Rhynchophylline prevents cardiac dysfunction and improves survival in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice via suppressing macrophage I-κBα phosphorylation

Advanced researches of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of medical Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medical Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis consists of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil, Uncaria macrophylla Wall, Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil, Uncaria hirsuta Havil, and Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb, which belongs to the species widely used in the genus Uncaria. These species resource widely distributed in China and abroad, and the hook-bearing stem is the primary constituent enrichment site. There are many different forms and architectures of chemicals, depending on the extraction site. Traditional remedies employing URCU had been used widely in antiquity and were first compiled in renowned ancient masterpiece 'Mingyi Bielu ()' written by Hongjing Tao. In modern pharmacological studies, both the total extracts and the phytoconstituents isolated from URCU have been shown to have neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and autophagy-enhancer properties.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This review concentrates on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and nanomaterials studies of URCU, with a perspective to assist with further research and advance.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Chinese and English literature studies of this review are based on these database searches including Science Direct, CNKI, Wiley online library, Spring Link, Web of Science, PubMed, Medalink, Google scholar, Elsevier, ACS Publications, iPlant, Missouri Botanical Garden, Plant of the World Online. The pertinent data on URCU was gathered.

RESULTS

Based on the examination of the genus Uncaria, 107 newly marked chemical compositions have been identified from URCU from 2015 to present, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, and others. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that URCU has a variety of benefits in diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and migraine, due to its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. According to metabolic and toxicological studies, the dosage, frequency, and interactions of the drugs that occur in vivo are of great significance for determining whether the organic bodies can perform efficacy or produce toxicity. The research on URCU-mediated nanomaterials is expanding and increasing in order to address the inadequacies of conventional Chinese medicine. The alkaloids in URCU have the capability to self-assemble with other classes of components in addition to being biologically active.

CONCLUSION

URCU plants are widely distributed, abundant in chemical constituents, and widely used in both traditional and modern medicine for a variety of pharmacological effects. The utilization of herbal medicines can be raised by assessing the pharmacological distinctions among several species within the same genus and may accelerate the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Controlling the concentration of drug administration, monitoring metabolic markers, and inventing novel nanotechnologies are effective strategies for synergistic influence and detoxification to alleviate the main obstacles that toxicity, low bioavailability, and poor permeability. This review can assist further research and advances.

Natural product rhynchophylline prevents stress-induced hair graying by preserving melanocyte stem cells via the β2 adrenergic pathway suppression

Norepinephrine (NA), a stress hormone, can accelerate hair graying by binding to β2 adrenergic receptors (β2AR) on melanocyte stem cells (McSCs). From this, NA-β2AR axis could be a potential target for preventing the stress effect. However, identifying selective blockers for β2AR has been a key challenge. Therefore, in this study, advanced computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques were harnessed to screen natural molecules, leading to the discovery of rhynchophylline as a promising compound. Rhynchophylline exhibited strong and stable binding within the active site of β2AR, as verified by molecular docking and dynamic simulation assays. When administered to cells, rhynchophylline effectively inhibited NA-β2AR signaling. This intervention resulted in a significant reduction of hair graying in a stress-induced mouse model, from 28.5% to 8.2%. To gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms, transcriptome sequencing was employed, which revealed that NA might disrupt melanogenesis by affecting intracellular calcium balance and promoting cell apoptosis. Importantly, rhynchophylline acted as a potent inhibitor of these downstream pathways. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that rhynchophylline has the potential to mitigate the negative impact of NA on melanogenesis by targeting β2AR, thus offering a promising solution for preventing stress-induced hair graying.

Epigenetic Regulation of Ferroptosis in Central Nervous System Diseases

Ferroptosis, a newly identified form of cell death, is characterized by iron overload and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species. Inactivation of pathways, such as glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4, NAD(P)H/ferroptosis suppressor protein 1/ubiquinone, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase/ubiquinol, or guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1/6(R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin pathways, have been found to induce ferroptosis. The accumulating data suggest that epigenetic regulation can determine cell sensitivity to ferroptosis at both the transcriptional and translational levels. While many of the effectors that regulate ferroptosis have been mapped, epigenetic regulation in ferroptosis is not yet fully understood. Neuronal ferroptosis is a driver in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, and thus, research on how to inhibit neuronal ferroptosis is required to develop novel therapies for these diseases. In this review, we have summarized epigenetic regulation of ferroptosis in these CNS diseases, focusing in particular on DNA methylation, non-coding RNA regulation, and histone modification. Understanding epigenetic regulation in ferroptosis will hasten the development of promising therapeutic strategies in CNS diseases associated with ferroptosis.

