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Hill CS, Rosati L, Wang H, Tsai HL, He J, Hacker-Prietz A, Laheru DA, Zheng L, Sehgal S, Bernard V, Le DT, Pawlik TM, Weiss MJ, Narang AK, Herman JM. Multiagent Chemotherapy and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Patients with Unresectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Prospective Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. Pract Radiat Oncol 2022; 12:511-523. [PMID: 35306231 PMCID: PMC9516435 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a prospective multicenter study, gemcitabine monotherapy followed by stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) was well tolerated with outcomes comparable to chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Recent trials have reported improved survival with multiagent chemotherapy (MA-CTX) alone. This prospective trial explored whether SBRT could be safely delivered after MA-CTX. Herein, we report the long-term outcomes of adding SBRT after MA-CTX in LAPC patients and evaluate whether genetic profiles of specimens obtained before SBRT influence outcomes. METHODS AND MATERIALS This prospective nonrandomized controlled phase 2 trial enrolled 44 LAPC and 4 locally recurrent patients after multidisciplinary evaluation between 2012 and 2015 at a high-volume pancreatic cancer center. For induction CTX, most received modified FOLFIRINOX (mFFX), or gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel (GnP) followed by 5-fraction SBRT for all. During fiducial placement, biopsies were obtained with DNA extracted for targeted sequencing using the Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets platform. RESULTS Median induction CTX duration was ≥4 months, and 31 patients received mFFX (65%). Among 44 LAPC patients, 17 (39%) were surgically explored, and 12 of 16 (75%) achieved a R0 resection. Median overall survival (mOS) was 20.2 and 14.6 months from diagnosis and SBRT, respectively. One- and 2-year OS from SBRT was 58% and 28%. The mOS after resection was 28.6 and 22.4 months from diagnosis and SBRT, respectively. Median local progression-free survival was 23.9 and 15.8 months from diagnosis and SBRT, respectively. The mOS for pre-SBRT CA 19-9 ≤180 U/mL versus >180 was 23.1 and 11.3 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.53; P = .04). Only 1 patient (2.1%) had late grade ≥2 gastrointestinal toxic effects attributable to SBRT. Despite significant pretreatment with chemotherapy, 88% of tumor specimens were effectively sequenced; survival outcomes were not significantly associated with specific mutational patterns. Quality of life was prospectively collected pre- and post-SBRT with the EORTC QLQ-C30 and PAN26 questionnaires showing no significant change. CONCLUSIONS SBRT was safely administered with MA-CTX with minimal toxicity. A high proportion of LAPC patients underwent R0 resection with favorable survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Hill
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren Rosati
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Hao Wang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hua-Ling Tsai
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Hacker-Prietz
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shuchi Sehgal
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent Bernard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dung T Le
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew J Weiss
- Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, New York
| | - Amol K Narang
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph M Herman
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success and Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York.
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2
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Yao H, Song W, Cao R, Ye C, Zhang L, Chen H, Wang J, Shi Y, Li R, Li Y, Liu X, Zhou X, Shao R, Li L. An EGFR/HER2-targeted conjugate sensitizes gemcitabine-sensitive and resistant pancreatic cancer through different SMAD4-mediated mechanisms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5506. [PMID: 36127339 PMCID: PMC9489697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance limits its clinical implementation for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We previously generated an EGFR/HER2 targeted conjugate, dual-targeting ligand-based lidamycin (DTLL), which shows a highly potent antitumor effect. To overcome chemoresistance in PDAC, we aim to study DTLL efficacy when combined with gemcitabine and explore its mechanisms of action. DTLL in combination with gemcitabine show a superior inhibitory effect on the growth of gemcitabine-resistant/sensitive tumors. DTLL sensitizes gemcitabine efficacy via distinct action mechanisms mediated by mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4). It not only prevents neoplastic proliferation via ATK/mTOR blockade and NF-κB impaired function in SMAD4-sufficient PDACs, but also restores SMAD4 bioactivity to trigger downstream NF-κB-regulated signaling in SMAD4-deficient tumors and to overcome chemoresistance. DTLL seems to act as a SMAD4 module that normalizes its function in PDAC, having a synergistic effect in combination with gemcitabine. Our findings provide insight into a rational SMAD4-directed precision therapy in PDAC. Chemoresistance is a main limitation for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, the authors show that an antibody drug conjugate-like compound targeting both EGFR and HER2 overcomes gemcitabine resistance in PDAC preclinical models by mechanisms involving the tumour suppressor SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Song
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No.127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.,Academy of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.,Tianjin Municipal Health Commission, Tianjin, 300000, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Hebing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Junting Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Shi
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Haiyuncang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering of National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC), Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology (IMB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), NO.1 TiantanXili, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China.
