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Li JS, Blanchard P, Wong CHL, Ahn YC, Bonomo P, Bresson D, Caudell J, Chen MY, Chow VLY, Chua MLK, Corry J, Dupin C, Giralt J, Hu CS, Kwong DLW, Le QT, Lee AWM, Lee NY, Li YZ, Lim CM, Lin JC, Mendenhall WM, Moya-Plana A, O'Sullivan B, Ozyar E, Pan JJ, Qiu QH, Sher DJ, Snyderman CH, Tao YG, Tsang RK, Wang XS, Wu PA, Yom SS, Ng WT. International Recommendations on Postoperative Management for Potentially Resectable Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024:S0360-3016(24)02954-7. [PMID: 39009321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.07.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) presents substantial challenges in clinical management. Although postoperative re-irradiation (re-RT) has been acknowledged as a potential treatment option, standardized guidelines and consensus regarding the use of re-RT in this context are lacking. This article provides a comprehensive review and summary of international recommendations on postoperative management for potentially resectable locally recurrent NPC, with a special focus on postoperative re-RT. A thorough search was conducted to identify relevant studies on postoperative re-RT for locally recurrent NPC. Controversial issues, including resectability criteria, margin assessment, indications for postoperative re-RT, and the optimal dose and method of re-RT, were addressed through a Delphi consensus process. The consensus recommendations emphasize the need for a clearer and broader definition of resectability, highlighting the importance of achieving clear surgical margins, preferably through an en bloc approach with frozen section margin assessment. Furthermore, these guidelines suggest considering re-RT for patients with positive or close margins. Optimal postoperative re-RT doses typically range around 60 Gy, and hyperfractionation has shown promise in reducing toxicity. These guidelines aim to assist clinicians in making evidence-based decisions and improving patient outcomes in the management of potentially resectable locally recurrent NPC. By addressing key areas of controversy and providing recommendations on resectability, margin assessment, and re-RT parameters, these guidelines serve as a valuable resource for clinical experts involved in the treatment of locally recurrent NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Shi Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pierre Blanchard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlene H L Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Chan Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pierluigi Bonomo
- Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Damien Bresson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Jimmy Caudell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Velda L Y Chow
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Department of Head and Neck and Thoracic Radiation Oncology; Precision Radiotherapeutics Oncology Programme, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore; Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - June Corry
- Division of Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles Dupin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jordi Giralt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chao-Su Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dora L W Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anne W M Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - You-Zhong Li
- The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changsha, China
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jin-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | | | - A Moya-Plana
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Enis Ozyar
- Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jian-Ji Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Hui Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - David J Sher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Carl H Snyderman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
| | - Yun-Gan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Raymond K Tsang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Shen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-An Wu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wai Tong Ng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhou F, Wang W, Xu R, Liu L, Lin T, He L, Tang L, Wang X, He Y. Unraveling the mechanism of Yiqi Jiedu formula against nasopharyngeal carcinoma: An investigation integrating network pharmacology, serum pharmacochemistry, and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117343. [PMID: 37879509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yiqi Jiedu formula (YQJDF), rooted in the traditional Chinese medicinal principle of "tonifying qi and detoxifying", is remarkably efficacious in the clinical treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous studies have shed light on some of its anti-NPC effects and mechanisms, but the responsible pharmacological substances and their precise mechanisms of action remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to identify components of YQJDF that entered the bloodstream and to investigate their mechanisms of action against NPC through network pharmacology and serum metabolomics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Components of YQJDF in serum were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. With these serum species as the focus of our research, network pharmacology analysis was used to identify active compounds and target genes that might mediate the efficacy of YQJDF in the treatment of NPC. Following establishment of an NPC xenograft model in nude mice, a non-targeted metabolomics approach was adopted to identify significant serum metabolites and metabolic pathways influenced by YQJDF. RESULTS Thirty-six components of YQJDF were identified, primarily consisting of alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids. Notably, pathways such as PI3K/AKT, factors associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection, IL-17 signaling, and lipid metabolism, were highlighted as potential therapeutic targets of YQJDF during NPC treatment. Additionally, our findings suggested that YQJDF modified the metabolism of arginine and proline in the serum of mice bearing nasopharyngeal tumor grafts. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the primary active components of YQJDF, highlighting its holistic role in the treatment of NPC through multiple targets and pathways. Furthermore, our findings provided a roadmap for future research into the mechanism of YQJDF in the therapy of NPC, setting the stage for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangliang Zhou
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine and Protecting Visual Function, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Runshi Xu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Key Lab for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Lan He
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine and Protecting Visual Function, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Le Tang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine and Protecting Visual Function, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Xianwen Wang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine and Protecting Visual Function, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China.
| | - Yingchun He
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Diseases with Chinese Medicine and Protecting Visual Function, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China.
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Yan W, Liu T, He M, Yi J, Tang L, Ou X, Hu C. Induction chemotherapy plus re-irradiation versus re-irradiation alone in locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A model-based analysis. Radiother Oncol 2023; 188:109903. [PMID: 37678621 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of additional induction chemotherapy (IC) prior to re-irradiation in locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (lrNPC). METHODS A total of 480 patients from three cancer treatment centers who received re-irradiation between 2012 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Overall survival (OS) was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank method. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was performed to match the patients in pairwise treatment groups. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards regression method identified predictors of OS. The risk stratification model was defined by the risk score calculated with the sum of coefficients. RESULTS In the entire cohort, the addition of IC was associated with similar OS compared with radiotherapy alone (P = 0.58) or with concomitant chemoradiation (P = 0.76). A risk stratification model was constructed and validated based on significant prognostic factors (coefficient) including male (0.6), age ≥ 60 years (0.9), volume of recurrence gross tumor volume ≥ 16 cc (0.7), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-ratio ≥ 0.5 (0.4). In the intermediate-risk group (sum of coefficient: 0.9---1.6), patients with IC plus re-irradiation had a significantly better OS than those who received re-irradiation (P = 0.03). After adjustments for several potentially confounding variables with IPTW, survival benefit of IC was also observed (P = 0.031). However, no significant difference in OS for the additional IC prior to re-irradiation was demonstrated in the low- (sum of coefficient: <0.9) and high-risk group (sum of coefficient: > 1.6). CONCLUSION Additional IC prior to re-irradiation was associated with improved OS in the intermediate-risk group of lrNPC, whereas there was no difference for the low-risk and high-risk group. Prospective validation is required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Meilin He
- Department of radiation oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Junlin Yi
- Department of radiation oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Linquan Tang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaomin Ou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chaosu Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zheng M, Wang S, Zhu Y, Wan H. A qualitative exploration of fear of progression in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with proton and heavy ion therapy. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:622. [PMID: 37815579 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate fear of progression (FOP) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with proton and heavy ion therapy. METHODS Thirty NPC patients were selected for face-to-face semistructured interviews through purposive sampling while using the phenomenological approach in qualitative research. The interviews were transcribed, organized, and analyzed by applying Colaizzi's seven-step analysis. RESULTS Seven themes were summarized, namely, illness uncertainty, trapped into insecurity (including four categories: insecurity about the possibility of discrimination, insecurity about the possibility of the inability to tolerate the pain of retreatment, insecurity about the difficulty of retreatment after recurrence, and insecurity of waiting for test results), hopelessness, loss, guilt toward children, enhancing tolerance toward family, and self-emotional comfort. CONCLUSION We found that women with children and patients who experienced their first episode underwent significant FOP. Patients at the postgraduate level and above were more inclined to feel loss. The finding that respondents expressed is intense FOP while waiting for test results, which provides a reference for the analysis of the trajectory of FOP. Health care professions should be cognitively aware the importance of eliminating patients' uncertainty and insecurity about disease to enhance their positive experience in coping with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Zheng
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuman Wang
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Wan
- Department of Nursing, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, China.