The Long-term Effect of Dobutamine on Intrinsic Myocardial Function and Myocardial Injury in Septic Rats with Myocardial Dysfunction

ABSTRACT

Dobutamine (DOB) is recommended as an inotrope for septic patients with low cardiac output, but its long-term impact on sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy remains unclear. This study investigated the long-term effect of DOB on septic myocardial dysfunction and injury. Rats were exposed to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), the intrinsic myocardial function, other organ functions, hemodynamics, inflammatory response, serum myocardial injury biomarkers, myocardial apoptosis, and vascular permeability were determined. At 6 h after CLP, the left ventricular ±dP/dt were significantly depressed, cardiac tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression were increased, but not serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), creatinine, and urea nitrogen concentrations in CLP group compared with controls. At 9 h after CLP, hepatic dysfunction was present in CLP rats compared with controls. At 6 h after CLP, DOB treatment did not affect hemodynamics, the left ventricular ±dP/dt, cytokine levels in serum and myocardium, as well as cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac vascular hyperpermeability at 20 h after CLP. However, DOB (10.0 μg/kg) increased serum IL-10 level and improved survival in septic rats. These results indicate that the intrinsic myocardial depression occurs earlier than hepatic and renal dysfunction in sepsis and serum cTnI, NT-proBNP, and H-FABP are not suitable as early biomarkers for sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. Although DOB treatment (10.0 μg/kg) in the presence of myocardial dysfunction improves survival in septic rats, it neither improves myocardial function and hemodynamics nor attenuates myocardial injury at the later stage of sepsis.

Extracellular Vesicle-Encapsulated miR-183-5p from Rhynchophylline-Treated H9c2 Cells Protect against Methamphetamine-Induced Dependence in Mouse Brain by Targeting NRG1

Methamphetamine (Meth) is a highly addictive substance and the largest drug threat across the globe. There is evidence to indicate that Meth use has serious damage on central nervous system (CNS) and heart in several animal and human studies. However, the connection in the process of Meth addiction between these two systems has not been determined. Emerging data suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying behavior-altering microRNA (miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell communication between CNS and peripheral system. Rhynchophylline (Rhy), an antiaddictive alkaloid, was used to protect the brain and heart from Meth-induced damage, which has caught our attention. Here, we used Meth-dependent conditioned place preference (CPP) animal model and cell model to verify the protective effect of Rhy-treated EVs. Further, small RNA sequencing analysis, qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and transfection test were used to identify the key EVs-encapsulated miRNAs, isolated from cultured H9c2 cells with different treatments, involved in the therapeutic effect and the underlying mechanisms of Rhy. The results demonstrate that Rhy-treated EVs exert protective effects against Meth dependence through the pathway of miR-183-5p-neuregulin-1 (NRG1). Our collective findings provide novel insights into the roles of EVs miRNAs in Meth addiction and support their potential application in the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

Isorhynchophylline Relieves Ferroptosis-Induced Nerve Damage after Intracerebral Hemorrhage Via miR-122-5p/TP53/SLC7A11 Pathway

Isorhynchophylline (IRN), a component of traditional Chinese herb Uncaria rhynchophylla, possesses strong antioxidant activity. Ferroptosis induced by iron overload causes cell oxidative stress after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of IRN on the ferroptosis following ICH. In this study, mouse hippocampal HT-22 cells were treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) alone or together with IRN, and we found IRN reduced the FAC-induced cell damage. Then, cells were treated with IRN following treatment with FAC after transfection with miR-122-5p inhibitor, and the results showed IRN reduced the FAC-induced decrease of miR-122-5p levels and relieved the ferroptosis by detecting ferroptotic marker proteins, iron ion concentration and oxidative stress level; after transfection with miR-122-5p inhibitor, the protective effects of IRN against FAC-induced ferroptosis in these cells were weakened. TP53 (also known as p53) was verified as a target of miR-122-5p by using dual luciferase reporter assay, and restoration of TP53 attenuated the effects of miR-122-5p on ferroptotic marker proteins expression, iron ion concentration and lipid ROS levels, as well as solute carrier family seven member 11 (SLC7A11) mRNA expression. SLC7A11 siRNA reversed the inhibitory effects of IRN on FAC-induced ferroptosis and oxidative stress levels. Subsequently, IRN increased the mNSS score, and decreased brain water content and EB content in ICH model. Moreover, IRN decreased ferroptosis and lipid ROS level, upregulated the expression of miR-122-5p and SLC7A11 mRNA, and inhibited TP53 expression. Our findings reveal that IRN protects neurocyte from ICH-induced ferroptosis via miR-122-5p/TP53/SLC7A11 pathway, which may provide a potential therapeutic mechanism for ICH.

