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Atzeni F, Pipitone N, Iaccarino L, Masala IF, Weiss R, Alciati A, Doria A, Chapmanand J, Sarzi-Puttini P. Rheumatic diseases and autoimmune vascular dementia. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1265-1269. [PMID: 29037904 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) comes second after Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a cause of impaired cognition. VD is not a specific nosological entity, but rather a syndrome encompassing a number of diseases caused by impaired supply of blood to the brain. Systemic autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) can be associated with dementia. VD is often related to the presence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, but it may also be associated with a host of disorders affecting the brain blood vessels, neuronal cells, or both. It is important to entertain in the differential diagnosis of VD, to recognize and to cure them accurately in order to preserve life's quality of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolò Pipitone
- Rheumatology Department, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Ronen Weiss
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alessandra Alciati
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni, Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Padoa, Italy
| | - Joab Chapmanand
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Shavit-Stein E, Katzav A, Rubovitch V, Maggio N, Chapman J, Harnof S, Pick CG. Minimal Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice: Protease-Activated Receptor 1 and Thrombin-Related Changes. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1848-1854. [PMID: 26537880 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is partially defined by the existence of retrograde amnesia and is associated with microscopic bleeds containing activated coagulation factors. In a previous study, we have found that mTBI immediately releases thrombin-like activity in the brain, which induces amnesia by activating protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and blocking long-term potentiation (LTP). In the present study, we assessed the effects of mTBI on thrombin and PAR-1 levels in the brain using the same model. After the immediate elevation, thrombin activity returned to baseline 1 h post-trauma and increased again 72 h later (42% relative to control; p < 0.005). These changes were associated with a significant increase in PAR-1 levels 24 (17%; p < 0.05) and 72 h (20%; p < 0.05) post-trauma. Interestingly, the late elevation in thrombin-like activity was also associated with elevation of the major central nervous system thrombin inhibitor, protease nexin-1, 72 h post-mTBI (10%; p < 0.005). When thrombin was injected into brain ventricles, an increased sensitivity to seizure-like activity was detected at 72 h post-mTBI. The results are compatible with astrocyte activation post-mTBI resulting in increased thrombin secretion, PAR-1 expression, and seizure sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Itsekson-Hayosh
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .,2 Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .,2 Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Aviva Katzav
- 2 Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- 2 Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel HaShomer, Israel .,3 The Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel HaShomer, Israel .,7 Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .,8 Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .,2 Department of Neurology and Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel HaShomer, Israel .,6 Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .,8 Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sagi Harnof
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Chaim G Pick
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel .,8 Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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The Journey of Antiphospholipid Antibodies From Cellular Activation to Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2015; 17:16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-014-0485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Shavit-Stein E, Last D, Goez D, Daniels D, Bushi D, Gera O, Zibly Z, Mardor Y, Chapman J, Harnof S. Thrombin Activity and Thrombin Receptor in Rat Glioblastoma Model: Possible Markers and Targets for Intervention? J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:644-51. [PMID: 25691153 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas constitute a group of aggressive CNS cancers that have high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite extensive research, current therapeutic approaches enable survival beyond 2 years in rare cases only. Thrombin and its main CNS target, protease-activated receptor-1, have been implicated in tumor progression and brain edema. Our aim was to study protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) protein expression and thrombin-like activity levels in both in vitro and in vivo models of glioblastoma and correlate them with the volume of the surrounding edema. We measured the presence of PAR-1 protein using fluorescence immunohistochemistry and assessed thrombin activity in various glial and non-glial cell lines and in a CNS-1 glioma rat model using a thrombin-specific fluorescent assay. Thrombin activity was found to be highly elevated in various high-grade glioma cell lines as well as in non-glial malignant cell lines. In the CNS-1 glioma model, the level of PAR-1 fluorescence in the tumor was significantly elevated compared to adjacent regions of reactive gliosis or distant brain areas. The elevated level of thrombin activity observed in the high-grade glioma positively correlated with tumor-induced brain edema. In conclusion, thrombin is secreted from glioma cells and PAR-1 may be a new biological marker for high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'ev Itsekson-Hayosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,
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Abstract
Small GTPases are key signal transducers from extracellular stimuli to the nucleus that regulate a variety of cellular responses, including changes in gene expression and cell adhesion and migration. Accumulating data have demonstrated that abnormal activation of these small GTPases plays a critical role in the atherosclerosis characterized by vascular abnormalities, especially endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Here, we discuss the linkage between small GTPases, inflammation, and atherogenesis. First, small GTPases affect gene expression of inflammatory cytokines through proinflammatory signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interlukin-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Then, these molecules regulate the vascular inflammation through cell adhesion and migration. In turn, small GTPases are also regulated by extracellular stimuli, such as L-selectin, thrombin, oxidized phospholipids, and interleukins. Thus, these inflammatory cytokines generate a vicious cycle for small GTPases and inflammatory responses in the atherogenesis.