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Uysal E, Aksaray F, Dincer S, Altın S. Robotic stereotactic body radiotherapy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Indian J Cancer 2023; 60:353-358. [PMID: 36861705 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_1414_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of patients reirradiated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (r-NPC) in our hospital. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 10 patients with r-NPC previously irradiated with definitive radiotherapy. Local recurrences were irradiated with a dose of 25 to 50 Gy (median: 26.25 Gy) in 3 to 5 fractions (fr) (median: 5 fr). The survival outcomes calculated from the time of recurrence diagnosis were obtained using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared with the log-rank test. Toxicities were assessed by using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 5.0. Results The median age was 55 years (37-79 years), and nine patients were men. The median follow-up was 26 months (3-65 months) after reirradiation. The median overall survival (OS) was 40 months, OS in 1 and 3 years were 80% and 57%, respectively. OS rate of rT4 (n = 5, 50%) was worse compared with rT1, rT2, and rT3 (P = 0.040). In addition, those with less than 24 months of interval between first treatment and recurrence had worse OS (P = 0.017). One patient exhibited Grade 3 toxicity. There is no other Grade ≥3 acute or late toxicities. Conclusion In r-NPC, reirradiation is inevitable for patients who are not suitable for radical surgical resection. However, serious complications and side effects prevent dose escalation due to the critical structures previously irradiated. Prospective studies with a large number of patients are required to find the optimal acceptable dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Uysal
- Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferdi Aksaray
- Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selvi Dincer
- Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Altın
- Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
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Huang Y, Zhou H, An F, Zhao A, Wu J, Wang M, Luo J. The relevance of ototoxicity induced by radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2023; 18:95. [PMID: 37270526 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-023-02268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of ototoxicity, characterized by hearing impairment, tinnitus, or middle ear inflammation, is elevated in both child and adult cancer survivors who have undergone head-neck or brain radiation, or a combination of the two. To provide optimal care for these cancer survivors and minimize subsequent complications, it is crucial to comprehend the relationship between radiotherapy and ototoxicity. METHODS A comprehensive search of databases, including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, was conducted from the inception of the knowledge base up until January 2023. The metafor-package was employed to compare ototoxicity rates in individuals receiving radiotherapy. Two independent assessors extracted data and analyzed targets using a random-effects model. RESULTS Out of the 28 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included in the analysis, 25 were prospective RCTs. Subgroup analysis revealed that mean cochlear radiation dose, primary tumor location, radiotherapy modality, and patient age significantly influenced total hearing impairment. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy was associated with less ototoxicity than 2D conventional radiotherapy (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.47-0.60; P = 0.73; I2 = 0%). Stereotactic radiotherapy appeared to be a superior option for hearing preservation compared to radiosurgery (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.00-2.07; P = 0.69; I2 = 0%). Children demonstrated a higher risk of hearing impairment than adults. More than 50% of patients with vestibular neuroadenoma experienced hearing impairment following radiation therapy. A strong association was observed between the average cochlear radiation dose and hearing impairment. Increased cochlear radiation doses may result in a heightened risk of hearing impairment. CONCLUSION Several risk factors for radiation-induced hearing impairment were identified in this study. High cochlear radiation doses were found to exacerbate the risk of hearing impairment resulting from radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shidong Hospital, Yangpu District, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenglan An
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lingcheng, Dezhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Aimei Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dongchangfu Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Meihua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Changzhou, China.
