1
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Naskar G, Jeganmohan M. Pd(II)-catalyzed cyclization of 2-methyl aromatic ketones with maleimides through weak chelation assisted dual C-H activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6284-6287. [PMID: 38809216 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed dual C-H functionalization of substituted aromatic ketones and ester with maleimides leading to tricyclic heterocyclic molecules with good to excellent yield is reported. In this protocol, weak chelation of the carbonyl groups has been successfully utilized for the selective activation of the ortho-methyl C(sp3)-H bond instead of the ortho-C(sp2)-H bond in the presence of an external bidentate ligand Ac-Ile-OH. The reaction proceeds through two-fold C-H activation to generate a five-membered cyclic ring. The first C-H activation takes place selectively at the benzylic position followed by a second C-H bond activation at the meta position. The protocol demonstrates compatibility among diverse substituted aromatic ketones and ester as well as various substituted maleimides. Further derivatization of the tricyclic ketone to an alcohol exhibits the synthetic applicability of the protocol. Also, a plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouranga Naskar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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2
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Korábková T, Bartáček J, Marek L, Hanusek J, Růžička A, Váňa J. Switchable cyclopalladation of substrates containing two directing groups: on the way to non-symmetrical [2.2]-dipalladaparacyclophanes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11113-11119. [PMID: 37493412 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02019c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple switching of the site-selectivity of C-H activation reactions of substrates containing multiple directing groups is particularly important for the so-called late stage functionalization synthetic approach. In this work, we verified the possibility of achieving this by adding acids of different strengths. Using a substrate containing two differently strong (and basic) directing groups, the influence of the addition of acids on the regioselectivity of the C-H activation step of the reaction with palladium acetate was thoroughly studied. The addition of no or weak acids results in cyclopalladation being controlled by a stronger directing group. However, the addition of a strong acid causes protonation of this group and the reaction is then controlled by a weaker directing group. Finally, this approach enables double C-H activation leading to a unique class of compounds: "non-symmetrical" [2.2]-dipalladaparacyclophanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Korábková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Bartáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Marek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Hanusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Váňa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
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3
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Lu D, Lin W, Su F, Wu K, Wen TB, Zhang HJ. Well-Defined Rhodium Diphenylphosphine Oxide Complexes Relevant to Rh(III)-Catalyzed Aryl C–H Phosphorylation. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kongchuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Bin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Naskar G, Jeganmohan M. Ligand‐Enabled [3+2] Annulation of Aromatic Acids with Maleimides by C(sp
3
)−H and C(sp
2
)−H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200778. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gouranga Naskar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 Tamil Nadu India
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5
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Zhang L, Chen S, Jiang J, Dong X, Cai Y, Zhang HJ, Lin J, Jiang YB. C- and S-Shaped Perylene Diimide Heterohelicenes: Modular Synthesis and Spiral-Stair-Like π-Stacking. Org Lett 2022; 24:3179-3183. [PMID: 35475653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of C- and S-shaped perylene diimide (PDI) heterohelicenes with high dipole moments were synthesized from simple perylene tetrabutylester (PTE). Taking advantage of the weak coordination ability of the sterically crowded peri ester groups in PTE, efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed 2,8- and 2,11-bisiodinations of the perylene core were realized. The 2,8- and 2,11-diiodinated PTEs and PDIs represent key synthons for further ortho-π-extensions. In contrast to most helical π-skeletons that feature loose molecular packings, enantiomerically pure C-shaped PDI azahelicenes adopt unique spiral-stair-like π-stacking superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianbao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yapeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Bao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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6
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Carral-Menoyo A, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative arene C–H alkenylation reactions involving olefins. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Xu LP, Qian S, Zhuang Z, Yu JQ, Musaev DG. Unconventional mechanism and selectivity of the Pd-catalyzed C-H bond lactonization in aromatic carboxylic acid. Nat Commun 2022; 13:315. [PMID: 35031612 PMCID: PMC8760335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for more effective and highly selective C-H bond oxidation of accessible hydrocarbons and biomolecules is a greatly attractive research mission. The elucidating of mechanism and controlling factors will, undoubtedly, help to broaden scope of these synthetic protocols, and enable discovery of more efficient, environmentally benign, and highly practical new C-H oxidation reactions. Here, we reveal the stepwise intramolecular SN2 nucleophilic substitution mechanism with the rate-limiting C-O bond formation step for the Pd(II)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H lactonization in aromatic 2,6-dimethylbenzoic acid. We show that for this reaction, the direct C-O reductive elimination from both Pd(II) and Pd(IV) (oxidized by O2 oxidant) intermediates is unfavorable. Critical factors controlling the outcome of this reaction are the presence of the η3-(π-benzylic)-Pd and K+-O(carboxylic) interactions. The controlling factors of the benzylic vs ortho site-selectivity of this reaction are the: (a) difference in the strains of the generated lactone rings; (b) difference in the strengths of the η3-(π-benzylic)-Pd and η2-(π-phenyl)-Pd interactions, and (c) more pronounced electrostatic interaction between the nucleophilic oxygen and K+ cation in the ortho-C-H activation transition state. The presented data indicate the utmost importance of base, substrate, and ligand in the selective C(sp3)-H bond lactonization in the presence of C(sp2)-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Shaoqun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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8
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Liu C, Zhang L, Li L, Lei M. Theoretical Design of a Catalyst with Both High Activity and Selectivity in C-H Borylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16858-16866. [PMID: 34726921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Improving both the activity and selectivity of the C-H borylation reaction is currently a hot research topic but also a challenge. In this regard, we suggest a multistrategy combining directing group, coordination unsaturated metal center, and cationic character. Based on Reek's catalyst, we designed a new unsaturated cationic catalyst (1) featuring a directing group for C-H borylation. The calculated free energy barrier of C-H activation is only 7.2 kcal/mol, indicating that the cationic catalyst has higher activity than the original neutral catalyst in this process. Moreover, the comparison suggests that the ortho-C-H borylation pathway is more favorable than the meta and para pathways. The catalyst deconstructions are further performed and prove that the ortho-selectivity is attributed to hydrogen-bonding interactions between the directing group and the substrate, although the ortho site is sterically and electronically unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Longfei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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9
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Kizhakkayil Mangadan AR, Liu J, Aponick A. Enantioselective Lactonization by π‐Acid‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution: A Complement to π‐Allylmetal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Raj Kizhakkayil Mangadan
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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10
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Kizhakkayil Mangadan AR, Liu J, Aponick A. Enantioselective Lactonization by π-Acid-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution: A Complement to π-Allylmetal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22224-22229. [PMID: 34423520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) is a powerful method for the formation of highly useful, non-racemic allylic compounds. Here we present a complementary enantioselective process that generates allylic lactones via π-acid catalysis. More specifically, a catalytic enantioselective dehydrative lactonization of allylic alcohols using a novel PdII -catalyst containing the imidazole-based P,N-ligand (S)-StackPhos is reported. The high-yielding reactions are operationally simple to perform with enantioselectivities up to 99 % ee. This strategy facilitates the replacement of a poor leaving group with what would ostensibly be a better leaving group in the product avoiding complications arising from racemization by equilibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Raj Kizhakkayil Mangadan
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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11
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Ye L, Thompson BC. Improving the efficiency and sustainability of catalysts for direct arylation polymerization (DArP). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
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12
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Late-stage C–H functionalization offers new opportunities in drug discovery. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:522-545. [PMID: 37117588 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the landscape of molecular synthesis has gained major impetus by the introduction of late-stage functionalization (LSF) methodologies. C-H functionalization approaches, particularly, set the stage for new retrosynthetic disconnections, while leading to improvements in resource economy. A variety of innovative techniques have been successfully applied to the C-H diversification of pharmaceuticals, and these key developments have enabled medicinal chemists to integrate LSF strategies in their drug discovery programmes. This Review highlights the significant advances achieved in the late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs and drug-like compounds, and showcases how the implementation of these modern strategies allows increased efficiency in the drug discovery process. Representative examples are examined and classified by mechanistic patterns involving directed or innate C-H functionalization, as well as emerging reaction manifolds, such as electrosynthesis and biocatalysis, among others. Structurally complex bioactive entities beyond small molecules are also covered, including diversification in the new modalities sphere. The challenges and limitations of current LSF methods are critically assessed, and avenues for future improvements of this rapidly expanding field are discussed. We, hereby, aim to provide a toolbox for chemists in academia as well as industrial practitioners, and introduce guiding principles for the application of LSF strategies to access new molecules of interest.
