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Hoyniak CP, Vogel AC, Puricelli A, Luby JL, Whalen DJ. Day-to-day bidirectional associations between sleep and emotion states in early childhood: Importance of end-of-day mood for sleep quality. Sleep Health 2024; 10:264-271. [PMID: 38423949 PMCID: PMC11162920 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Poor quality sleep can impact emotions and emotion regulation, resulting in a "sleep-mood" cycle where poor sleep affects mood and vice-versa. This relationship is poorly understood during early childhood, when sleep patterns and emotion displays are rapidly changing. This study aimed to understand the day-to-day effects of poor sleep on emotions in preschoolers by using objective (actigraphy) and subjective (ecological momentary assessment) measures to assess both between- and within-child effects. We hypothesized that disrupted sleep would lead to affect disruptions and vice versa. METHODS This study included 133 preschoolers and their caregivers recruited from the community. Children's sleep was measured via actigraphy (ActiGraph GT3X+) across 1week. Affect was collected concurrently via caregiver report during an ecological momentary assessment protocol. Caregivers reported on their child's affect four times per day: morning, afternoon, early evening, and before bed. RESULTS Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that children with sleep disturbances displayed less positive affect overall, more negative affect in the evenings, and alterations in positive affect lability, and that daytime affect was associated with subsequent nighttime sleep. Within-child associations also showed fluctuations in positive affect correlated with shorter sleep durations and later bedtimes. CONCLUSIONS This study identified both between- and within-child associations between sleep and affect in early childhood, revealing a dynamic and reciprocal relationship between the two. These findings highlight the importance of considering both sleep and affect in early childhood interventions, as promoting positive affect may enhance sleep quality and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Alecia C Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alex Puricelli
- Foster and Adoptive Care Coalition, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Zerón-Rugerio MF, Santamaría-Orleans A, Izquierdo-Pulido M. Late bedtime combined with more screen time before bed increases the risk of obesity and lowers diet quality in Spanish children. Appetite 2024; 196:107293. [PMID: 38447642 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether the combination of bedtime and screen time (ST) before bed were associated with obesity and diet quality in toddlers and school-aged children. Parents reported children's bedtimes and ST before bed (0 min, 1-30 min, >30 min). We then defined bed + screen time behavior using bedtime median cut-offs (early [EB] or late [LB]) and ST responses, resulting in four groups: EB-0'ST, EB ≤ 30'ST/LB-0'ST, EB > 30'ST/LB ≤ 30'ST, and LB > 30'ST. For all participants (n = 1133; 5.4 ± 2.7 years, 49.7% girls, 51.9% school-aged) we evaluated body mass index (BMI), diet quality, sleep-related variables, physical activity, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Outcome variables were compared across bed + screen time behavior groups, stratified by age group (toddlers and school-aged children) using general linear models for continuous variables, as well as chi-squared tests or logistic regressions for categorical variables. Additionally, we calculated linear p-trends. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic variables, BMI, and physical activity (unless the variable was tested). The results showed that toddlers and school-aged children in the LB ≥ 30'ST group were more likely to have overweight/obesity (OR: 3.42 [95%CI:1.41,8.26] and OR: 2.53 [95%CI:1.10,5.03], respectively) than those in the EB-0'ST group. Additionally, toddlers and school-aged children in the EB > 30'ST/LB ≤ 30'ST and LB > 30'ST groups showed significantly lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Regarding sleep-related outcomes, we observed that the combination of LB and more ST was associated with poorer sleep quality and shorter sleep duration in toddlers and school-aged children (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the importance of promoting earlier bedtimes and limiting ST before bed as part of obesity prevention strategies for children. Furthermore, such intervention could benefit the quality of children's diet and overall lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Zerón-Rugerio
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Fundamental and Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Santamaría-Orleans
- Scientific Communication Department, Laboratorios Ordesa SL, Sant Boi del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Food Science Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Cook G, Carter B, Wiggs L, Southam S. Parental sleep-related practices and sleep in children aged 1-3 years: a systematic review. J Sleep Res 2023:e14120. [PMID: 38131158 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The current systematic review sought to identify the relationship between the range of different parental sleep-related practices that had been explored in relations to child sleep outcomes in children aged 1-3 years. A systematic literature review was carried out in CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science, as well as relevant grey literature in August 2022 using the terms; population (children, aged 1-3 years), exposure (parental sleep-related practice) and outcome (child sleep). Any quantitative study published between 2010 and 2022 that explored the relationship between parental sleep-related practices and the sleep of children aged 1-3 years were included. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was employed to quality appraise included studies and results were narratively synthesised. In all, 16 longitudinal and cross-sectional quantitative studies met inclusion criteria. Parental presence or physical involvement, as well as broader parental practices including using screens or devices at bedtime and night-time breastfeeding were all related to poorer child sleep outcomes. Consistent and relaxing routines, sleeping in a cot, and spending all night in their own sleep location were associated with better child sleep outcomes. Acknowledging the plethora of diverse parental sleep-related practices, which may have varying relationships with child sleep outcomes, could be usefully considered in theoretical models and to inform clinical practice. Issues of definitional and measurement ambiguity are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Cook
- Centre for Psychological Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernie Carter
