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Maddalon A, Pierzchalski A, Krause JL, Bauer M, Finckh S, Brack W, Zenclussen AC, Marinovich M, Corsini E, Krauss M, Herberth G. Impact of chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents on human immune cell activation: An effect-based analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167495. [PMID: 37804965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are exposed to many different chemicals on a daily basis, mostly as chemical mixtures, usually from food, consumer products and the environment. Wastewater treatment plant effluent contains mixtures of chemicals that have been discarded or excreted by humans and not removed by water treatment. These effluents contribute directly to water pollution, they are used in agriculture and may affect human health. The possible effect of such chemical mixtures on the immune system has not been characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extracts obtained from four European wastewater treatment plant effluents on human primary immune cell activation. METHODS Immune cells were exposed to the effluent extracts and modulation of cell activation was performed by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Messenger-RNA (mRNA) expression of genes related to immune system and hormone receptors was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS The exposure of immune cells to these extracts, containing 339 detected chemicals, significantly reduced the activation of human lymphocytes, mainly affecting T helper and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. In addition, basophil activation was also altered upon mixture exposure. Concerning mRNA expression, we observed that 12 transcripts were down-regulated by at least one extract while 11 were up-regulated. Correlation analyses between the analyzed immune parameters and the concentration of chemicals in the WWTP extracts, highlighted the most immunomodulatory chemicals. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the mixture of chemicals present in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants could be considered as immunosuppressive, due to their ability to interfere with the activation of immune cells, a process of utmost importance for the functionality of the immune system. The combined approach of immune effect-based analysis and chemical content analysis used in our study provides a useful tool for investigating the effect of environmental mixtures on the human immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Arkadiusz Pierzchalski
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jannike Lea Krause
- Schwiete Laboratory for Microbiota and Inflammation, German Rheumatism Research (DRFZ), Centre-a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saskia Finckh
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Perinatal Immunology Research Group, Medical Faculty, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Stevick RJ, Audrain B, Bedu S, Dray N, Ghigo JM, Pérez-Pascual D. Anti-diarrheal drug loperamide induces dysbiosis in zebrafish microbiota via bacterial inhibition. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:252. [PMID: 37951983 PMCID: PMC10638762 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbations of animal-associated microbiomes from chemical stress can affect host physiology and health. While dysbiosis induced by antibiotic treatments and disease is well known, chemical, nonantibiotic drugs have recently been shown to induce changes in microbiome composition, warranting further exploration. Loperamide is an opioid-receptor agonist widely prescribed for treating acute diarrhea in humans. Loperamide is also used as a tool to study the impact of bowel dysfunction in animal models by inducing constipation, but its effect on host-associated microbiota is poorly characterized. RESULTS We used conventional and gnotobiotic larval zebrafish models to show that in addition to host-specific effects, loperamide also has anti-bacterial activities that directly induce changes in microbiota diversity. This dysbiosis is due to changes in bacterial colonization, since gnotobiotic zebrafish mono-colonized with bacterial strains sensitive to loperamide are colonized up to 100-fold lower when treated with loperamide. Consistently, the bacterial diversity of gnotobiotic zebrafish colonized by a mix of 5 representative bacterial strains is affected by loperamide treatment. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that loperamide, in addition to host effects, also induces dysbiosis in a vertebrate model, highlighting that established treatments can have underlooked secondary effects on microbiota structure and function. This study further provides insights for future studies exploring how common medications directly induce changes in host-associated microbiota. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Stevick
- Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, UMR 6047, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Bianca Audrain
- Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, UMR 6047, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Bedu
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Laboratory, UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dray
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Laboratory, UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, UMR 6047, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - David Pérez-Pascual
- Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, UMR 6047, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Paris, France.