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Itzekson Z, Maggio N, Milman A, Shavit E, Pick CG, Chapman J. Reversal of trauma-induced amnesia in mice by a thrombin receptor antagonist. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 53:87-95. [PMID: 24352712 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is associated with the existence of retrograde amnesia and microscopic bleeds containing activated coagulation factors. In an mTBI model, we report that thrombin induces amnesia through its receptor protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). Thrombin activity was significantly elevated (32 %, p < 0.05) 5 min following mTBI compared to controls. Amnesia was assessed by the novel object recognition test in mTBI animals and in animals injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) with either thrombin or a PAR-1 agonist 1 h after the acquisition phase. Saline-injected controls had a preference index of over 0.3 while mTBI animals and those injected with thrombin or the PAR-1 agonist spent equal time with both objects indicating no recall of the object presented to them 24 h previously (p < 0.05). Co-injecting a PAR-1 antagonist (SCH79797) completely blocked the amnestic effects of mTBI, thrombin, and the PAR-1 agonist. Long-term potentiation, measured in hippocampal slices 24 h after mTBI, ICV thrombin or the PAR-1 agonist, was significantly impaired and this effect was completely reversed by the PAR-1 antagonist. The results support a crucial role for PAR-1 in the generation of amnesia following mTBI, revealing a novel therapeutic target for the cognitive effects of brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Itzekson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Frauenknecht K, Katzav A, Grimm C, Chapman J, Sommer CJ. Altered receptor binding densities in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome despite only moderately enhanced autoantibody levels and absence of behavioral features. Immunobiology 2013; 219:341-9. [PMID: 24332889 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental antiphospholipid syndrome (eAPS) in Balb/c mice causes neuropsychiatric abnormalities including hyperactivity, increased explorative behavior and cognitive deficits. Recently, we have demonstrated that these behavioral changes were linked to an upregulation of serotonergic 5-HT1A receptor binding densities in cortical and hippocampal regions while excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors remain largely unchanged. To examine whether the observed behavioral features depend on a critical antibody concentration, mice with only moderately enhanced antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), about 50-80% of high levels, were analyzed and compared to controls. The staircase test was used to test animals for hyperactivity and explorative behavior. The brains were analyzed for tissue integrity and inflammation. Ligand binding densities of NMDA, AMPA, GABAA, 5-HT1A, M1 and M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, respectively, were analyzed by in vitro receptor autoradiography and compared to brains of mice from our previous study with high levels of aPL. Mice with only moderately enhanced aPL did not develop significant behavioral changes. Brain parenchyma remained intact and neither inflammation nor glial activation was detectable. However, there was a significant decrease of NMDA receptor binding densities in the motor cortex as well as an increase in M1 binding densities in cortical and hippocampal regions, whereas the other receptors analyzed were not altered. Lack of neuropsychiatric symptoms may be due to modulations of receptors resulting in normal behavior. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that high levels of aPL are required for the manifestation of neuropsychiatric involvement while at lower antibody levels compensatory mechanisms may preserve normal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Frauenknecht
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Aviva Katzav
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Christina Grimm
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Clemens J Sommer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Xie H, Sheng L, Zhou H, Yan J. The role of TLR4 in pathophysiology of antiphospholipid syndrome-associated thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:165-76. [PMID: 24180619 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Haematology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Liangju Sheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Haematology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Haematology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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Brandt KJ, Kruithof EKO, de Moerloose P. Receptors involved in cell activation by antiphospholipid antibodies. Thromb Res 2013; 132:408-13. [PMID: 24054056 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease associated with arterial or venous thrombosis and/or recurrent fetal loss and is caused by pathogenic antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLA). The plasma protein β2-glycoprotein 1 (β2GP1) has been identified as a major target of aPLA associated with APS. Cell activation by aPLA appears to be a major pathogenic cause in the pathogenesis of APS. Receptors, co-receptors and accessory molecules are known to assist the pathogenic effects of aPLA. Members of the TLR family and the platelet receptor apolipoprotein E receptor 2' (apoER2'), a receptor belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) family, as well as GPIbα, were identified as putative candidates for aPLA recognition. CD14, a co-receptor for TLR2 and TLR4, and annexin A2, a ubiquitous Ca2+ -binding protein that is essential for actin-dependent vesicle transport, could serve as important accessory molecules in mediating the pathogenic effects of aPLA. Finally, complement activation has been reported in association with the pathogenicity of APS. The relative contribution of these different mechanisms in the pathogenesis of APS is controversial. Here, we review the various in vivo and in vitro models that have been used to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of aPLA in APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim J Brandt
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Anti-β2GPI antibodies stimulate endothelial cell microparticle release via a nonmuscle myosin II motor protein-dependent pathway. Blood 2013; 122:3808-17. [PMID: 23954892 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-490318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs). Most pathogenic APLAs are directed against β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI), a plasma phospholipid binding protein. One mechanism by which circulating antiphospholipid/anti-β2GPI antibodies may promote thrombosis is by inducing the release of procoagulant microparticles from endothelial cells. However, there is no information available concerning the mechanisms by which anti-β2GPI antibodies induce microparticle release. In seeking to identify proteins phosphorylated during anti-β2GPI antibody-induced endothelial activation, we observed phosphorylation of nonmuscle myosin II regulatory light chain (RLC), which regulates cytoskeletal assembly. In parallel, we observed a dramatic increase in the formation of filamentous actin, a two- to fivefold increase in the release of endothelial cell microparticles, and a 10- to 15-fold increase in the expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and tissue factor messenger RNA. Microparticle release, but not endothelial cell surface E-selectin expression, was blocked by inhibiting RLC phosphorylation or nonmuscle myosin II motor activity. These results suggest that distinct pathways, some of which mediate cytoskeletal assembly, regulate the endothelial cell response to anti-β2GPI antibodies. Inhibition of nonmuscle myosin II activation may provide a novel approach for inhibiting microparticle release by endothelial cells in response to anti-β2GPI antibodies.