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3
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Mishra S, Kumari S, Srivastava P, Pandey A, Shukla S, Husain N. Genomic profiling of gallbladder carcinoma: Targetable mutations and pathways involved. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 232:153806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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D'Afonseca V, Arencibia AD, Echeverría-Vega A, Cerpa L, Cayún JP, Varela NM, Salazar M, Quiñones LA. Identification of Altered Genes in Gallbladder Cancer as Potential Driver Mutations for Diagnostic and Prognostic Purposes: A Computational Approach. Cancer Inform 2020; 19:1176935120922154. [PMID: 32546937 PMCID: PMC7249562 DOI: 10.1177/1176935120922154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prognostic markers for cancer can assist in the evaluation of survival probability of patients and help clinicians to assess the available treatment modalities. Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare tumor that causes 165 087 deaths in the world annually. It is the most common cancer of the biliary tract and has a particularly high incidence in Chile, Japan, and northern India. Currently, there is no accurate diagnosis test or effective molecular markers for GBC identification. Several studies have focused on the discovery of genetic alterations in important genes associated with GBC to propose novel diagnosis pathways and to create prognostic profiles. To achieve this, we performed data-mining of GBC in public repositories, harboring 133 samples of GBC, allowing us to describe relevant somatic mutations in important genes and to propose a genetic alteration atlas for GBC. In our results, we reported the 14 most altered genes in GBC: arid1a, arid2, atm, ctnnb1, erbb2, erbb3, kmt2c, kmt2d, kras, pik3ca, smad4, tert, tp53, and znf521 in samples from Japan, the United States, Chile, and China. Missense mutations are common among these genes. The annotations of many mutations revealed their importance in cancer development. The observed annotations mentioned that several mutations found in this repository are probably oncogenic, with a putative loss-of-function. In addition, they are hotspot mutations and are probably linked to poor prognosis in other cancers. We identified another 11 genes, which presented a copy number alteration in gallbladder database samples, which are ccnd1, ccnd3, ccne1, cdk12, cdkn2a, cdkn2b, erbb2, erbb3, kras, mdm2, and myc. The findings reported here can help to detect GBC cancer through the development of systems based on genetic alterations, for example, the development of a mutation panel specifically for GBC diagnosis, as well as the creation of prognostic profiles to accomplish the development of GBC and its prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vívian D'Afonseca
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ariel D Arencibia
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CenBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Alex Echeverría-Vega
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Leslie Cerpa
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics (CQF), Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology (DBOC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Latin-American network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan P Cayún
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics (CQF), Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology (DBOC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Latin-American network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nelson M Varela
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics (CQF), Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology (DBOC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Latin-American network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela Salazar
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Luis A Quiñones
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics (CQF), Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology (DBOC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Latin-American network for Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Shi W, Jiang R, Liang F, Yu G, Long J, Zhao J. Definitive chemoradiotherapy and salvage chemotherapy for patients with isolated locoregional recurrence after radical resection of primary pancreatic cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5065-5073. [PMID: 31213918 PMCID: PMC6549434 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s202543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the safety and efficacy of definitive chemoradiotherapy and salvage chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients with isolated locoregional recurrence after radical resection and assess the factors associated with tumor response. Patients and methods: A retrospective study of isolated locoregional recurrent PC patients who were treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy and salvage chemotherapy at our institution between 2012 and 2017 was conducted. Medium dose of 56.0 Gy (range: 54.0 Gy - 60.2 Gy) in 1.8 Gy to 2.15 Gy daily fractions was prescribed to the PTV-G and 50.4 Gy was prescribed to the PTV-C. Patients received chemotherapy before, at the same time with or after radiotherapy. The overall survival (OS) and freedom from locoregional progression (FFLP) rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was performed to compare survival curves. The Cox regression was used to identify factors affecting response to treatment and survival. Results: Thirty-one patients were included. The median interval from the resection of primary PC to the diagnosis of the locoregional recurrence (DFI) was 7.4 months (range 0.2-44.6). Within a median follow-up from the start of radiotherapy (RT) of 31.7 months (95% CI: 20.0-43.5 months), the medium OS and FFLP rates from the start of RT were 23.6 and 12.0 months, respectively. DFI >6 months was shown to be a significant factor associated with favorable OS. Acute and late toxicity of grade 3 occurred in 3 patients (9.7%) and 1 patient (3.2%) respectively. No grade 4 toxicity or higher occurred. Conclusions: This single-institution retrospective analysis identified definitive chemoradiotherapy and salvage chemotherapy to be a feasible and tolerable treatment strategy for patients with isolated locoregional recurrence after radical resection of primary PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liang