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, UK
| | - Luci Wiggs
- Centre for Psychological Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Shannon Southam
- Centre for Psychological Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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He J, Fu Y, Cui S, Barnhart WR, Zhang X, Han J, Wang Y, Ganson KT, Nagata JM. Screen use while eating is associated with lower intuitive eating and higher disordered eating in Chinese adult men and women. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:1961-1972. [PMID: 37489116 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the potential associations between screen use while eating and intuitive eating and disordered (thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented) eating behaviors. METHODS Analyses included 600 Chinese adults (50% women; Mage = 30.67, SD = 8.08) recruited online. The use of four major screen devices was captured, including cell phones, tablets, computers, and TVs. Three types of eating behaviors were examined, namely intuitive eating, thinness-oriented disordered eating, and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted separately for men and women to examine the sex-specific associations between screen use while eating and intuitive eating, thinness-oriented disordered eating, and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. RESULTS In both men and women, more screen use while eating was significantly associated with lower intuitive eating, higher thinness-oriented disordered eating, and higher muscularity-oriented disordered eating, above and beyond total screen time and social media use. DISCUSSION We found preliminary evidence for the significant links between screen use while eating and intuitive eating and disordered eating. Given the global increases in screen use, continued research is warranted to further explore the role of screen use while eating in the development and maintenance of intuitive eating and disordered eating. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Much remains unknown regarding screen use while eating and eating behaviors. We found that in both Chinese men and women, more screen use while eating was significantly and uniquely associated with lower intuitive eating, higher thinness-oriented disordered eating, and higher muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Findings highlight the importance of incorporating screen use while eating in future research on intuitive eating and disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuru Fu
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Cui
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiayi Han
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Fitzpatrick C, Binet MA, Cristini E, Almeida ML, Bégin M, Frizzo GB. Reducing harm and promoting positive media use strategies: new perspectives in understanding the impact of preschooler media use on health and development. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2023; 36:19. [PMID: 37553485 PMCID: PMC10409691 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-023-00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most children grow up in homes with easy access to multiple screens. Screen use by children between the ages of 0 to 5 has become a worldwide preoccupation. In the present narrative review, we examine child and parent screen use and its contribution to physical, cognitive, and social developmental outcomes. As research has mostly focused on the adverse consequences of screen media, we aim to depict both the negative and the positive influences of screen usage. To provide a more nuanced portrait of the potential benefits and harms of screen use, we examine how consequences of media use vary according to the content of media (ex., educational, violent), context (ex., using screens during mealtimes), and the nature (ex., passive vs active use) of child screen use. Our review supports existing screen time guidelines and recommendations and suggests that media content, the context of use, and the nature of child use, as well as the parent's own screen use, be considered clinically. Future research should seek to clarify how these dimensions jointly contribute to child screen use profiles and associated consequences. Finally, child sex, behavioral/temperamental difficulties, and family adversity appear to contribute to child screen use and its consequences and should be considered in future research. Suggestions for harm-reduction approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fitzpatrick
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Childhood Education, University Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Marie-Andrée Binet
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Emma Cristini
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Maíra Lopes Almeida
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bégin
- Département de l'enseignement au préscolaire et au primaire, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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Screen use before sleep and emotional problems among adolescents: Preliminary evidence of mediating effect of chronotype and social jetlag. J Affect Disord 2023; 328:175-182. [PMID: 36806592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screen use before sleep is shown to be positively related to emotional problems. However, whether this relationship was mediated by circadian phenotypes (i.e., chronotype and social jetlag) remains unclear. METHODS Data from two independent adolescent surveys among 2685 and 1368 adolescents, respectively, were used. Adolescents reported screen use before sleep (yes/no and screen time), chronotype, social jetlag, and emotional problems using questionnaires. Serial mediation analyses were performed. RESULTS Adolescents who reported screen use before sleep showed later chronotype and greater social jetlag, which was further associated with a higher level of emotional problems. Such relationships held for screen use as a yes/no variable and screen time. The serial indirect effect of chronotype and social jetlag accounted for 6.2%-16.7% of the total effect of screen use before sleep on emotional problems. LIMITATIONS The use of a cross-sectional design did not allow the establishment of causal links between the variables. All data were self-reported by adolescents, and might be subject to report bias and recall bias. CONCLUSIONS These findings contributed to the existing literature by examining the mediating effect of chronotype and social jetlag in the relationship between screen use before sleep and emotional problems from a circadian rhythm perspective. Healthy media use habits and interventions targeting circadian characteristics may work towards promoting emotional health in adolescents.
