In vivo library screening identifies the metabolic enzyme aldolase A as a promoter of metastatic lung colonization

ALDOA contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis and metastasis by targeting YAP

Metabolic reprogramming is considered one of the hallmarks of cancer in which cancer cells reprogram some of their metabolic cascades, mostly driven by the specific chemical microenvironment in cancer tissues. The altered metabolic pathways are increasingly being considered as potential targets for cancer therapy. In this view, Aldolase A (ALDOA), a key glycolytic enzyme, has been validated as a candidate oncogene in several cancers. The current study aimed to investigate the role of ALDOA in the initiation and development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we observed an elevated expression of ALDOA in human CRC tissues and a positive correlation of elevated ALDOA expression with tumor size, invasion depth, LNM, and TNM stage. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that elevated ALDOA levels correlated with a poor prognosis in CRC patients with stage I-III, whereas the prognosis tends to be favorable in patients with advanced CRC. In addition, loss of function and gain of function experiments showed that ALDOA promoted CRC cell proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, high ALDOA expression inhibited AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation possibly through regulating cellular glycolysis or the formation of v-ATPase-regulator-AXIN/LKB1 complex, which led to Yes-associated protein (YAP) unphosphorylation and enhanced the proliferative and migratory potential of CRC cells. Finally, the positive correlation between ALDOA and YAP signaling was also confirmed in clinical CRC tissues and the public data. Herein, ALDOA was identified to be a new metabolic regulator of YAP that suppresses the activation of AMPK signaling. This could suggest a novel avenue for treating CRC by inhibiting both ALDOA and YAP signaling.

Diverse roles of aldolase enzymes in cancer development, drug resistance and therapeutic approaches as moonlighting enzymes

Aldolase enzymes, particularly ALDOA, ALDOB, and ALDOC, play a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer. While the aldolase family is mainly known for its involvement in the glycolysis pathway, these enzymes also have various pathological and physiological functions through distinct signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, EGFR/MAPK, Akt, and HIF-1α. This has garnered increased attention in recent years and shed light on other sides of this enzyme. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting aldolases include using siRNA, inhibitors like naphthol AS-E phosphate and TX-2098, and natural compounds such as HDPS-4II and L-carnosine. Additionally, anticancer peptides derived from ALDOA, like P04, can potentially increase cancer cells' sensitivity to chemotherapy. Aldolases also affect cancer drug resistance by different approaches, making them good therapeutic targets. In this review, we extensively explore the role of aldolase enzymes in various types of cancers in proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance; we also significantly explore the possible treatment considering aldolase function.

Proteomic response of A549 lung cancer cell line to protein-polysaccharide complex Venetin-1 isolated from earthworm coelomic fluid

Earthworms' celomic fluid has long attracted scientists' interest due to their toxic properties. It has been shown that the elimination of coelomic fluid cytotoxicity to normal human cells was crucial for the generation of the non-toxic Venetin-1 protein-polysaccharide complex, which exhibits selective activity against Candida albicans cells as well as A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. To find the molecular mechanisms behind the anti-cancer properties of the preparation, this research investigated the proteome response of A549 cells to the presence of Venetin-1. The sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) methodology was used for the analysis, which allows for a relative quantitative analysis to be carried out without radiolabelling. The results showed that the formulation did not induce significant proteome responses in normal BEAS-2B cells. In the case of the tumour line, 31 proteins were up regulated, and 18 proteins down regulated. Proteins with increased expression in neoplastic cells are mainly associated with the mitochondrion, membrane transport and the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of altered proteins, Venetin-1 interferes with proteins that stabilise the structures, i.e., keratin, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and metabolic processes.

In vivo gain-of-function cDNA library screening for colonization genes in a mouse model of pulmonary metastasis

We provide a protocol for gain-of-function (GOF) cDNA screen of genes that foster cancer cell colonization of secondary tissues, the last and most lethal step of the metastasis cascade. We present techniques for cDNA viral library preparation and delivery leading up to the recovery of colonization-promoting sequences in a proof-of-concept DU145-based mouse model of pulmonary metastasis. Adapted to other cDNA libraries and cancer models, this approach would prove widely useful in enumerating intrinsic genetic determinants underlying metastatic colonization.

For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tu et al. (2021).

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Colonization is the last and most lethal bottleneck step of the metastasis cascade

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Gain-of-function (GOF) cDNA screen was adapted to probe cancer colonization of lung

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DU145 cells harboring GOF prostate cDNA library generated pulmonary macro-metastases

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Genomic PCR of macro-colonies exposed inserted cDNAs of potential colonization genes

Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.