- Clinical Statistic Center, Shanghai Cancer Center and Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Genhua Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhebei Mingzhou Hospital, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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6
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Singh RR, Goldberg J, Varghese AM, Yu KH, Park W, O'Reilly EM. Genomic profiling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and a pathway towards therapy individualization: A scoping review. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 75:27-38. [PMID: 30927677 PMCID: PMC6504563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pancreatic cancer (PDAC) is one of the most challenging cancers to treat with modest recent improvements in survival from new systemic therapies. There is growing interest in individualized therapy underpinned by somatic and germline genomic alterations. OBJECTIVE A systematic review of data on therapies targeting somatic and germline alterations, and their downstream pathways in PDAC. METHOD A systematic literature search was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to include relevant results published after January 1, 2008. RESULTS A total of 71 relevant studies were included. We identified 36 studies targeting the KRAS-pathway, the most common being with MEK-inhibitor therapy. Twenty-two studies were identified that evaluated platinum-based chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors in patients with deleterious mutations in DNA damage repair genes and have shown encouraging results. Immunotherapy has demonstrated activity in patients with mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability. CONCLUSION Evidence from translational and clinical research presents an exciting platform for genomic targeted therapy in PDAC. Validity for targeting BRCA with platinum and PARP inhibitors and microsatellite instability with immune therapy has been established, nonetheless, evidence for targeting the common driver oncogenes is lacking and much work is needed. Of importance is identifying the subgroup of KRAS -wild type PDAC (approximately 5%) where there is enrichment for targetable opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu R Singh
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai St. Luke's and Mount Sinai West, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | - Johanna Goldberg
- MSK Library, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Anna M Varghese
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenneth H Yu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wungki Park
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Conway JRW, Herrmann D, Evans TRJ, Morton JP, Timpson P. Combating pancreatic cancer with PI3K pathway inhibitors in the era of personalised medicine. Gut 2019; 68:742-758. [PMID: 30396902 PMCID: PMC6580874 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most deadly solid tumours. This is due to a generally late-stage diagnosis of a primarily treatment-refractory disease. Several large-scale sequencing and mass spectrometry approaches have identified key drivers of this disease and in doing so highlighted the vast heterogeneity of lower frequency mutations that make clinical trials of targeted agents in unselected patients increasingly futile. There is a clear need for improved biomarkers to guide effective targeted therapies, with biomarker-driven clinical trials for personalised medicine becoming increasingly common in several cancers. Interestingly, many of the aberrant signalling pathways in PDAC rely on downstream signal transduction through the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, which has led to the development of several approaches to target these key regulators, primarily as combination therapies. The following review discusses the trend of PDAC therapy towards molecular subtyping for biomarker-driven personalised therapies, highlighting the key pathways under investigation and their relationship to the PI3K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James RW Conway
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - TR Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Department, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Department, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Smad4 Loss Correlates With Higher Rates of Local and Distant Failure in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Patients Receiving Adjuvant Chemoradiation. Pancreas 2018; 47:208-212. [PMID: 29329157 PMCID: PMC5800523 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The tumor suppressor gene SMAD4 (DPC4) is genetically inactivated in approximately half of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAs). We examined whether Smad4 tumor status was associated with outcomes after adjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) for resected PDAs. METHODS Patients treated with adjuvant CRT were identified (N = 145). Smad4 status was determined by immunolabeling and graded as intact or lost. Kaplan-Meier method and multivariable competing risk analyses were performed. RESULTS On multivariate competing risk analysis, Smad4 loss was associated with increased risk of local recurrence (LR) (hazard ratio, 2.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-5.11; P = 0.027), distant failure (DF) (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.83; P = 0.037), and synchronous LR and DF at first recurrence (14.9 % vs 5.3%, P = 0.07) compared with Smad4 intact cancers. Smad4 loss was not associated with median overall survival (22 vs 22 months; P = 0.63) or disease-free survival (lost [13.6 months] vs intact [13.5 months], P = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS After PDA resection and adjuvant CRT, Smad4 loss correlated with higher risk of LR and DF, but not with survival. Smad4 loss may help predict which surgical patients are at higher risk for failure after definitive management and may benefit from intensified adjuvant therapy.