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Hendry A, Gibson SP, Davies C, McGillion M, Gonzalez-Gomez N. Toward a dimensional model of risk and protective factors influencing children's early cognitive, social, and emotional development during the COVID-19 pandemic. INFANCY 2023; 28:158-186. [PMID: 35993691 PMCID: PMC10086814 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Variation in infants' home environment is implicated in their cognitive and psycho-social development. The pandemic has intensified variations in home environments through exacerbating socioeconomic inequalities, and increasing psychological stressors for some families. This study investigates the effects of parental (predominantly maternal) mental health, enriching activities and screen use on 280 24- to 52-month-olds' executive functions, internalising and externalising problems, and pro-social behaviour; with socioeconomic status and social support as contextual factors. Our results indicate that aspects of the home environment are differentially associated with children's cognitive and psycho-social development. Parents who experienced sustained mental distress during the pandemic tended to report higher child externalising and internalising problems, and executive function difficulties at follow-up. Children who spent more time engaged in enriching activities with their parents showed stronger executive functions and social competence six months later. Screen use levels during the first year of the pandemic were not associated with outcomes. To mitigate the risk of persistent negative effects for this 'pandemic generation' of infants, our study highlights the importance of supporting parents' mental health. As our results demonstrate the impact of social support on mental health, investing in support services and interventions promoting building support networks are likely to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hendry
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Catherine Davies
- School of Languages, Cultures and Societies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Loo BKG, Okely A, Taylor R, Novotny R, Wickramasinghe P, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Waqa G, Pulungan A, Kusuda S, Tan KH. Asia-Pacific consensus statement on integrated 24-hour activity guidelines for the early years. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 32:100641. [PMID: 36785856 PMCID: PMC9918766 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Early childhood is a vital period for development and growth. Promoting beneficial lifestyle behaviours in early childhood can help optimise children's health, development and learning, shape their behaviours in adulthood and offer the best protection against future non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In the Asia-Pacific region, NCDs are significant causes of healthcare burden and mortality. Furthermore, there is also a high prevalence of adverse metabolic risk factors and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours among these children. Method Representatives from 19 Asia-Pacific nations and/or jurisdictions developed a consensus statement on integrated 24-hour activity guidelines for the early years using the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT framework. Findings These guidelines apply to all infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers below 5 years of age. The guidelines aim to provide a holistic and practical approach to lifestyle activities by framing physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep within a 24-hour period. Dietary patterns were included as they play an integral role in metabolic health and energy balance. Interpretation Aligned with the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs through health promotion interventions in early life, through cultivating healthy lifestyle behaviours in the children's early years, we aim to provide children with the best start in life and reduce the burden of future NCDs in the Asia-Pacific region. Funding Funded by Integrated platform for research in advancing metabolic health outcomes of women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Kai Guo Loo
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore,Corresponding author. Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
| | - Anthony Okely
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Novotny
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Gade Waqa
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Aman Pulungan
- Endocrinology Division, Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Satoshi Kusuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
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Digital media inhibit self-regulatory private speech use in preschool children: The “digital bubble effect”. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Miller EB, Canfield CF, Wippick H, Shaw DS, Morris PA, Mendelsohn AL. Predictors of television at bedtime and associations with toddler sleep and behavior in a medicaid-eligible, racial/ethnic minority sample. Infant Behav Dev 2022; 67:101707. [PMID: 35272177 PMCID: PMC9177719 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examined predictors of TV use at bedtime and associations with toddlers' sleep and behavior using data from the Smart Beginnings study with 403 Medicaid-eligible, racial/ethnic minority participants from two cities in the United States. We first estimated predictors of TV use at bedtime at 18 months. We then examined whether TV at bedtime was associated with concurrent parent-report of nighttime sleep duration and quality, and later problem behavior at 24 months. Results showed that around half of the sample reported using TV at bedtime with their toddlers, and particularly first-time mothers and those receiving public assistance. We also found that use of TV at bedtime was related to concurrent sleep issues and increases in later problem behavior. Mediational path analyses revealed that TV at bedtime affected behavior via sleep quality. Despite the heterogeneity within this Medicaid-eligible sample, the results underscore the universally harmful effects of TV use at bedtime and lend support for structuring nighttime routines for toddlers to promote better sleep and behavioral outcomes.
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Sleep and Negative Affect Across Toddlerhood in the Context of Stress. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:370-382. [PMID: 36046005 PMCID: PMC9382980 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Negative affect is associated with both high stress and poor sleep, but questions remain about the direction of these associations across time and interactions between stress and sleep, especially in early childhood. The present study examined sleep deficits, family stress, and observed negative affect in a sample of toddlers at 30, 36, and 42 months (N = 504). Negative affect was observed during a parent-child free play task. Sleep was measured via actigraphy. Stress was measured using a cumulative risk index of socioeconomic status, single parent status, household chaos, role overload, parenting hassles, social support, and stressful events. Findings showed few associations between sleep and negative affect, except for toddlers experiencing high levels of family stress. Toddlers experiencing both high stress and poor sleep demonstrated the highest levels of negative affect in the lab at 30 months. Adequate sleep may serve as a protective factor for children in high-stress families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Myers
- Department of Psychology, Lafayette College, Easton PA, USA
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