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13
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Thakur R, Jaiswal Y, Kumar A. Primary amides: Sustainable weakly coordinating groups in transition metal-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization reactions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Shinde VN, Rangan K, Kumar D, Kumar A. Palladium-Catalyzed Weakly Coordinating Lactone-Directed C-H Bond Functionalization of 3-Arylcoumarins: Synthesis of Bioactive Coumestan Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9755-9770. [PMID: 34181412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed highly regioselective ortho-selective C-H functionalization of 3-arylcoumarins has been developed. The method utilizes the weakly coordinating lactone as a directing group. The versatility of the strategy is highlighted by developing methodologies for alkenylation, halogenation, fluoroalkoxylation, and hydroxylation. Different functional groups were well tolerated, and functionalized coumarins were obtained in moderate to high yields. The method also showed good selectivity for monofunctionalization versus difunctionalization. The generated ortho-hydroxy derivatives were cyclized in the presence of DDQ, thus developing a simple and fast method for the synthesis of bioactive coumestan from 3-arylcoumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki N Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Krishnan Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
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15
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Rogge T, Kaplaneris N, Chatani N, Kim J, Chang S, Punji B, Schafer LL, Musaev DG, Wencel-Delord J, Roberts CA, Sarpong R, Wilson ZE, Brimble MA, Johansson MJ, Ackermann L. C–H activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Ojha S, Panda N. N
‐Methoxy arenesulfonamide as a Sulfonyl Equivalent For Palladium‐Catalyzed Sulfonylation of Arenes Through C−H Activation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Ojha
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Rourkela- 769008 Odisha India
| | - Niranjan Panda
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Rourkela- 769008 Odisha India
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17
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Weis E, Hayes MA, Johansson MJ, Martín-Matute B. Iridium-catalyzed C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids with application to late-stage functionalizations. iScience 2021; 24:102467. [PMID: 34027322 PMCID: PMC8122115 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) has over the past years emerged as a powerful approach in the drug discovery process. At its best, it allows for rapid access to new analogues from a single drug-like molecule, bypassing the need for de novo synthesis. To be successful, methods able to tolerate the diverse functional groups present in drug-like molecules that perform under mild conditions are required. C-H methylation is of particular interest due to the magic methyl effect in medicinal chemistry. Herein we report an iridium-catalyzed carboxylate-directed ortho C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids. The method uses commercially available reagents and precatalyst and requires no inert atmosphere or exclusion of moisture. Substrates bearing electron-rich and electron-poor groups were successfully methylated, including compounds with competing directing/coordinating groups. The method was also applied to the LSF of several marketed drugs, forming analogues with increased metabolic stability compared with the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Weis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin A. Hayes
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus J. Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Belén Martín-Matute
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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18
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Tóth BL, Monory A, Egyed O, Domján A, Bényei A, Szathury B, Novák Z, Stirling A. The ortho effect in directed C-H activation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5152-5163. [PMID: 34163752 PMCID: PMC8179598 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of transition metal-catalysed ortho-directed C-H activation is often plagued by the effects of undesirable interactions between the directing group (DG) and other groups introduced into the aromatic core of the substrate. In particular, when these groups are in neighbouring positions, their interactions can affect profoundly the efficacy of the C-H activation by transition metals. In this work we introduce a simple substrate-only-based model to interpret the influence of steric hindrance of a group in ortho position to the DG in directed ortho-C-H bond activation reactions, and coined the term Ortho Effect (OE) for such situations. We consider simple descriptors such as torsion angle and torsional energy to predict and explain the reactivity of a given substrate in directed C-H activation reactions. More than 250 examples have been invoked for the model, and the nature of the ortho effect was demonstrated on a wide variety of structures. In order to guide organic chemists, we set structural and energetic criteria to evaluate a priori the efficiency of the metalation step which is usually the rate-determining event in C-H activations, i.e. we provide a simple and general protocol to estimate the reactivity of a potential substrate in C-H activation. For borderline cases these criteria help set the minimum reaction temperature to obtain reasonable reaction rates. As an example for the practical applicability of the model, we performed synthetic validations via palladium-catalysed 2,2,2-trifluoroethylation reactions in our lab. Furthermore, we give predictions for the necessary reaction conditions for several selected DGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs L Tóth