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Colbert LE, Moningi S, Chadha A, Amer A, Lee Y, Wolff RA, Varadhachary G, Fleming J, Katz M, Das P, Krishnan S, Koay EJ, Park P, Crane CH, Taniguchi CM. Dose escalation with an IMRT technique in 15 to 28 fractions is better tolerated than standard doses of 3DCRT for LAPC. Adv Radiat Oncol 2017; 2:403-415. [PMID: 29114609 PMCID: PMC5605283 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To review acute and late toxicities after chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in patients who were treated with escalated dose radiation (EDR). Methods and materials Maximum Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 acute toxicities (AT) during radiation and within 60 days after radiation were recorded for both acute gastrointestinal toxicity and overall toxicity (OT). Late toxicities were also recorded. EDR was generally delivered with daily image guidance and breath-hold techniques using intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning. These were compared with patients who received standard dose radiation (SDR) delivered as 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions using 3-dimensional chemoradiation therapy planning. Results A total of 59 of 154 patients (39%) received EDR with biologically equivalent doses >70 Gy. The most frequent schedules were 63 Gy in 28 fractions (19 of 154 patients), 67.5 Gy in 15 fractions (10 of 154 patients), and 70 Gy in 28 fractions (15 of 154 patients). No grade 4 or grade 5 OT or late toxicities were reported. Rates of grade 3 acute gastrointestinal toxicity were significantly lower in patients who received EDR compared with SDR (1% vs 14%; P < .001). Similarly, rates of grade 3 OT were also lower for EDR compared with SDR (4% vs 16%; P = .004). The proportion of patients who experienced no AT was higher in the EDR group than the SDR group (36% vs 15%; P = .001). For EDR patients treated with IMRT, a lower risk of AT was associated with a later treatment year (P = .007), nonpancreatic head tumor location (P = .01), breath-hold (P = .002), 4-dimensional computed tomography (P = .003), computed tomography on rails (P = .002), and lower stomach V40 (P = .03). With a median time of 12 months (range, 1-79 months) from the start of radiation therapy to the last known follow-up in the EDR group, 51 of 59 patients (86%) had no late toxicity. Six of 59 EDR patients (10%) had either strictures or gastrointestinal bleeding that required intervention. No significant predictors of late toxicity were identified. Conclusion Overall acute and late toxicity rates were low with EDR using an IMRT technique with image guidance and respiratory gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Colbert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shalini Moningi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Awalpreet Chadha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ahmed Amer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yeonju Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert A Wolff
- Department of Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gauri Varadhachary
- Department of Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Prajnan Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eugene J Koay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher H Crane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cullen M Taniguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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10
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TAp73 loss favors Smad-independent TGF-β signaling that drives EMT in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1358-70. [PMID: 26943320 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances made in pancreatic cancer therapy have been far from sufficient and have allowed only a slight improvement in global survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Recent progresses in chemotherapy have offered some hope for an otherwise gloomy outlook, however, only a limited number of patients are eligible because of important cytotoxicity. In this context, enhancing our knowledge on PDA initiation and evolution is crucial to highlight certain weaknesses on which to specifically target therapy. We found that loss of transcriptionally active p73 (TAp73), a p53 family member, impacted PDA development. In two relevant and specific engineered pancreatic cancer mouse models, we observed that TAp73 deficiency reduced survival and enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Through proteomic analysis of conditioned media from TAp73 wild-type (WT) and deficient pancreatic tumor cells, we identified a secreted protein, biglycan (BGN), which is necessary and sufficient to mediate this pro-EMT effect. Interestingly, BGN is modulated by and modulates the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway, a key regulator of the EMT process. We further examined this link and revealed that TAp73 impacts the TGF-β pathway by direct regulation of BGN expression and Sma and Mad-related proteins (SMADs) expression/activity. Absence of TAp73 leads to activation of TGF-β signaling through a SMAD-independent pathway, favoring oncogenic TGF-β effects and EMT. Altogether, our data highlight the implication of TAp73 in the aggressiveness of pancreatic carcinogenesis through modulation of the TGF-β signaling. By suggesting TAp73 as a predictive marker for response to TGF-β inhibitors, our study could improve the classification of PDA patients with a view to offering combined therapy involving TGF-β inhibitors.
