.L. Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100069, P. R. China
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Plasmid DNA is internalized from the apical plasma membrane of the salivary gland epithelium in live animals. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:201-13. [PMID: 22544351 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-viral-mediated gene delivery represents an alternative way to express the gene of interest without inducing immune responses or other adverse effects. Understanding the mechanisms by which plasmid DNAs are delivered to the proper target in vivo is a fundamental issue that needs to be addressed in order to design more effective strategies for gene therapy. As a model system, we have used the submandibular salivary glands in live rats and we have recently shown that reporter transgenes can be expressed in different cell populations of the glandular epithelium, depending on the modality of administration of plasmid DNA. Here, by using a combination of immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy, we have explored the relationship between the pattern of transgenes expression and the internalization of plasmid DNA. We found that plasmid DNA is internalized: (1) by all the cells in the salivary gland epithelium, when administered alone, (2) by large ducts, when mixed with empty adenoviral particles, and (3) by acinar cells upon stimulation of compensatory endocytosis. Moreover, we showed that plasmid DNA utilizes different routes of internalization, and evades both the lysosomal degradative pathway and the retrograde pathway towards the Golgi apparatus. This study clearly shows that in vivo approaches have the potential to address fundamental questions on the cellular mechanisms regulating gene delivery.
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Gene delivery in salivary glands: from the bench to the clinic. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1515-21. [PMID: 21763423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo gene delivery has long been seen as providing opportunities for the development of novel treatments for disorders refractory to existing therapies. Over the last two decades, salivary glands have proven to be a useful, if somewhat unconventional, target tissue for studying several potential clinical applications of therapeutic gene delivery. Herein, we follow the progress, address some problems and assess the outlook for clinical applications of salivary gland gene delivery. Our experience with these tissues provides a roadmap for the process of moving an idea from the laboratory bench to patients.
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Zheng C, Cotrim AP, Rowzee A, Swaim W, Sowers A, Mitchell JB, Baum BJ. Prevention of radiation-induced salivary hypofunction following hKGF gene delivery to murine submandibular glands. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2842-51. [PMID: 21367751 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Salivary glands are significantly affected when head and neck cancer patients are treated by radiation. We evaluated the effect of human keratinocyte growth factor (hKGF) gene transfer to murine salivary glands on the prevention of radiation-induced salivary hypofunction. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A hybrid serotype 5 adenoviral vector encoding hKGF (AdLTR(2)EF1α-hKGF) was constructed. Female C3H mice, 8 weeks old, were irradiated by single (15 Gy) or fractionated (6 Gy for 5 days) doses to induce salivary hypofunction. AdLTR(2)EF1α-hKGF or AdControl was administered (10(8) - 10(10) particles per gland) to both submandibular glands (SG) by retrograde ductal instillation before irradiation (IR). Salivary flow was measured following pilocarpine stimulation. Human KGF levels were measured by ELISA. SG cell proliferation was measured with bromodeoxyuridine labeling. Endothelial and progenitor or stem cells in SGs were measured by flow cytometry. The effect of SG hKGF production on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII) tumor growth was assessed. RESULTS In 3 separate single-dose IR experiments, salivary flow rates of mice administered the AdLTR(2)EF1α-hKGF vector were not significantly different from nonirradiated control mice (P > 0.05). Similarly, in 3 separate fractionated IR experiments, the hKGF-expressing vector prevented salivary hypofunction dramatically. Transgenic hKGF protein was found at high levels in serum and SG extracts. AdLTR(2)EF1α-hKGF-treated mice showed increased cell proliferation and numbers of endothelial cells, compared with mice treated with AdControl. hKGF gene transfer had no effect on SCC VII tumor growth ± radiation. CONCLUSIONS hKGF gene transfer prevents salivary hypofunction caused by either single or fractionated radiation dosing in mice. The findings suggest a potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1190, USA
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