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Monory
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Orsolya Egyed
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Domján
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Bényei
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Egyetem Tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Bálint Szathury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Rd Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Zoltán Novák
- ELTE "Lendület" Catalysis and Organic Synthesis Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány Péter Sétány. 1/A H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly University Leányka u. 6 H-3300 Eger Hungary
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19
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Jorner K, Brinck T, Norrby PO, Buttar D. Machine learning meets mechanistic modelling for accurate prediction of experimental activation energies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:1163-1175. [PMID: 36299676 PMCID: PMC9528810 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of chemical reactions in solution is challenging for current state-of-the-art approaches based on transition state modelling with density functional theory. Models based on machine learning have emerged as a promising alternative to address these problems, but these models currently lack the precision to give crucial information on the magnitude of barrier heights, influence of solvents and catalysts and extent of regio- and chemoselectivity. Here, we construct hybrid models which combine the traditional transition state modelling and machine learning to accurately predict reaction barriers. We train a Gaussian Process Regression model to reproduce high-quality experimental kinetic data for the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction and use it to predict barriers with a mean absolute error of 0.77 kcal mol-1 for an external test set. The model was further validated on regio- and chemoselectivity prediction on patent reaction data and achieved a competitive top-1 accuracy of 86%, despite not being trained explicitly for this task. Importantly, the model gives error bars for its predictions that can be used for risk assessment by the end user. Hybrid models emerge as the preferred alternative for accurate reaction prediction in the very common low-data situation where only 100-150 rate constants are available for a reaction class. With recent advances in deep learning for quickly predicting barriers and transition state geometries from density functional theory, we envision that hybrid models will soon become a standard alternative to complement current machine learning approaches based on ground-state physical organic descriptors or structural information such as molecular graphs or fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Jorner
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Tore Brinck
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, CBH, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Norrby
- Data Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
| | - David Buttar
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
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20
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Timofeeva DS, Lindsay DM, Kerr WJ, Nelson DJ. Are rate and selectivity correlated in iridium-catalysed hydrogen isotope exchange reactions? Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00708d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have qualitatively examined the relationship between reaction rate and reaction selectivity in iridium-catalysed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions directed by Lewis basic functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Timofeeva
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - William J. Kerr
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - David J. Nelson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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21
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Kapoor M, Singh A, Sharma K, Hua Hsu M. Site‐Selective C(
sp
3
)−H and C(
sp
2
)−H Functionalization of Amines Using a Directing‐Group‐Guided Strategy. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kapoor
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Adhish Singh
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Ming Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education Taiwan 500, R.O.C Changhua
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22
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Cao L, Kabeshov M, Ley SV, Lapkin AA. In silico rationalisation of selectivity and reactivity in Pd-catalysed C-H activation reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1465-1475. [PMID: 32647548 PMCID: PMC7323619 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational approach has been developed to automatically generate and analyse the structures of the intermediates of palladium-catalysed carbon-hydrogen (C-H) activation reactions as well as to predict the final products. Implemented as a high-performance computing cluster tool, it has been shown to correctly choose the mechanism and rationalise regioselectivity of chosen examples from open literature reports. The developed methodology is capable of predicting reactivity of various substrates by differentiation between two major mechanisms - proton abstraction and electrophilic aromatic substitution. An attempt has been made to predict new C-H activation reactions. This methodology can also be used for the automated reaction planning, as well as a starting point for microkinetic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, CARES Ltd., CREATE Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602 Singapore