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
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You R, Liu YP, Xie YL, Lin C, Duan CY, Chen DP, Pan Y, Qi B, Zou X, Guo L, Cao JY, Zhang YN, Wang ZQ, Liu YL, Ouyang YF, Wen K, Yang Q, Xie RQ, Li HF, Duan XT, Ding X, Peng L, Chen SY, Liang JL, Feng ZK, Xia TL, Xie RL, Jiang R, Gu CM, Liu RZ, Sun R, Yang X, Liu LZ, Ling L, Liu Q, Ng WT, Hua YJ, Huang PY, Chen MY. Hyperfractionation compared with standard fractionation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2023; 401:917-927. [PMID: 36842439 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reirradiation in standard fractionation for locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after a previous course of high-dose radiotherapy is often associated with substantial late toxicity, negating its overall benefit. We therefore aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of hyperfractionation compared with standard fractionation in intensity-modulated radiotherapy. METHODS This multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial was done in three centres in Guangzhou, China. Eligible patients were aged 18-65 years with histopathologically confirmed undifferentiated or differentiated, non-keratinising, advanced locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either receive hyperfractionation (65 Gy in 54 fractions, given twice daily with an interfractional time interval of at least 6 h) or standard fractionation (60 Gy in 27 fractions, given once a day). Intensity-modulated radiotherapy was used in both groups. A computer program generated the assignment sequence and randomisation was stratified by treatment centre, recurrent tumour stage (T2-T3 vs T4), and recurrent nodal stage (N0 vs N1-N2), determined at the time of randomisation. The two primary endpoints were the incidence of severe late complications defined as the incidence of grade 3 or worse late radiation-induced complications occurring 3 months after the completion of radiotherapy until the latest follow-up in the safety population, and overall survival defined as the time interval from randomisation to death due to any cause in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02456506. FINDINGS Between July 10, 2015, and Dec 23, 2019, 178 patients were screened for eligibility, 144 of whom were enrolled and randomly assigned to hyperfractionation or standard fractionation (n=72 in each group). 35 (24%) participants were women and 109 (76%) were men. After a median follow-up of 45·0 months (IQR 37·3-53·3), there was a significantly lower incidence of grade 3 or worse late radiation-induced toxicity in the hyperfractionation group (23 [34%] of 68 patients) versus the standard fractionation group (39 [57%] of 68 patients; between-group difference -23% [95% CI -39 to -7]; p=0·023). Patients in the hyperfractionation group had better 3-year overall survival than those in the standard fractionation group (74·6% [95% CI 64·4 to 84·8] vs 55·0% [43·4 to 66·6]; hazard ratio for death 0·54 [95% CI 0·33 to 0·88]; p=0·014). There were fewer grade 5 late complications in the hyperfractionation group (five [7%] nasal haemorrhage) than in the standard fractionation group (16 [24%], including two [3%] nasopharyngeal necrosis, 11 [16%] nasal haemorrhage, and three [4%] temporal lobe necrosis). INTERPRETATION Hyperfractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy could significantly decrease the rate of severe late complications and improve overall survival among patients with locally advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Our findings suggest that hyperfractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy could be used as the standard of care for these patients. FUNDING Key-Area Research and Development of Guangdong Province, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Special Support Program for High-level Talents in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project, and the National Ten Thousand Talents Program Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents, Sun Yat-Sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui You
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Ping Liu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Long Xie
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Yang Duan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Zou
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Cooperative Surgical Ward of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yu Cao
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Nuan Zhang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Long Liu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Feng Ouyang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Qi Xie
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Feng Li
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Duan
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Ding
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Peng
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiong-Lin Liang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Kai Feng
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Liang Xia
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Ling Xie
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rou Jiang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Mei Gu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Zeng Liu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhi Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Tong Ng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yi-Jun Hua
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yu Huang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Cooperative Surgical Ward of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Huang R, Li Z, Yang F, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Li C, Gao H, Li G, Liu Y, Guo W, Yang D, Zhang S, Li J, Wen H, Lang J, Zhang P. Efficacy and safety of PLDR-IMRT for the re-irradiation of recurrent NPC: A prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial. Cancer Sci 2023. [PMID: 36788727 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvage treatment of locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) requires weighing the benefits of re-irradiation against increased risks of toxicity. Here, we evaluated the outcomes of patients treated with intensity-modulated-based pulsed low-dose-rate radiotherapy (PLDR-IMRT) to enhance the curative effect of salvage treatment and reduce RT-related SAEs. A prospective clinical trial was conducted from March 2018 to March 2020 at multiple institutions. NPC patients who experienced relapse after radical therapy were re-irradiated with a median dose of 60 Gy (50.4-70 Gy)/30 f (28-35 f) using PLDR-IMRT. Thirty-six NPC patients who underwent PLDR-IMRT for locoregional recurrence were identified. With a median follow-up of 26.2 months, the objective response rate (ORR) of the entire cohort was 91.6%. The estimated mPFS duration was 28 months (95% CI: 24.9-31.1), and the estimated mLRFS duration was 30.4 months (95% CI: 25.2-35.5). The overall survival (OS) rate for all patients was 80.6%, the progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 75% and the cancer-specific survival (CSS) rate was 88.9% at 1 year. The LRFS and DMFS rates were 88.9% and 91.7%, respectively, at 1 year. A combination of systematic therapies could provide survival benefits to patients who experience NPC relapse (p < 0.05), and a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score of ≥90 was a favorable factor for local control (p < 0.05). The incidence of acute SAEs (grade 3+) from PLDR was 22.2%, and the incidence of chronic SAEs was 19.4% among all patients. PLDR-IMRT combined with systematic therapy can effectively treat patients with locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma and causes fewer adverse events than the rates expected with IMRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, MianYang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Yanhui Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Churong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Gao
- The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Guo
- The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingqiang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shichuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyi Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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9
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Peng Z, Wang Y, Fan R, Gao K, Xie S, Wang F, Zhang J, Zhang H, He Y, Xie Z, Jiang W. Treatment of Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Sequential Challenge. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174111. [PMID: 36077648 PMCID: PMC9454547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the major causes of death among NPC patients. However, there are no international guidelines for the treatment of patients with recurrent NPC now. In this article, we summarize past publications on clinical research and mechanistic studies related to recurrent NPC, combined with the experience and lessons learned by our institutional multidisciplinary team in the treatment of recurrent NPC. We propose an objective protocol for the treatment of recurrent NPC. Abstract Recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which occurs in 10–20% of patients with primary NPC after the initial treatment modality of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), is one of the major causes of death among NPC patients. Patients with recurrent disease without distant metastases still have a chance to be saved, but re-treatment often carries more serious toxicities or higher risks. For this group of patients, both otolaryngologists and oncologists are committed to developing more appropriate treatment regimens that can prolong patient survival and improve survival therapy. Currently, there are no international guidelines for the treatment of patients with recurrent NPC. In this article, we summarize past publications on clinical research and mechanistic studies related to recurrent NPC, combined with the experience and lessons learned by our institutional multidisciplinary team in the treatment of recurrent NPC. We propose an objective protocol for the treatment of recurrent NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ruohao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Kelei Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yuxiang He