Recent Advances in the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Plant-Derived Alkaloid Rhynchophylline in Neurological and Cardiovascular Diseases

Rhynchophylline (Rhy) is a plant-derived indole alkaloid isolated from Uncaria species. Both the plant and the alkaloid possess numerous protective properties such as anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-hypertensive, anti-rhythmic, and sedative effects. Several studies support the significance of the anti-inflammatory activity of the plant as an underlying mechanism for most of the pharmacological activities of the alkaloid. Rhy is effective in protecting both the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Cerebro-cardiovascular disease primarily occurs due to changes in lifestyle habits. Many previous studies have highlighted the significance of Rhy in modulating calcium channels and potassium channels, thereby protecting the brain from neurodegenerative diseases and related effects. Rhy also has anticoagulation and anti-platelet aggregation activity. Although Rhy has displayed its role in protecting the cardiovascular system, very little is explored about its intervention in early atherosclerosis. Extensive studies are required to understand the cardioprotective effects of Rhye. This review summarized and discussed the various pharmacological effects of Rhy in neuro- and cardioprotection and in particular the relevance of Rhy in preventing early atherosclerosis using Rhy-loaded nanoparticles.

Cellular Effects of Rhynchophylline and Relevance to Sleep Regulation

Uncaria rhynchophylla is a plant highly used in the traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines. It has numerous health benefits, which are often attributed to its alkaloid components. Recent studies in humans show that drugs containing Uncaria ameliorate sleep quality and increase sleep time, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Rhynchophylline (Rhy) is one of the principal alkaloids in Uncaria species. Although treatment with Rhy alone has not been tested in humans, observations in rodents show that Rhy increases sleep time. However, the mechanisms by which Rhy could modulate sleep have not been comprehensively described. In this review, we are highlighting cellular pathways that are shown to be targeted by Rhy and which are also known for their implications in the regulation of wakefulness and sleep. We conclude that Rhy can impact sleep through mechanisms involving ion channels, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. In modulating multiple cellular responses, Rhy impacts neuronal communication in a way that could have substantial effects on sleep phenotypes. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of action of Rhy will have implications for sleep pharmacology.

Isorhynchophylline exerts anti-asthma effects in mice by inhibiting the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells: The involvement of miR-200a-mediated FOXC1/NF-κB pathway

Hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is key to the progression of asthma. Isorhynchophylline (IRN) derived from Uncaria rhynchophylla can inhibit the proliferation of AMSCs. The major purpose of the current study was to assess the effect of IRN on the asthma symptoms was assessed both in vitro and in vivo, and the associated mechanism of the effect was also explored by focusing on the function of miR-200a. Asthma model was induced using ovalbumin (OVA) method and AMSC hyperplasia model was induced using TGF-β1. The effect of IRN on allergic asthma mice and the effect of IRN on the proliferation of ASMCs were investigated as well, and the changes in miR-200a level and FOXC1/NF-κB pathway were detected. The administration of IRN attenuated the eosinophils recruitment in BALF, reduced collagen deposition in lung tissues, and suppressed production of IgE and pro-inflammation cytokines. IRN also inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of ASMCs. Moreover, the administration of IRN increased the level of miR-200a while inhibited the activation of FOXC1/NF-κB pathway. However, after the inhibition of miR-200a level, the function of IRN on ASMCs was impaired. Collectively, it was demonstrated that the effect of IRN on asthma relied on the up-regulation of miR-200a, which then deactivated FOXC1/NF-κB pathway.