| | - Mikhail Kabeshov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Benevolent AI, Minerva Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
- Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, CARES Ltd., CREATE Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602 Singapore
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23
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Friis SD, Johansson MJ, Ackermann L. Cobalt-catalysed C-H methylation for late-stage drug diversification. Nat Chem 2020; 12:511-519. [PMID: 32472105 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The magic methyl effect is well acknowledged in medicinal chemistry, but despite its significance, accessing such analogues via derivatization at a late stage remains a pivotal challenge. In an effort to mitigate this major limitation, we here present a strategy for the cobalt-catalysed late-stage C-H methylation of structurally complex drug molecules. Enabling broad applicability, the transformation relies on a boron-based methyl source and takes advantage of inherently present functional groups to guide the C-H activation. The relative reactivity observed for distinct classes of functionalities were determined and the sensitivity of the transformation towards a panel of common functional motifs was tested under various reaction conditions. Without the need for prefunctionalization or postdeprotection, a diverse array of marketed drug molecules and natural products could be methylated in a predictable manner. Subsequent physicochemical and biological testing confirmed the magnitude with which this seemingly minor structural change can affect important drug properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig D Friis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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24
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Pankow RM, Ye L, Thompson BC. Influence of the Ester Directing Group on the Inhibition of Defect Formation in Polythiophenes with Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Pankow
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Liwei Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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25
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Martínez de Salinas S, Sanjosé‐Orduna J, Odena C, Barranco S, Benet‐Buchholz J, Pérez‐Temprano MH. Weakly Coordinated Cobaltacycles: Trapping Catalytically Competent Intermediates in Cp*Co
III
Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6239-6243. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez de Salinas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jesús Sanjosé‐Orduna
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carlota Odena
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Sergio Barranco
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Benet‐Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Mónica H. Pérez‐Temprano
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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26
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Martínez de Salinas S, Sanjosé‐Orduna J, Odena C, Barranco S, Benet‐Buchholz J, Pérez‐Temprano MH. Weakly Coordinated Cobaltacycles: Trapping Catalytically Competent Intermediates in Cp*Co
III
Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez de Salinas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jesús Sanjosé‐Orduna
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Carlota Odena
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Sergio Barranco
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Benet‐Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Mónica H. Pérez‐Temprano
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avgda. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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27
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Carral-Menoyo A, Sotomayor N, Lete E. Palladium-catalysed Heck-type alkenylation reactions in the synthesis of quinolines. Mechanistic insights and recent applications. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00789g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in Pd(0)- and Pd(ii)-catalysed alkenylation reactions for the synthesis of quinolines focusing on mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Carral-Menoyo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU
- 48080 Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Nuria Sotomayor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU
- 48080 Bilbao
- Spain
| | - Esther Lete
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU
- 48080 Bilbao
- Spain
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28
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Timofeeva DS, Lindsay DM, Kerr WJ, Nelson DJ. A quantitative empirical directing group scale for selectivity in iridium-catalysed hydrogen isotope exchange reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01597k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Competition hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) experiments are used to construct quantitative directing group scales for two catalysts; these can be used to predict the outcomes of HIE reactions of substrates with multiple directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Timofeeva
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Thomas Graham Building
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - David M. Lindsay
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Thomas Graham Building
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - William J. Kerr
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Thomas Graham Building
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - David J. Nelson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Thomas Graham Building
- Glasgow
- UK
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