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhihai Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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Peng Z, Wang Y, Fang Y, Wang Y, Yuan X, Shuai M, Xie S, Fan R, Zhang H, Xie Z, Jiang W. Salvage Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: Another Treatment Option After Immunotherapy for Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899932. [PMID: 35686123 PMCID: PMC9170997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a relatively common nasopharyngeal skull base disease for which there is no uniform treatment modality. Not all patients are satisfied with the efficacy of immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy. Methods This study included patients who underwent salvage endoscopic skull base nasopharyngectomy after immunotherapy between February 2017 and June 2021. Patient survival information was analyzed. Relevant publications were retrieved from five databases from December 1, 2011 to December 1, 2021. The outcomes of patients with advanced recurrent NPC who received programmed death 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy were collected and analyzed. Results Nine patients who underwent skull base surgery, all of whom had previously undergone PD-1 immunotherapy, were included in this study. The 2-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates of these patients were 25% and 29.2%, respectively. Eight publications involving 688 patients with advanced recurrent NPC were also included in this study. The combined complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and stable disease (SD) values were 2%, 23%, and 29%, respectively. The combined DCR included the three disease conditions, CR, PR, and SD, with a value of 53%. PD-1 monotherapy was more effective than PD-1 combination chemotherapy. Conclusions PD-1 immunotherapy may improve the remission rate in patients with recurrent NPC. Salvage endoscopic skull base nasopharyngectomy may be another option for patients with poor immunotherapeutic outcomes. For patients with advanced recurrent NPC, better evidence-based medical data are needed to determine whether they should receive immunotherapy before or after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaotian Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Mingxia Shuai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruohao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihai Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Anatomy Laboratory of Division of Nose and Cranial Base, Clinical Anatomy Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Pan T, Li X, Zhao B, Zhang C, Rong X, Qin C, Wen G, Wu W, Wang H, Lu K, Zhou H, Peng Y. Radiotherapy-Related Neurologic Complications in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Epidemiologic Study in Southern China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1119-1129. [PMID: 35391491 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim at describing the incidence, potential predisposing factors, and progression of major radiotherapy-related neurologic complications (RRNC) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)-endemic regions, especially southern China. METHODS We performed a multicenter longitudinal retrospective study with clinical follow-ups in 22,302 patients with post-radiotherapy NPC between January 2003 and June 2017 covering three major residential areas. Epidemiology, potential predisposing/protective factors, clinicopathologic progression, and survival conditions of each RRNC were separately recorded and analyzed on the basis of their related clinical, radiologic, and laboratory parameters. RESULTS 949 new cases of RRNCs occurred among the 22,302 patients with post-radiotherapy NPC during 101,714 person years' follow-up, which is equal to an incidence density rate of 9.3 new cases per 1000 person year. Radiation-induced cranial nerve palsy showed the highest incidence (2.68%, 597/22,302) with the earliest onset (median latency, 4.45 years) as well. Patients benefited from intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) over conventional radiotherapy (CRT) in both overall survival (median survival 13.2 years for IMRT vs. 8.3 years for CRT) and RRNC-free survival (except for epilepsy and cranial nerve palsy). Causes of death varied substantially between patients with or without RRNCs. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a non-negligible incidence of RRNC spectrum in southern China in the past ten years. IMRT is one of the most significant protectors against development and progression of RRNCs. IMPACT Our findings support the hypothesis that patients with NPC with preexisting predispositions would receive long-term benefits from IMRT and other dose-related modulations (like hyperfractionation and dose conformation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chengguo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoming Rong
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Guoqiang Wen
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of Zhongshan City, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Lu
- Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of Zhongshan City, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Chan WL, Chow JCH, Xu ZY, Li J, Kwong WTG, Ng WT, Lee AWM. Management of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Elderly Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:810690. [PMID: 35178346 PMCID: PMC8844547 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.810690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is one of the most difficult cancers in the head and neck region due to the complex geometry of the tumour and the surrounding critical organs. High-dose radical radiotherapy with or without concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy is the primary treatment modality. Around 10%–15% of NPC patients have their diagnosis at age after 70. The management of NPC in elderly patients is particularly challenging as they encompass a broad range of patient phenotypes and are often prone to treatment-related toxicities. Chronologic age alone is insufficient to decide on the management plan. Comprehensive geriatric assessment with evaluation on patients’ functional status, mental condition, estimated life expectancy, comorbidities, risks and benefits of the treatment, patients’ preference, and family support is essential. In addition, little data from randomized controlled trials are available to guide treatment decisions in elderly patients with NPC. In deciding which treatment strategy would be suitable for an individual elderly patient, we reviewed the literature and reviewed the analysis of primary studies, reviews, and guidelines on management of NPC. This review also summarises the current evidence for NPC management in elderly adults from early to late stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Lok Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - James Chung Hang Chow
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jishi Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wing Tung Gobby Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Tong Ng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anne W M Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Hua Y, You R, Wang Z, Huang P, Lin M, Ouyang Y, Xie Y, Zou X, Liu Y, Duan C, Liu Y, Gu C, Liu R, Yang Q, Jiang R, Zhang M, Ding X, Chen S, Lin C, Sun R, Chen M. Toripalimab plus intensity-modulated radiotherapy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an open-label single-arm, phase II trial. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003290. [PMID: 34782428 PMCID: PMC8593727 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toripalimab is a humanized immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody against programmed death 1. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of toripalimab in combination with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (rNPC). Methods We conducted a single-arm, phase II trial with patients with rNPC who had biopsy-proven disease and were unsuitable for local surgery. Eligible patients received IMRT in combination with toripalimab administered via intravenous infusion of 240 mg once every 3 weeks for a maximum of seven cycles. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate at 3 months post radiotherapy. The secondary endpoints included safety profiles, progression-free survival (PFS). Results Between May 2019 and January 2020, a total of 25 patients with rNPC were enrolled (18 men (72.0%) and 7 women (28.0%); median (IQR) age, 49.0 (43.5–52.5) years). With a median (IQR) follow-up duration of 14.6 months (13.1–16.2) months, 19 patients (79.2%) achieved an overall response, and disease control was achieved in 23 (95.8%) patients at 3 months post radiotherapy. The 12-month PFS was 91.8% (95% CI 91.7% to 91.9%). The incidences of acute (grade ≥3) blood triglyceride elevation, creatine kinase elevation, skin reaction, and mucositis were 1 (4.0%), 1 (4.0%), 2 (8.0%), and 1 (4.0%), respectively. The incidences of late severe (grade ≥3) nasopharyngeal wall necrosis, nasal bleeding, and trismus were 28.0%, 12.0%, and 4.0%, respectively. Conclusions Toripalimab combined with IMRT was tolerable and showed promising antitumor activity in patients with rNPC. Trial registration number NCT03854838.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui You
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfeng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Nasopharyngeal Cancer Center, NanChang Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (The First Hospital of Nanchang), Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chongyang Duan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenmei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Nasopharyngeal Cancer Center, NanChang Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (The First Hospital of Nanchang), Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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14
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See A, Chu C, Kiong KL, Teo C, Tan HK, Wong EWY, Chan JYK, Tsang RKY, Chan J, Chang KP, Chien CY, Hao SP, Chen M, Lim CM. Surgical salvage of recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer- a multi-institutional review. Oral Oncol 2021; 122:105556. [PMID: 34688054 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna See
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Clarisse Chu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kimberley L Kiong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Constance Teo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hiang Khoon Tan
- Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eddy W Y Wong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT East, Hong Kong
| | - Jason Y K Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT East, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond K Y Tsang
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Chan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Chien
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Po Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mingyuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Surgery Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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15