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11
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Hajj C, Goodman KA. Pancreatic cancer and SBRT: A new potential option? Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2015; 20:377-84. [PMID: 26549996 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Local control remains a major issue for patients with unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The role of radiation therapy in the management of LAPC represents an area of some controversy. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is an emerging treatment option for LAPC as it can provide a therapeutic benefit with significant advantages for patients' quality of life over standard conventional chemoradiation. The objective of this review is to present the rationale for stereotactic body radiotherapy in LAPC, as well as to discuss the potential limitations and caveats of the currently available studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hajj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karyn A Goodman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Collins DC, Morris PG. Systemic therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer: individualising cytotoxic therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:851-61. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1024654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Tone AA, McConechy MK, Yang W, Ding J, Yip S, Kong E, Wong KK, Gershenson DM, Mackay H, Shah S, Gilks B, Tinker AV, Clarke B, McAlpine JN, Huntsman D. Intratumoral heterogeneity in a minority of ovarian low-grade serous carcinomas. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:982. [PMID: 25523272 PMCID: PMC4320586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC) has fewer mutations than ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) and a less aggressive clinical course. However, an overwhelming majority of LGSC patients do not respond to conventional chemotherapy resulting in a poor long-term prognosis comparable to women diagnosed with HGSC. KRAS and BRAF mutations are common in LGSC, leading to clinical trials targeting the MAPK pathway. We assessed the stability of targetable somatic mutations over space and/or time in LGSC, with a view to inform stratified treatment strategies and clinical trial design. Methods Eleven LGSC cases with primary and recurrent paired samples were identified (stage IIB-IV). Tumor DNA was isolated from 1–4 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks from both the primary and recurrence (n = 37 tumor and n = 7 normal samples). Mutational analysis was performed using the Ion Torrent AmpliSeqTM Cancer Panel, with targeted validation using Fluidigm-MiSeq, Sanger sequencing and/or Raindance Raindrop digital PCR. Results KRAS (3/11), BRAF (2/11) and/or NRAS (1/11) mutations were identified in five unique cases. A novel, non-synonymous mutation in SMAD4 was observed in one case. No somatic mutations were detected in the remaining six cases. In two cases with a single matched primary and recurrent sample, two KRAS hotspot mutations (G12V, G12R) were both stable over time. In three cases with multiple samplings from both the primary and recurrent surgery some mutations (NRAS Q61R, BRAF V600E, SMAD4 R361G) were stable across all samples, while others (KRAS G12V, BRAF G469V) were unstable. Conclusions Overall, the majority of cases with detectable somatic mutations showed mutational stability over space and time while one of five cases showed both temporal and spatial mutational instability in presumed drivers of disease. Investigation of additional cases is required to confirm whether mutational heterogeneity in a minority of LGSC is a general phenomenon that should be factored into the design of clinical trials and stratified treatment for this patient population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-982) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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14
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Casari A, Schiavone M, Facchinello N, Vettori A, Meyer D, Tiso N, Moro E, Argenton F. A Smad3 transgenic reporter reveals TGF-beta control of zebrafish spinal cord development. Dev Biol 2014; 396:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Bartley AN, Hamilton SR. Select biomarkers for tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: present and future. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 139:457-68. [PMID: 25333834 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0189-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Advances in molecular biomarkers of the gastrointestinal tract have contributed to a decline in the incidence of and mortality from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The discovery and clinical validation of new biomarkers are important to personalized cancer therapy, and numerous clinical trials are currently ongoing to help identify individualized therapy affecting these biomarkers and molecular mechanisms they represent. Distinct molecular pathways leading to cancers of the colorectum, esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and pancreas have been identified. Using biomarkers in these pathways to direct patient care, including selection of proper molecular testing for identification of actionable mutations and reporting the results of these biomarkers to guide clinicians and genetic