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High Avidity Anti-β2-Glycoprotein i Antibodies Activate Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells and Trigger Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Migration. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Aizman E, Mor A, Levy A, George J, Kloog Y. Ras inhibition by FTS attenuates brain tumor growth in mice by direct antitumor activity and enhanced reactivity of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Oncotarget 2012; 3:144-57. [PMID: 22323550 PMCID: PMC3326645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the concerns in targeted drug therapy is that the inhibition of receptors and signaling molecules in tumor cells may also affect similar components in the tumor microenvironment or in the immune system, with undefined consequences for inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, in addition to its antitumor activity in mice and humans, the Ras inhibitor salirasib (S-farnesylthiosalicylic acid, FTS) also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Here we show three antitumor effects of FTS in immune-competent mice with subcutaneous or intracranial tumors. First, FTS exhibited antitumor activity in immune-competent, intracranial tumor-bearing mice and increased their survival relative to tumor-bearing immune-compromised mice. Second, FTS induced an increase in regulatory T cells in mouse splenocytes, but the inhibitory effects of FTS on tumor growth were not affected by these Foxp3+ T lymphocytes. Third, FTS increased antitumor T-cell reactivity by downregulating Foxp3. This caused TGF-β-dependent sensitization of the tumor to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta Aizman
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv
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Frauenknecht K, Katzav A, Grimm C, Chapman J, Sommer CJ. Neurological impairment in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with increased ligand binding to hippocampal and cortical serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors. Immunobiology 2012; 218:517-26. [PMID: 22884359 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease where the presence of high titers of circulating autoantibodies causes thrombosis with consecutive infarcts. In experimental APS (eAPS), a mouse model of APS, behavioral abnormalities develop in the absence of vessel occlusion or infarcts. Using brain hemispheres of control and eAPS mice with documented neurological and cognitive deficits, we checked for lymphocytic infiltration, activation of glia and macrophages, as well as alterations of ligand binding densities of various neurotransmitter receptors to unravel the molecular basis of this abnormal behavior. Lymphocytic infiltrates were immunohistochemically characterized using antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8 and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), respectively. GFAP, Iba1 and CD68-immunohistochemistry was performed, to check for activation of astrocytes, microglia and macrophages. Ligand binding densities of NMDA, AMPA, GABAA and 5-HT1A receptors were analyzed by in vitro receptor autoradiography. No significant inflammatory reaction occurred in eAPS mice. There was neither activation of astrocytes or microglia nor accumulation of macrophages. Binding values of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors were largely unchanged. However, ligand binding densities of the modulatory serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors in the hippocampus and in the primary somatosensory cortex of eAPS mice were significantly upregulated which is suggested to induce the behavioral abnormalities observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Frauenknecht
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Examining How Antiphospholipid Antibodies Activate Intracellular Signaling Pathways: A Systematic Review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012; 41:720-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disorder defined by the presence of an antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) and the occurrence of at least one associated clinical condition that includes venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. The aPL detected in APS have long been thought to have a direct prothrombotic effect in vivo. However, the pathophysiology underlying their coagulopathic effect has not been defined. Emerging data suggest a role for the procoagulant protein tissue factor (TF). In this review we provide an overview of TF, describe mouse models used in the evaluation of the role of TF in thrombosis, as well as summarize recent work on TF and APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boles
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7005, USA
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The Pathogenesis of Neural Injury in Animal Models of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 38:196-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8154-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies are clinically important acquired risk factors for thrombosis and pregnancy loss and are thought to have a direct prothrombotic effect in vivo. Data suggest that a major mechanism by which aPL antibodies contribute to thrombophilia is the upregulation of tissue factor (TF) (CD142) on blood cells and vascular endothelium. TF is the physiological trigger of normal blood coagulation and thrombosis in many hypercoagulable conditions. This article reviews the physiology of TF, the molecular regulation of TF expression and the effects of aPL antibodies on intravascular TF regulation and expression. Inhibition of TF and the pathways by which aPL antibodies induce TF expression are potentially attractive therapeutic targets in the antiphospholipid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kinev
- Department of Medicine and Thurston Arthritis Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7280, USA
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