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Peng Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fan R, Gao K, Zhang H, Xie Z, Jiang W. Preliminary Efficacy Report and Prognosis Analysis of Endoscopic Endonasal Nasopharyngectomy for Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Surg 2021; 8:713926. [PMID: 34527698 PMCID: PMC8435752 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.713926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Compared with radiotherapy, endoscopic endonasal nasopharyngectomy (EEN) is increasingly used to treat recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) because of its good prognosis and mild complications. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of EEN in the treatment of recurrent NPC and factors affecting prognosis. Methods: This study included all patients who received EEN for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma from April 2016 to April 2020. All operations were performed in Xiangya Hospital Central South University. The patient's 2-year overall survival (OS) rate, disease-free survival (DFS) rate and significant prognostic factors are reported. Results: There were 38 (67.9%) males and 28 (32.1%) females, with a median age of 43 (range, 24–69 years).43 (76.8%) of the patients in our study were in advanced rT3-rT4 stage and 32 (74.4%) of the patients in the advanced stage had tumor growth closely related to the internal carotid artery (ICA). During a mean follow up period of 44 month (range 1–65 months) post-surgery. The 2-year OS rate was 48.6%, 2-year DFS rate was 42.6%. The 2-year OS rates of rT1-2 and rT3-4 recurrent NPC were 83.9 and 35.6%, respectively. The 2-year DFS rates of rT1-2 and rT3-4 recurrent NPC 76.2 and 56.3%. The advanced T stage were associated with a poor prognosis in terms of OS and DFS. Conclusions: Data indicate that T staging may be an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS. Through proper preoperative evaluation, EEN is an alternative treatment option for advanced recurrent NPC that ensures a certain level of efficacy and is relatively safe with few complications. However, additional studies with long-term follow-up and a larger sample size are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruohao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kelei Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihai Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Peng Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fan R, Gao K, Zhang H, Jiang W. Comparing the Effectiveness of Endoscopic Surgeries With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Recurrent rT3 and rT4 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703954. [PMID: 34381725 PMCID: PMC8350726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and endoscopic surgery (ES) for high T-stage recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Relevant studies were retrieved in six databases from 02/28,2011 to 02/28,2021. The 2-year, 3-year, 5-year overall survival (OS) rates and 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were calculated to compare the survival outcomes of the two treatments of IMRT and ES. Combined odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (C Is) were measured as effect size on the association between high T-stage and 5-year OS rates. Results A total of 23 publications involving 2,578 patients with recurrent NPC were included in this study. Of these, 1611 patients with recurrent rT3-4 NPC were treated with ES and IMRT in 358 and 1,253 patients, respectively. The combined 2-year OS and 5-year OS rates for the two treatments were summarized separately, and the 2-year OS and 5-year OS rate for ES were 64% and 52%, respectively. The 2-year OS and 5-year OS rate for IMRT were 65% and 31%, respectively. The combined 2-year DFS rates of IMRT and ES were 60% and 50%, respectively. Combined ORs and 95% confidence intervals for 5-year survival suggest that ES may improve survival in recurrent NPC with rT3-4. In terms of complications, ES in the treatment of high T-stage recurrent NPC is potentially associated with fewer complications. Conclusions The results of our study suggest that ES for rT3-4 may be a better treatment than IMRT, but the conclusion still needs to be sought by designing more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouying Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruohao Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kelei Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Ng WT, Soong YL, Ahn YC, AlHussain H, Choi HCW, Corry J, Grégoire V, Harrington KJ, Hu CS, Jensen K, Kwong DL, Langendijk JA, Le QT, Lee NY, Lin JC, Lu TX, Mendenhall WM, O'Sullivan B, Ozyar E, Pan JJ, Peters LJ, Poh SS, Rosenthal DI, Sanguineti G, Tao Y, Wee JT, Yom SS, Chua MLK, Lee AWM. International Recommendations on Reirradiation by Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:682-695. [PMID: 33571626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reirradiation for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is challenging because prior radiation dose delivered in the first course is often close to the tolerance limit of surrounding normal structures. A delicate balance between achieving local salvage and minimizing treatment toxicities is needed. However, high-level evidence is lacking because available reports are mostly retrospective studies on small series of patients. Pragmatic consensus guidelines, based on an extensive literature search and the pooling of opinions by leading specialists, will provide a useful reference to assist decision-making for these difficult decisions. METHODS AND MATERIALS A thorough review of available literature on recurrent NPC was conducted. A set of questions and preliminary draft guideline was circulated to a panel of international specialists with extensive experience in this field for voting on controversial areas and comments. A refined second proposal, based on a summary of the initial voting and different opinions expressed, was recirculated to the whole panel for review and reconsideration. The current guideline was based on majority voting after repeated iteration for final agreement. RESULTS The initial round of questions showed variations in clinical practice even among the specialists, reflecting the lack of high-quality supporting data and the difficulties in formulating clinical decisions. Through exchange of comments and iterative revisions, recommendations with high-to-moderate agreement were formulated on general treatment strategies and details of reirradiation (including patient selection, targets contouring, dose prescription, and constraints). CONCLUSION This paper provides useful reference on radical salvage treatment strategies for recurrent NPC and optimization of reirradiation through review of published evidence and consensus building. However, the final decision by the attending clinician must include full consideration of an individual patient's condition, understanding of the delicate balance between risk and benefits, and acceptance of risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tong Ng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yoke Lim Soong
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yong Chan Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hussain AlHussain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Horace C W Choi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - June Corry
- Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Grégoire
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Oncology, and Radiotherapy, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Royal Marsden/Institute of Cancer Research National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Su Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenneth Jensen
- Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dora L Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong and Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Johannes A Langendijk
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Quynh Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, NRG Oncology and HNCIG, Stanford, California
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Jin Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai Xiang Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - William M Mendenhall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Enis Ozyar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jian Ji Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lester J Peters
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon S Poh
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - David I Rosenthal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Giuseppe Sanguineti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Yungan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Joseph T Wee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anne W M Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital and University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Ma G, Gu B, Hu J, Kong L, Zhang J, Li Z, Xue Y, Lu J, Cao J, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Song S, Yang Z. Pretreatment 18F-FDG uptake heterogeneity can predict treatment outcome of carbon ion radiotherapy in patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Nucl Med 2021; 35:834-842. [PMID: 33913102 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study was to investigate the value of pretreatment 18F-FDG uptake heterogeneity to predict the prognosis of patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LRNPC) treated by carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). METHODS Twenty-nine LRNPC patients who underwent whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning before CIRT were enrolled. Heterogeneity index (HI)-based 18F-FDG uptake, and the PET/CT traditional parameters, including SUVmax, MTV, and TLG were assessed. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) determined the best cutoff value, and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. And the predictive ability was evaluated by the ROC curve. Cox analyses were performed on LRFS and PFS. RESULTS In this study, univariate analysis showed that HI was a significant predictor of LRNPC treated by CIRT. HI could be used to predict LRFS and PFS. Patients with HI (≥ 0.81) had a significantly worse prognosis of LRFS (12.25 vs. NR, p = 0.008), and of PFS (10.58 vs. NR, p = 0.014). The AUC and its sensitivity and sensitivity and specificity were 0.75, 84.21% and 70.00% for LRFS and 0.82, 80.95% and 75.00% for PFS, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that HI was an independent predictor for the LFRS of LRNPC with CIRT. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG uptake heterogeneity may be useful for predicting the prognosis of patients with LRNPC treated by CIRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Bingxin Gu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Jiyi Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Lin Kong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Jiangang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Zili Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Yangbo Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Jiade Lu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Junning Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201315, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China
| | - Shaoli Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201315, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China.
