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Lucca K, Yuen F, Wang Y, Alessandroni N, Allison O, Alvarez M, Axelsson EL, Baumer J, Baumgartner HA, Bertels J, Bhavsar M, Byers-Heinlein K, Capelier-Mourguy A, Chijiiwa H, Chin CSS, Christner N, Cirelli LK, Corbit J, Daum MM, Doan T, Dresel M, Exner A, Fei W, Forbes SH, Franchin L, Frank MC, Geraci A, Giraud M, Gornik ME, Wiesmann CG, Grossmann T, Hadley IM, Havron N, Henderson AME, Matzner EH, Immel BA, Jankiewicz G, Jędryczka W, Kanakogi Y, Kominsky JF, Lew-Williams C, Liberman Z, Liu L, Liu Y, Loeffler MT, Martin A, Mayor J, Meng X, Misiak M, Moreau D, Nencheva ML, Oña LS, Otálora Y, Paulus M, Pepe B, Pickron CB, Powell LJ, Proft M, Quinn AA, Rakoczy H, Reschke PJ, Roth-Hanania R, Rothmaler K, Schlegelmilch K, Schlingloff-Nemecz L, Schmuckler MA, Schuwerk T, Seehagen S, Şen HH, Shainy MR, Silvestri V, Soderstrom M, Sommerville J, Song HJ, Sorokowski P, Stutz SE, Su Y, Taborda-Osorio H, Tan AWM, Tatone D, Taylor-Partridge T, Tsang CKA, Urbanek A, Uzefovsky F, Visser I, Wertz AE, Williams M, Wolsey K, Wong TTY, Woodward AM, Wu Y, Zeng Z, Zimmer L, Hamlin JK. Infants' Social Evaluation of Helpers and Hinderers: A Large-Scale, Multi-Lab, Coordinated Replication Study. Dev Sci 2025; 28:e13581. [PMID: 39600132 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Evaluating whether someone's behavior is praiseworthy or blameworthy is a fundamental human trait. A seminal study by Hamlin and colleagues in 2007 suggested that the ability to form social evaluations based on third-party interactions emerges within the first year of life: infants preferred a character who helped, over hindered, another who tried but failed to climb a hill. This sparked a new line of inquiry into the origins of social evaluations; however, replication attempts have yielded mixed results. We present a preregistered, multi-laboratory, standardized study aimed at replicating infants' preference for Helpers over Hinderers. We intended to (1) provide a precise estimate of the effect size of infants' preference for Helpers over Hinderers, and (2) determine the degree to which preferences are based on social information. Using the ManyBabies framework for big team-based science, we tested 1018 infants (567 included, 5.5-10.5 months) from 37 labs across five continents. Overall, 49.34% of infants preferred Helpers over Hinderers in the social condition, and 55.85% preferred characters who pushed up, versus down, an inanimate object in the nonsocial condition; neither proportion differed from chance or from each other. This study provides evidence against infants' prosocial preferences in the hill paradigm, suggesting the effect size is weaker, absent, and/or develops later than previously estimated. As the first of its kind, this study serves as a proof-of-concept for using active behavioral measures (e.g., manual choice) in large-scale, multi-lab projects studying infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Lucca
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Francis Yuen
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Olivia Allison
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mario Alvarez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Emma L Axelsson
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janina Baumer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Heidi A Baumgartner
- Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Julie Bertels
- Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hitomi Chijiiwa
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chantelle S-S Chin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie Christner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura K Cirelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Corbit
- Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Moritz M Daum
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Doan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michaela Dresel
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anna Exner
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wenxi Fei
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | | | - Laura Franchin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michael C Frank
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alessandra Geraci
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Sicily, Italy
| | - Michelle Giraud
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Megan E Gornik
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charlotte Grosse Wiesmann
- Minerva Fast Track Group Milestones of Early Cognitive Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Tobias Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Isabelle M Hadley
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Naomi Havron
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Center for Child Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Annette M E Henderson
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland | Waipapa Taumata Rau, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emmy Higgs Matzner
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bailey A Immel
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | | | - Yasuhiro Kanakogi
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jonathan F Kominsky
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Casey Lew-Williams
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zoe Liberman
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Liquan Liu
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Pentrith, New South Wales, Australia
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yilin Liu
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Miriam T Loeffler
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alia Martin
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Julien Mayor
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michal Misiak
- IDN Being Human, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
- School of Anthropology & Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland | Waipapa Taumata Rau, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mira L Nencheva
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Linda S Oña
- Institute of Biology, Department of Human Biology and Primate Cognition, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yenny Otálora
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Markus Paulus
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bill Pepe
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Charisse B Pickron
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lindsey J Powell
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marina Proft
- Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Alyssa A Quinn
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hannes Rakoczy
- Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Peter J Reschke
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Ronit Roth-Hanania
- Department of Psychology, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Katrin Rothmaler
- Minerva Fast Track Group Milestones of Early Cognitive Development, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
- Humboldt Research Group for Child Development, Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Karola Schlegelmilch
- Institute of Biology, Department of Human Biology and Primate Cognition, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Schlingloff-Nemecz
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Mark A Schmuckler
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Schuwerk
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Seehagen
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hilal H Şen
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Munna R Shainy
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Axxonet Brain Research Laboratory, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Melanie Soderstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Hyun-Joo Song
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sandro E Stutz
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yanjie Su
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Alvin W M Tan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Denis Tatone
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Chiu Kin Adrian Tsang
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Arkadiusz Urbanek
- Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Pedagogical and Historical Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Florina Uzefovsky
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University in the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ingmar Visser
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Annie E Wertz
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Max Planck Research Group Naturalistic Social Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madison Williams
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kristina Wolsey
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland | Waipapa Taumata Rau, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Terry Tin-Yau Wong
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amanda M Woodward
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhen Zeng
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Lucie Zimmer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - J Kiley Hamlin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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