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Nagdev PK, Agnivesh PK, Roy A, Sau S, Kalia NP. Exploring and exploiting the host cell autophagy during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:1297-1315. [PMID: 37740791 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a fatal infectious disease that prevails to be the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent despite the availability of multiple drugs for treatment. The current treatment regimen involves the combination of several drugs for 6 months that remain ineffective in completely eradicating the infection because of several drawbacks, such as the long duration of treatment and the side effects of drugs causing non-adherence of patients to the treatment regimen. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that eliminates pathogens at the early stages of infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis's unique autophagy-blocking capability makes it challenging to eliminate compared to usual pathogens. The present review discusses recent advances in autophagy-inhibiting factors and mechanisms that could be exploited to identify autophagy-inducing chemotherapeutics that could be used as adjunctive therapy with the existing first-line anti-TB agent to shorten the duration of therapy and enhance cure rates from multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extreme drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Nagdev
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Puja Kumari Agnivesh
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Arnab Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashikanta Sau
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Department of Biological Sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Mi J, Liang Y, Liang J, Gong W, Wang S, Zhang J, Li Z, Wu X. The Research Progress in Immunotherapy of Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:763591. [PMID: 34869066 PMCID: PMC8634162 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.763591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem worldwide. The combination of various anti-TB drugs is mainly used to treat TB in clinical practice. Despite the availability of effective antibiotics, effective treatment regimens still require long-term use of multiple drugs, leading to toxicity, low patient compliance, and the development of drug resistance. It has been confirmed that immune recognition, immune response, and immune regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) determine the occurrence, development, and outcome of diseases after Mtb infection. The research and development of TB-specific immunotherapy agents can effectively regulate the anti-TB immune response and provide a new approach toward the combined treatment of TB, thereby preventing and intervening in populations at high risk of TB infection. These immunotherapy agents will promote satisfactory progress in anti-TB treatment, achieving the goal of "ultra-short course chemotherapy." This review highlights the research progress in immunotherapy of TB, including immunoreactive substances, tuberculosis therapeutic vaccines, chemical agents, and cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Liu Y, Guo Y. Activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 by diaminopimelic acid contributes to cerebral ischemia-induced cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 2020; 743:135547. [PMID: 33352290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced brain tissue injury is a major obstacle for acute stroke management. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) is reported to play a critical role in the regulation of myocardial or hepatic I/R injury. However, its role in cerebral I/R remains elusive. The mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was applied in the study. The cerebral I/R mice were received either PBS or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-pretreatment. All sham, MCAO, and MCAO + DAP mice were subject to the neurological behavior tests. The proinflammatory cytokines and autophagy-related proteins were determined by ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis, respectively. We found that NOD1 was substantially upregulated in the hippocampus of MCAO mice. DAP treatment significantly enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production and autophagy-related protein expression, leading to enlarged cerebral infarction size and poor neurological performance in MCAO + DAP mice compared to MCAO mice. We concluded that activation of NOD1 promotes cerebral I/R injury suggesting that NOD1 may serve as a promising target for alleviating the adverse effects of cerebral I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5 Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100000, China.
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Barrientos OM, Juárez E, Gonzalez Y, Castro-Villeda DA, Torres M, Guzmán-Beltrán S. Loperamide exerts a direct bactericidal effect against M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. terrae and M. smegmatis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:351-356. [PMID: 33220096 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is highly prevalent, characterized by the constant occurrence of drug-resistant cases, and confounded by the incidence of respiratory disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTB). Expanding the spectrum of drugs for the treatment of TB is indispensable. Loperamide, an antidiarrhoeal drug, enhances immune-driven antimycobacterial activity, and we aimed to evaluate its bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Mycobacterium terrae and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Loperamide exhibited an inhibitory effect against all mycobacterial species tested, with MICs of 100 and 150 μg ml-1 . Thus, loperamide is a mycobactericidal drug with potential as adjunctive therapy for TB and NTB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Barrientos
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, México
| | - E Juárez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, México
| | - Y Gonzalez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, México
| | - D A Castro-Villeda
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, México
| | - M Torres
- Subdireccion de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, México
| | - S Guzmán-Beltrán
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, México City, México
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