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201315, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, 4365 Kangxin Road, Shanghai, 201315, China.
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Liu YP, Wen YH, Tang J, Wei Y, You R, Zhu XL, Li J, Chen L, Ling L, Zhang N, Zou X, Hua YJ, Chen YM, Chen L, Lu LX, Chen MY, Wen WP. Endoscopic surgery compared with intensity-modulated radiotherapy in resectable locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:381-390. [PMID: 33600761 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of surgery compared with reirradiation in the primary treatment of patients with resectable, locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who have previously received radiotherapy is a matter of debate. In this trial, we compared the efficacy and safety outcomes of salvage endoscopic surgery versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with resectable locally recurrent NPC. METHODS This multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial was done in three hospitals in southern China. We included patients aged 18-70 years with a Karnofsky Performance Status score of at least 70 who were histopathologically diagnosed with undifferentiated or differentiated, non-keratinising, locally recurrent NPC with tumours confined to the nasopharyngeal cavity, the post-naris or nasal septum, the superficial parapharyngeal space, or the base wall of the sphenoid sinus. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either endoscopic nasopharyngectomy (ENPG group) or IMRT (IMRT group). Randomisation was done manually using a computer-generated random number code and patients were stratified by treatment centre. Treatment group assignment was not masked. The primary endpoint was overall survival, compared between the groups at 3 years. Efficacy analyses were done by intention to treat. Safety analysis was done in patients who received treatment according to the treatment they actually received. This trial was prospectively registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-TRC-11001573, and is currently in follow-up. FINDINGS Between Sept 30, 2011, and Jan 16, 2017, 200 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either ENPG (n=100) or IMRT (n=100). At a median follow-up of 56·0 months (IQR 42·0-69·0), 74 patients had died (29 [29%] of 100 patients in the ENPG group and 45 [45%] of 100 patients in the IMRT group). The 3-year overall survival was 85·8% (95% CI 78·9-92·7) in the ENPG group and 68·0% (58·6-77·4) in the IMRT group (hazard ratio 0·47, 95% CI 0·29-0·76; p=0·0015). The most common grade 3 or worse radiation-related late adverse event was pharyngeal mucositis (in five [5%] of 99 patients who underwent ENPG and 26 [26%] of 101 patients who underwent IMRT). Five [5%] of the 99 patients who underwent ENPG and 20 [20%] of the 101 patients who underwent IMRT died due to late toxic effects specific to radiotherapy; attribution to previous radiotherapy or trial radiotherapy is unclear due to the long-term nature of radiation-related toxicity. INTERPRETATION Endoscopic surgery significantly improved overall survival compared with IMRT in patients with resectable locally recurrent NPC. These results suggest that ENPG could be considered as the standard treatment option for this patient population, although long-term follow-up is needed to further determine the efficacy and toxicity of this strategy. FUNDING Sun Yat-sen University Clinical Research 5010 Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ping Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hui Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui You
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, and Center for Migrant Health Policy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Xiong Zou
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Jun Hua
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Mou Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xia Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Otolaryngology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Zhou X, Liu P, Wang X. Temporal Lobe Necrosis Following Radiotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: New Insight Into the Management. Front Oncol 2021; 10:593487. [PMID: 33552967 PMCID: PMC7859432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.593487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) is one of the most prominent sequelae following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which might have devastating effects on patients' quality of life (QOL). Advances in histopathology and neuro-radiology have shed light on the management of CRN more comprehensively, yet effective therapeutic interventions are still lacking. CRN was once regarded as progressive and irreversible, however, in the past 20 years, with the application of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), both the incidence and severity of CRN have declined. In addition, newly developed medical agents including bevacizumab-a humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1), etc., have shown great potency in successfully reversing radiation-induced CRN. As temporal lobes are most frequently compromised in NPC patients, this review will summarize the state-of-the-art progress regarding the incidence, pathophysiology, prevention, treatment, and prognosis of temporal lobe necrosis (TLN) after IMRT in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiyao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoshen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Huang RD, Sun Z, Wang XH, Tian YM, Peng YL, Wang JY, Xiao WW, Chen CY, Deng XW, Han F. Development of a Comorbidity-Based Nomogram to Predict Survival After Salvage Reirradiation of Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in the Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy Era. Front Oncol 2021; 10:625184. [PMID: 33552995 PMCID: PMC7855849 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.625184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the impact of comorbidity on treatment outcomes in patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (lrNPC) using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and to develop a nomogram that combines prognostic factors to predict clinical outcome and guide individual treatment. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients with lrNPC who were reirradiated with IMRT between 2003 and 2014. Comorbidity was evaluated by Adult Comorbidity Evaluation-27 grading (ACE-27). The significant prognostic factors (P < 0.05) by multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model were adopted into the nomogram model. Harrell concordance index (C-index) calibration curves were applied to assess this model. Results Between 2003 and 2014, 469 lrNPC patients treated in our institution were enrolled. Significant comorbidity (moderate or severe grade) was present in 17.1% of patients by ACE-27. Patients with no or mild comorbidity had a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of 36.2 versus 20.0% among those with comorbidity of moderate or severe grade (P < 0.0001). The chemotherapy used was not significantly different in patients with lrNPC (P > 0.05). For the rT3-4 patients, the 5-year OS rate in the chemotherapy + radiation therapy (RT) group was 30.0 versus 16.7% for RT only (P = 0.005). The rT3-4 patients with no or mild comorbidity were associated with a higher 5-year OS rate in the chemotherapy + RT group than in the RT only group (32.1 and 17.1%, respectively; P=0.003). However, for the rT3-4 patients with a comorbidity (moderate or severe grade), the 5-year OS rate in the chemotherapy + RT group vs. RT alone was not significantly different (15.7 vs. 15.0%, respectively; p > 0.05). Eight independent prognostic factors identified from multivariable analysis were fitted into a nomogram, including comorbidity. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.715. The area under curves (AUCs) for the prediction of 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival were 0.770, 0.764, and 0.780, respectively. Conclusion Comorbidity is among eight important prognostic factors for patients undergoing reirradiation. We developed a nomogram for lrNPC patients to predict the probability of death after reirradiation and guide individualized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Da Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Ming Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hui Zhou Municipal Centre Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Ying-Lin Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wu Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Chen X, Liang R, Zhu X. Anti-EGFR therapies in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110649. [PMID: 32836074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common malignant tumor in Southern China and South-East Asia. Regardless of initiative high response to radiotherapy, parts of patients still have relapses and metastases. It is reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in most of NPC and is a poor prognostic factor. Targeting EGFR therapies including monoclonal antibodies and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), offer different benefits and toxicities for patients with NPC. Herein, we summarize the clinical evidence of anti-EGFR therapies in the management of NPC and provide a direction for the treatment and research of NPC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545000, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Renba Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Incidence-Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