Rhynchophylline attenuates migraine in trigeminal nucleus caudalis in nitroglycerin-induced rat model by inhibiting MAPK/NF-кB signaling

Migraine causes severe health and social issues worldwide. Rhynchophylline (Rhy) is one of the major active components of Uncaria rhynchophylla that is used for the treatment of headache in Traditional Chinese Medicine. In the current study, the effect of Rhy on nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine was assessed and the associated mechanism was also explored to explain its function. Rats were pre-treated with Rhy of two doses (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) and then subjected to NTG to induce migraine symptoms. Thereafter, the electroencephalogram (EEG) signaling, spontaneous behaviors, levels of indicators related to oxidative stress, and expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were measured to assess the anti-migraine function of Rhy. Moreover, the activities of MAPK/NF-κB pathway under the administrations of Rhy were also detected. The results showed that NTG induced EEG and behavior disorders in rats, which was associated with the initiation of oxidative stress and increased expression of CGRP. Nevertheless, the pre-treatments with Rhy attenuated the damages induced by NTG by reversing the levels of all the above indicators. The results of western blotting demonstrated that the anti-migraine effect of Rhy was accompanied by the inhibition of MAPK/NF-кB pathway. The findings outlined in the current study revealed an alternative mechanism of Rhy in protecting brain tissues against migraine: the agent exerted its effect by suppressing MAPK/NF-кB pathway, which would ameliorate impairments associated with migraine.

Rhynchophylline ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through the modulation of mitochondrial mechanisms to mediate myocardial apoptosis

Rhynchophylline (RP), the primary active ingredient of Uncaria rhynchophylla, has an anti-hypertensive effect and protects against ischemia-induced neuronal damage. The present study aimed to examine the roles and mechanisms of RP in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury of rat cardiomyocytes. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cell apoptosis were examined by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. An ELISA was performed to assess the expression of oxidative stress markers. Spectrophotometry was used to detect the degree of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openness. Western blotting and reverse transcription- quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to evaluate the associated protein and mRNA expression, respectively. The present results demonstrated that RP increased the cell viability of MI/R-induced cardiomyocytes, and suppressed the MI/R-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Additionally, RP modulated the Ca²⁺ and MMP levels in MI/R-induced cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, RP decreased the oxidative stress and mPTP level of MI/R-induced cardiomyocytes. It was additionally observed that RP affected the apoptosis-associated protein expression and regulated the mitochondrial-associated gene expression in MI/R-induced cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, RP ameliorated MI/R injury through the modulation of mitochondrial mechanisms. The potential effects of RP on the protection of MI/R-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes suggest that RP may be an effective target for MI/R therapy.

Rhynchophylline attenuates allergic bronchial asthma by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β1-mediated Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling transductions in vivo and in vitro

Rhynchophylline (Rhy) is a major active component of Uncaria rhynchophylla and exhibits the potential to inhibit the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). In the current study, it was hypothesized that Rhy serves a key role in the anti-asthma effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-mediated activation of Smad and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Allergic asthma was induced in mice using ovalbumin (OVA), and the effect of Rhy treatment on inflammatory and allergic responses in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of mice was determined. Subsequently, the changes in TGF-β1-induced Smad and MAPK signaling following Rhy administration were detected to determine the mechanism associated with this treatment. In addition, TGF-β1 was employed to induce hyperplasia of ASMCs, and the effect of Rhy on proliferation of ASMCs, and Smad and MAPK signaling in vitro was also assessed. The administration of Rhy attenuated the recruitment of eosinophils in BALF induced by OVA, which was associated with the suppressed production of immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-13, IL-4 and IL-5. At the molecular level, the administration of Rhy suppressed the expression levels of TGF-β1, Smad4, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3, while it induced the expression of Smad7, indicating the inhibitory effect of Rhy on TGF-β1-mediated Smad and MAPK signaling. Furthermore, Rhy inhibited the proliferation of ASMCs and, similar to the results of the in vivo assay, it blocked the pro-hyperplasia signaling transduction in vitro. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated the anti-asthma effect of Rhy, which depended on the inhibition of TGF-β1-mediated Smad and MAPK signaling.

Heme Oxygenase-1 in Macrophages Drives Septic Cardiac Dysfunction via Suppressing Lysosomal Degradation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

RATIONALE

To date, our understanding of the role of HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) in inflammatory diseases has mostly been limited to its catalytic function and the potential for its heme-related catabolic products to suppress inflammation and oxidative stress. Whether and how HO-1 in macrophages plays a role in the development of septic cardiac dysfunction has never been explored.

