Transient portal venous gas associated with reversible non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: A case report

Transient portal venous gas in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A case report

Portal venous gas (PVG) or hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is the accumulation of gas in the portal vein and its branches. HPVG may be considered as a nonspecific sign of a significant abdominal disease, ranging from potentially lethal diseases to benign conditions. Computed tomography (CT) can detect both the presence of gas and the underlying pathology. I report a 60-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and a high lactate level in the blood test. Because of the unknown etiology for the elevated lactate, a CT scan of the abdomen was taken, which showed that he developed intra-and extra-hepatic portal venous gas as well as in the portomesentric-portosystemic collaterals without any signs of mesenteric ischemia. The patient was treated conservatively and the HPVG completely resolved after a few days. Overall, physicians must be aware that prognosis is related to the pathology itself and is not influenced by the presence of PVG. HPVG can be caused by several benign conditions that do not necessarily require urgent exploratory laparotomy.

Mesenteric ischemia with pneumatosis intestinalis and portal vein gas associated with enteral nutrition: a series of three patients

Enteral nutrition is usually associated with a low risk of intestinal complications. We report three non-critically ill patients who received enteral nutrition and developed mesenteric ischemia with pneumatosis intestinalis and hepatic portal vein gas. These findings are often considered to be indications for emergency surgery. In these three patients, prompt cessation of enteral nutrition avoided progression to intestinal necrosis obviating the need for intestinal resection, although one patient underwent surgical exploration. Follow-up computed tomography scan showed resolution of the radiologic findings, and all patients started enteral nutrition again without complications. All patients had comorbidities associated with atherosclerosis, which may have led to a mismatch between oxygen delivery and demand in the bowel, resulting in ischemia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful management of mesenteric ischemia related to enteral nutrition in non-critically ill patients without resection. If the cause of mesenteric ischemia such as enteral nutrition, can be eliminated quickly, non-resectional and possibly nonoperative management can be a reasonable management option, with close follow-up and readiness for resection.

Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia and Interventional Local Vasodilatory Therapy: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature

Background:

Intensive care patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) show mortality rates of 70% to 90%. Besides emergency surgery, different interventional local vasodilatory treatment (LVT) attempts have been described. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis to evaluate feasibility, efficacy, and tolerability of LVT in patients with life-threatening NOMI.

Methods:

Searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were performed until February 2019. Measured outcomes included immediate technical success rates (as indicated by mesenteric vasodilation on angiography or clinical improvement) and adverse events (AEs). Therapeutic efficacy was measured by the assessment of overall mortality.

Results:

Twelve studies (335 patients, 245 received LVT) from 1977 to 2018 were included. All studies were retrospective (4 comparative and 8 noncomparative). Different intra-arterial vasodilators (4× papaverine, 6× prostaglandin E1, 1× tolazoline/heparin, 1× tolazoline + iloprost) were reported. Initial technical success rate was 75.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55.1%-89%, P = .017) with an AE rate of 2.9% (95% CI: 1.3%-6.6%; P = .983). Overall mortality in LVT patients was 40.3% (95% CI: 28.7%-53%, P = .134). In 4 studies, outcomes were compared between patients receiving LVT to those who received standard of care (odds ratio for death in LVT patients was 0.261 [95% CI: 0.095-0.712, P = .009]).

Conclusions:

Local vasodilatory treatment appears to be safe in patients with NOMI and might have the potential to at least partially reverse mesenteric vasoconstriction features in control angiographies. However, with no randomized and prospective studies available yet, the overall quality of published studies has to be considered as low; therefore, it is not possible to draw generalizable conclusions from the present data concerning clinical end points. Its application might hold promise as a rescue treatment strategy and deserves further evaluation in randomized controlled trials.

A Retrospective Analysis of Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia in Medical and Surgical ICU Patients: Clinical Data on Demography, Clinical Signs, and Survival

Background:

To analyze demography, clinical signs, and survival of intensive care patients diagnosed with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) and to evaluate the effect of a local intra-arterial prostaglandin therapy.

Methods:

Retrospective observational study screening 455 intensive care patients with acute arterial mesenteric perfusion disorder in a tertiary care hospital within the past 8 years. Lastly, 32 patients with NOMI were enrolled, of which 11 received local intra-arterial prostaglandin therapy. The diagnosis of NOMI was based on the clinical presentation and established biphasic computed tomography criteria. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained 24 hours before, at the time, and 24 hours after diagnosis.

Results:

Patients were 60.5 (49.3-73) years old and had multiple comorbidities. Most of them were diagnosed with septic shock requiring high doses of norepinephrine (NE: 0.382 [0.249-0.627] μg/kg/min). The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was 18 (16-20). A decrease in oxygenation (Pao₂/Fio₂), pH, and bicarbonate and an increase in international normalized ratio, lactate, bilirubin, leucocyte count, and NE dose were early indicators of NOMI. Median SOFA score significantly increased in the last 24 hours before diagnosis of NOMI (16 vs 18, P < .0001). Overall, 28-day mortality was 75% (81% nonintervention vs 64% intervention cohort; P = .579). Median SOFA scores 24 hours after intervention increased by +5% in the nonintervention group and decreased by 5.5% in the intervention group (P = .0059).

Conclusions:

Our data suggest that NOMI is a detrimental disease associated with progressive organ failure and a high mortality. Local intra-arterial prostaglandin application might hold promise as a rescue treatment strategy. These data encourage future randomized controlled trials are desirable.

Detection of Intestinal Pneumatosis Location by Following Hyperechoic Foci in the Portal Vein Along Its Branches With Real-time Ultrasound

Portal venous gas is occasionally encountered in children with intestinal pneumatosis, identified on real-time ultrasound imaging as hyperechoic foci with quick movement. The origin of the portal venous gas can be identified by following the hyperechoic foci along the branches of the portal vein, providing an estimate of the location of intestinal pneumatosis. This approach may be useful for predicting the patient's prognosis. Our report describes 2 cases of portal venous gas while estimating the area of intestinal pneumatosis, which were evaluated with real-time ultrasound.