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23
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Zhao C, Zhao F, Chen H, Liu Y, Su J. MicroRNA-424-5p inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by decreasing AKT3 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9029. [PMID: 32520206 PMCID: PMC7279695 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the expression and potential mechanism of microRNA (miRNA)-424-5p in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC tissues were collected from 40 patients who were enrolled in the study, and skin samples were collected from 26 healthy subjects during plastic surgery as controls. We performed various in vitro assays using miR-424-5p to examine its function in primary NPC-1 cells. Bioinformatics was employed to analyze potential target genes and signaling pathways of miR-424-5p. We found that miR-424-5p expression in NPC tissues is downregulated and negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis and clinical staging. Expression of miR-424-5p in NPC cells was also downregulated, and transfection with miR-424-5p mimics inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of NPC-1 cells. Bioinformatics identified the AKT3 gene as a potential target of miR-424-5p and dual luciferase assays confirmed this finding. Upregulation of AKT3 expression rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-424-5p on the proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our results suggest that miR-424-5p inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NPC cells by decreasing AKT3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhao
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiping Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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24
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Toumi N, Ennouri S, Charfeddine I, Daoud J, Khanfir A. Local and Lymph Node Relapse of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Single-Center Experience. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020; 100:795S-800S. [PMID: 32141322 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320908955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics as well as the therapeutic results in patients with locoregional (LR) relapse after treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with local and/or regional recurrent NPC over 13 years (2003-2015). RESULTS Twenty-five patients were treated for local or/and local-regional recurrence of NPC. The rate of LR relapse was 7.2%. The mean age of the patients was 46 ± 13.9 years. The median time to relapse was 25 months. The recurrence was nasopharyngeal in 17 patients, nasopharyngeal and neck lymph nodes in 7 patients, and neck lymph nodes in 1 patient. Fifteen relapsed patients had a locally advanced disease (rT3-rT4). Patients who had initially T1 or T2 tumor had a locally advanced relapsed disease (rT3rT4) in 27.3% and patients whose disease was initially classified as T3 or T4 had a locally advanced relapsed disease (rT3T4) in 85.7% (P = .005, Fisher test). Twelve patients had chemotherapy after relapse. Chemotherapy was followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in 3 patients and by radiotherapy (RT) in 4 patients. Nine patients had concurrent chemoradiotherapy and 1 patient had exclusive RT. The overall survival (OS) at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years was, respectively, 58%, 18%, and 10%. The OS was significantly higher in patients with good performance status at the time of relapse (World Health Organization = 1; P = .01) and in patients with late relapse (after 2 years; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Locoregional relapse rate in our study was 7.2%. Locoregional reirradiation was the mainstay treatment modality in relapsed NPC. Relapsed NPC had a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 18%. The OS was significantly higher in patients with good performance status and in patients with late relapse (after 2 years).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Toumi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 37967University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ennouri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 37967University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Charfeddine
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 37967University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Daoud
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 37967University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Afef Khanfir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, 37967University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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25
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Chen F, Huang X, Lv J, Wen D, Zhou G, Lin L, Kou J, Wu C, Chen Y, Zheng Z, Li Z, He X, Sun Y. Prognostic potential of liquid biopsy tracking in the posttreatment surveillance of patients with nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2020; 126:2163-2173. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fo‐Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Dan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jia‐Wei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Dan‐Wan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Guan‐Qun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Li Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jia Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Chen‐Fei Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Zi‐Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Zhi‐Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Department of Radiation Oncology Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
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26
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Ng WT, Lee MC, Fung NT, Wong EC, Cheung AK, Chow JC, Au KH, Poon DM, Lai JW, Chiang CL, Choi HC, Chau TC, Lee VH, Lee AW. Dose volume effects of re‐irradiation for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 2019; 42:180-187. [PMID: 31617636 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Tong Ng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Ch Lee
- Department of Medical Physics, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson Tc Fung
- Department of Medical Physics, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edwin Cy Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alice Kw Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - James Ch Chow
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Au
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Darren Mc Poon
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jessica Wy Lai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Leung Chiang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Horace Cw Choi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tin-Ching Chau
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Victor Hf Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anne Wm Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Cetuximab in the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma - a narrative review. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2019; 133:843-855. [PMID: 31506113 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215119001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy is the standard treatment for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. Cetuximab can be used in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, the randomised studies that led to approval for its use in this setting excluded nasopharyngeal cancer. In the context of limited data for the use of cetuximab in nasopharyngeal cancer in the medical literature, this review aimed to summarise the current evidence for its use in both primary and recurrent or metastatic disease. METHOD A literature search was performed using the keywords 'nasopharyngeal neoplasm', 'cetuximab' and 'Erbitux'. RESULTS Twenty studies were included. There were no randomised phase III trials, but there were nine phase II trials. The use of cetuximab in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been tested in various settings, including in combination with induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and in the palliative setting. CONCLUSION There is no evidence of benefit from the addition of cetuximab to standard management protocols, and there is some evidence of increased toxicity. There is more promise for its use in metastatic or locally recurrent settings. This review draws together the existing evidence and could provide a focus for future studies.