OBJECTIVE

Here, we investigated the role of macrophage-derived HO-1 in septic cardiac dysfunction.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide significantly activated HO-1 expression in cardiac infiltrated macrophages. Surprisingly, we found that myeloid conditional HO-1 deletion in mice evoked resistance to lipopolysaccharide-triggered septic cardiac dysfunction and lethality in vivo, which was accompanied by reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the septic hearts and decreased peroxynitrite production and iNOS (inducible NO synthase) in the cardiac infiltrated macrophages, whereas proinflammatory cytokine production and macrophage infiltration were unaltered. We further demonstrated that HO-1 suppression abolished the lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS protein rather than mRNA expression in macrophages. Moreover, we confirmed that the inhibition of HO-1 promoted iNOS degradation through a lysosomal rather than proteasomal pathway in macrophages. Suppression of the lysosomal degradation of iNOS by bafilomycin A1 drove septic cardiac dysfunction in myeloid HO-1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that HO-1 interacted with iNOS at the flavin mononucleotide domain, which further prevented iNOS conjugation with LC3 (light chain 3) and subsequent lysosomal degradation in macrophages. These effects were independent of HO-1's catabolic products: ferrous ion, carbon monoxide, and bilirubin.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that HO-1 in macrophages drives septic cardiac dysfunction. The mechanistic insights provide potential therapeutic targets to treat septic cardiac dysfunction.

α2A-adrenergic blockade attenuates septic cardiomyopathy by increasing cardiac norepinephrine concentration and inhibiting cardiac endothelial activation

Cardiomyopathy is a common complication associated with increased mortality in sepsis, but lacks specific therapy. Here, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we explored the therapeutic effect of α_2A-adrenergic receptor (AR) blockade on septic cardiomyopathy. CLP-induced septic rats were treated with BRL44408 (α_2A-AR antagonist), prazosin (α₁-AR antagonist) and/or reserpine. CLP-induced cardiomyopathy, indicated by reduced dP/dt and increased cardiac troponin I phosphorylation, was attenuated by BRL44408, this was associated with reduced cardiac TNF-α and endothelial VCAM-1 expression, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and related signal molecule phosphorylation. BRL44408 increased cardiac norepinephrine (NE) concentration in CLP rats. Pretreatment with reserpine that exhausts cardiac NE without affecting the circulating NE concentration or with prazosin partially abolished the cardioprotection of BRL44408 and reversed its inhibitory effects on myocardial TNF-α, apoptosis and related signal molecule phosphorylation, but not on VCAM-1 expression in septic rats. These effects of BRL44408 were confirmed by α_2A-AR gene deletion in septic mice. Furthermore, α₂-AR agonist not only enhanced LPS-induced TNF-α and VCAM-1 expression in cardiac endothelial cells that express α_2A-AR, but also enhanced LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction in isolated rat hearts. Our data indicate that α_2A-AR blockade attenuates septic cardiomyopathy by promoting cardiac NE release that activates myocardial α₁-AR and suppressing cardiac endothelial activation.

Rhynchophylline Downregulates Phosphorylated cAMP Response Element Binding Protein, Nuclear Receptor-related-1, and Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in the Hippocampus of Ketamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference Rats

Background:

Addiction to ketamine is becoming a serious public health issues, for which there exists no effective treatment. Rhynchophylline (Rhy) is an alkaloid extracted from certain Uncaria species that is well known for both its potent anti-addictive and neuroprotective properties. Increasing evidence supports the contributions of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), nuclear receptor-related-1 (Nurr1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in modulating neural and behavioral plasticity which was induced by addictive drugs.

Objective:

To investigate the effects of Rhy on the behavior and the levels of phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), Nurr1, and BDNF in the hippocampus of ketamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) rats.

Materials and Methods:

CPP paradigm was used to establish the model of ketamine-dependent rats and to evaluate the effect of Rhy on ketamine dependence. The expressions of p-CREB, Nurr1, and BDNF were tested by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.

Results:

We observed that Rhy can reverse the behavior preference induced by ketamine CPP training. At the same time, expression of p-CREB, Nurr1, and BDNF, which was significantly increased by ketamine, was restored in the Rhy -treated group.

Conclusion:

This study indicates that Rhy can reverse the reward effect induced by ketamine in rats and the mechanism can probably be related to regulate the hippocampal protein expression of p-CREB, Nurr1, and BDNF.

SUMMARY

P-CREB, Nurr1 and BDNF play an important role in the formation of ketamine-induced place preference in rats

Rhynchophylline reversed the expression of p-CREB, Nurr1 and BDNF which was activated by ketamine in the hippocampus

Rhynchophylline demonstrates the potential effect of mediates ketamine induced rewarding effect.

Abbreviations used: Rhy: Rhynchophylline; CREB: cAMP response element binding protein; Nurr1: Nuclear receptor-related-1; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CPP: Conditioned place preference; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; METH: Methamphetamine; CNS: Central nervous system; PFA: Paraformaldehyde; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LTP: long-term potentiation.