counselors, is paramount. OBJECTIVE To examine and review select clinically actionable biomarkers of the colon, esophagus, stomach, small bowel, and pancreas, including present and future biomarkers with relevant clinical trials. DATA SOURCES Extensive literature review and practical and consultation experience of the authors. CONCLUSIONS Although numerous biomarkers have been identified and are currently guiding patient therapy, few have shown evidence of clinical utility in the management of patients with gastrointestinal cancers. Inconsistent results and discordant proposed algorithms for testing were identified throughout the literature; however, the potential for biomarkers to improve outcomes for patients with gastrointestinal cancer remains high. Continued advances through high-quality studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Bartley
- From Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ypsilanti, Michigan (Dr Bartley); and the Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Dr Hamilton)
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16
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Chang JS, Choi SH, Lee Y, Kim KH, Park JY, Song SY, Cho A, Yun M, Lee JD, Seong J. Clinical usefulness of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer planned to undergo concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 90:126-33. [PMID: 25015206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the role of coregistered (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in detecting radiographically occult distant metastasis (DM) at staging in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) and to study whether FDG-PET parameters can predict relatively long-term survival in patients who are more likely to benefit from chemoradiation therapy (CRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS From our institutional database, we identified 388 LAPC patients with M0 on conventional computed tomography (CT) who were planned to undergo CRT. Coregistered FDG-PET staging was offered to all patients, and follow-up FDG-PET was used at the clinical discretion of the physician. RESULTS FDG-PET detected unsuspected CT-occult DM in 33% of all 388 patients and allowed them to receive systemic therapy immediately. The remaining 260 patients (PET-M0) underwent CRT selectively as an initial treatment. Early DM arose in 13.1% of 260 patients, and the 1-year estimated locoregional recurrence rate was 5.4%. Median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 14.6 and 9.3 months, respectively, at a median follow-up time of 32.3 months (range, 10-99.1 months). Patients with a baseline standardized uptake value (SUV) <3.5 and/or SUV decline ≥60% had significantly better OS and PFS than those having none, even after adjustment for all potential confounding variables (all P<.001). CONCLUSIONS FDG-PET can detect radiographically occult DM at staging in one-third of patients and spare them from the potentially toxic therapy. Additionally, FDG-PET parameters including baseline SUV and SUV changes may serve as useful clinical markers for predicting the prognosis in LAPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Suk Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Hee Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngin Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Youp Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Arthur Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijin Yun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Doo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinsil Seong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Chuong MD, Boggs DH, Patel KN, Regine WF. Adjuvant chemoradiation for pancreatic cancer: what does the evidence tell us? J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 5:166-77. [PMID: 24982765 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of adjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) for pancreas cancer remains unclear. A handful of randomized trials conducted decades of ago ignited a debate that continues today about whether CRT improves survival after surgery. The many flaws in these trials are well described in the literature, which include the use of antiquated radiation delivery techniques and suboptimal doses. Recent prospective randomized data is lacking, and we eagerly await the results the ongoing Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0848 trial that is evaluating the utility of high quality adjuvant CRT in resected pancreas cancer patients. Until the results of RTOG 0848 are available we should look to other studies from the modern era to guide adjuvant treatment recommendations. Here we review the current state of the art for adjuvant pancreas CRT with respect to patient selection, radiation techniques, radiation dose, and integration with novel systemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Chuong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Systems, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Drexell H Boggs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Systems, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kruti N Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Systems, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - William F Regine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Systems, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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