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28
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Management of locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 79:101890. [PMID: 31470314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of the current excellent loco-regional control rates attained using the generally accepted treatment paradigms involving intensity-modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), only 10-20% of patients will suffer from local and/or nodal recurrence after primary treatment. Early detection of recurrence is important as localized recurrent disease is still potentially salvageable, but this treatment often incurs a high risk of major toxicities. Due to the possibility of radio-resistance of tumors which persist or recur despite adequate prior irradiation and the limited tolerance of adjacent normal tissues to sustain further additional treatment, the management of local failures remains one of the greatest challenges in this disease. Both surgical approaches for radical resection and specialized re-irradiation modalities have been explored. Unfortunately, available data are based on retrospective studies, and the majority of them are based on a small number of patients or relatively short follow-up. In this article, we will review the different salvage treatment options and associated prognostic factors for each of them. We will also propose a treatment algorithm based on the latest available evidence and discuss the future directions of treatment for locally recurrent NPC.
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29
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Lee V, Chan J, Vardhanabhuti V, Kwong D, Leung T, Chan S, Tong C, Xu Z, Shen L, Lee A. Advancing Care for Head and Neck Cancers in a Multidisciplinary Tumour Board in the East. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:549-559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Ng W, Wong EC, Cheung AK, Chow JC, Poon DM, Lai JW, Chiang C, Choi HC, Chau T, Lee VH, Lee AW, Tam AH, Au K. Patterns of care and treatment outcomes for local recurrence of NPC after definite IMRT—A study by the HKNPCSG. Head Neck 2019; 41:3661-3669. [PMID: 31350940 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wai‐Tong Ng
- Department of Clinical OncologyPamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Edwin C.Y. Wong
- Department of Clinical OncologyPamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital Hong Kong China
| | | | - James C.H. Chow
- Department of Clinical OncologyQueen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Darren M.C. Poon
- Department of Clinical OncologyPrince of Wales Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Jessica W.Y. Lai
- Department of Clinical OncologyPrincess Margaret Hospital Hong Kong China
| | - Chi‐Leung Chiang
- Department of Clinical OncologyLi Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Horace C.W. Choi
- Department of Clinical OncologyLi Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Tin‐Ching Chau
- Department of Clinical OncologyLi Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Victor H.F. Lee
- Department of Clinical OncologyLi Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Anne W.M. Lee
- Department of Clinical OncologyLi Ka Shing Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | | | - Kwok‐Hung Au
- Department of Clinical OncologyQueen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong China
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31
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Almobarak AA, Jebreel AB, Abu-Zaid A. Molecular Targeted Therapy in the Management of Recurrent and Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Cureus 2019; 11:e4210. [PMID: 31114729 PMCID: PMC6505721 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most frequent malignancy arising in the nasopharynx. NPC, to a larger degree, substantially differs from the other malignancies of the head and neck, in terms of incidence, etiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, clinical behavior, management and prognosis. Fundamentally, the management of NPC is entirely guided by the disease stage. Favorably, patients with early- stage disease have encouraging survival outcomes with stand-alone radiation therapy (RT), specifically following the emergence of intensity-modulated RT (IMRT). The reported five-year local control rates are outstanding, and they range from 70% to 90%. Unfortunately, around one-third (30%) of patients presents with loco-regional or distant recurrences, despite rigorous curative treatment in the intermediate (stage II) and advanced (stage III-IVB) NPC disease. At the present time, the management of recurrent and metastatic NPC is largely discouraging and presents significant challenges to the treating physicians. Broadly speaking, there are three management schemes utilized in the management of recurrent and metastatic NPC, namely: (i) palliative systemic chemotherapy, (ii) molecular targeted therapy, and (iii) immunotherapy. The goal of this study is to holistically review the existing body of literature on the utility and safety of molecular targeted therapy in the management of patients with recurrent and metastatic NPC, with a special focus on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaeddin B Jebreel
- Otolaryngology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ahmed Abu-Zaid
- Oncology, Alfaisal University College of Medicine, Riyadh, SAU
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32
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Liang SB, Zhang N, Chen DM, Yang XL, Chen BH, Zhao H, Lu RL, Chen Y, Fu LW. Prognostic value of gross tumor regression and plasma Epstein Barr Virus DNA levels at the end of intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2018; 132:223-229. [PMID: 30366725 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess gross tumor regression and plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA levels at the end of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and its prognostic impact on patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS In total, 397 patients with non-metastatic, histologically confirmed NPC were retrospectively examined. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the nasopharynx and neck, and plasma EBV DNA assays before treatment and at the end of IMRT. RESULTS The estimated 5-year loco-regional, local and regional relapse-free survival rates for patients with complete response (CR) and non-CR of the total tumor, primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes at the end of IMRT were 94.9% vs. 85.8%, 96.6% vs. 87.3%, and 98.7% vs. 89.8%, respectively (P < 0.05). The estimated 5-year loco-regional relapse-free survival (LRRFS) rates for patients with persistent tumor with and without boost irradiation were 95.3% vs. 83%, respectively (P = 0.034). The estimated 5-year overall survival (OS), failure-free survival (FFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates for patients with negative and positive plasma EBV DNA at the end of IMRT were 83.1% vs. 50.3%, 81.5% vs. 49.3%, and 87.6% vs. 61.5%, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses indicated that regression of the total tumor and boost irradiation was an independent predictor of LRRFS, and plasma EBV DNA levels were independent predictors of OS, FFS and DMFS. CONCLUSIONS Gross tumor regression and plasma EBV DNA levels at the end of IMRT served as predictors of poor prognosis for patients with NPC. The patients with persistent tumor and/or positive plasma EBV DNA might require timely strengthening treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Bo Liang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China; Radiotherapy Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Cancer Center, First People's Hospital of Foshan Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Radiotherapy Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Cancer Center, First People's Hospital of Foshan Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Dan-Ming Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Li Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin-Hong Chen
- The Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Foshan Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Imaging Diagnosis, First People's Hospital of Foshan Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Rui-Liang Lu
- Department of Imaging Diagnosis, First People's Hospital of Foshan Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li-Wu Fu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.
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