Inhibiting effects of rhynchophylline on methamphetamine-dependent zebrafish are related with the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)

In this study, to study the effect of rhynchophylline on TH in midbrain of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) adult zebrafish, place preference adult zebrafish models were established by methamphetamine (40μg/g) and the expression of TH was observed by immunohistochemistry technique and Western blot. Ketamine (150μg/g), high dose of rhynchophylline (100μg/g) group can significantly reduce the place preference; immunohistochemistry results showed that the number of TH-positive neurons in midbrain was increased in the methamphetamine model group, whereas less TH-positive neurons were found in the ketamine group and high dosage rhynchophylline group. Western blot results showed that the expression of TH protein was significantly increased in the model group, whereas less expression was found in the ketamine group, high dosage rhynchophylline group. Our data pointed out that TH plays an important role in the formation of methamphetamine-induced place preference in adult zebrafish. Rhynchophylline reversed the expression of TH in the midbrain demonstrates the potential effect of mediates methamphetamine induced rewarding effect.

The role of rhynchophylline in alleviating early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats

Rhynchophylline (Rhy) has been demonstrated protective effects on some neurological diseases. However, the roles of Rhy in the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are still to be cleared. In the present study, the effects of Rhy on attenuation of early brain injury (EBI) after SAH have been evaluated. The adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (280-300g) were used to establish the SAH models using endovascular perforation method. Rhy was administered by intraperitoneal injection immediately following SAH. Brain edema was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 24h after SAH. Neurological deficits, brain water content, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in hippocampus were also evaluated. Immunofluorescence and western blot were used to explore the underlying protective mechanism of Rhy. The results showed that, following 10mg/kg Rhy treatment, the brain edema and neurological deficits, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption were significantly attenuated at 24h after SAH. Additionally, in hippocampus, MDA concentration, MPO activity and ROS content were markedly decreased. Meanwhile, the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) were increased, while the expressions of p-p53, cleaved-caspase-3 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly decreased. Our results indicated that Rhy could attenuate early brain injury by reducing inflammation and apoptosis in hippocampus after SAH.

Effect of rhynchophylline on conditioned place preference on expression of NR2B in methamphetamine-dependent mice

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of rhynchophylline on N-methyl d-aspartate receptor subtype 2B subunit in hippocampus of Methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) mice.

METHODS

Place preference mice models were established by methamphetamine; the expression of NR2B was observed by immunohistochemistry technique and Western blot.

RESULTS

Methamphetamine (4mg/kg)-induced place preference mice model was successfully established; ketamine (15mg/kg), rhynchophylline (40mg/kg) and rhynchophylline (80mg/kg) can eliminate place preference; Immunohistochemistry showed that the number of NR2B-positive neurons in hippocampus was increased in the methamphetamine model group, whereas less NR2B-positive neurons were found in the ketamine group, low and high dosage rhynchophylline group. Western blot showed that the expression of NR2B protein was significantly increased in the model group, whereas less expression was found in the ketamine group, low and high dosage rhynchophylline group.

CONCLUSIONS

NR2B plays an important role in the formation of methamphetamine-induced place preference in mice. Rhynchophylline reversed the expression of NR2B in the hippocampus demonstrates the potential effect of mediates methamphetamine induced rewarding effect.

Effect of rhynchophylline on the expression of p-CREB and sc-Fos in triatum and hippocampal CA1 area of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference rats

To explore the effect of rhynchophylline (Rhy) on the expression of p-CREB and c-Fos in the striatum and hippocampal CA1 area of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) rat, methamphetamine (2 mg/kg) was injected to rats and the conditioned place preference was observed in these rats treated with or without Rhy. An immunohistochemistry assay was used to determine the expression of p-CREB and c-Fos in the striatum and hippocampal CA1 area. Methamphetamine induced significant behavior alteration in CPP, while after pretreatment with rhynchophylline or ketamine, the time of staying in methamphetamine-paired compartment of rats was significantly reduced. Methamphetamine also increased the number of p-CREB positive cells in the striatum and hippocampal CA1 zone, as well as p-Fos positive cells. However, the compound Rhy could attenuate the effect. These findings show that Rhy can suppress the acquisition of CPP in rats induced by methamphetamine and the action may be related with the reduced expression of p-CREB and p-Fos in the striatum and hippocampus.