1
|
Zeng X, Gao H, Wang R, Majcher BM, Woon JS, Wenda C, Eggleton P, Griffiths HM, Ashton LA. Global contribution of invertebrates to forest litter decomposition. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14423. [PMID: 38584578 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Forest litter decomposition is an essential component of global carbon and nutrient turnover. Invertebrates play important roles in litter decomposition, but the regional pattern of their effects is poorly understood. We examined 476 case studies across 93 sites and performed a meta-analysis to estimate regional effects of invertebrates on forest litter decomposition. We then assessed how invertebrate diversity, climate and soil pH drive regional variations in invertebrate-mediated decomposition. We found that (1) invertebrate contributions to litter decomposition are 1.4 times higher in tropical and subtropical forests than in forests elsewhere, with an overall contribution of 31% to global forest litter decomposition; and (2) termite diversity, together with warm, humid and acidic environments in the tropics and subtropics are positively associated with forest litter decomposition by invertebrates. Our results demonstrate the significant difference in invertebrate effects on mediating forest litter decomposition among regions. We demonstrate, also, the significance of termites in driving litter mass loss in the tropics and subtropics. These results are particularly pertinent in the tropics and subtropics where climate change and human disturbance threaten invertebrate biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zeng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huilin Gao
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Runxi Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bartosz M Majcher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joel S Woon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Cheng Wenda
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Louise A Ashton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jonsson H, Olofsson J, Blume-Werry G, Klaminder J. Cascading effects of earthworm invasion increase graminoid density and rodent grazing intensities. Ecology 2024; 105:e4212. [PMID: 37996966 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Human-mediated dispersal of non-native earthworms can cause substantial changes to the functioning and composition of ecosystems previously earthworm-free. Some of these earthworm species have the potential to "geoengineer" soils and increase plant nitrogen (N) uptake. Yet the possible consequences of increased plant N concentrations on rodent grazing remains poorly understood. In this study, we present findings from a common garden experiment with two tundra communities, meadow (forb dominated) and heath (shrub dominated), half of them subjected to 4 years of earthworm presence (Lumbricus spp. and Aporrectodea spp.). Within four summers, our earthworm treatment changed plant community composition by increasing graminoid density by, on average, 94% in the heath vegetation and by 49% in the meadow. Rodent winter grazing was more intense on plants growing in soils with earthworms, an effect that coincided with higher N concentrations in plants, indicating a higher palatability. Even though earthworms reduced soil moisture, plant community productivity, as indicated by vegetation greenness (normalized difference vegetation index), was not negatively impacted. We conclude that earthworm-induced changes in plant composition and trophic interactions may fundamentally alter the functioning of tundra ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Jonsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gesche Blume-Werry
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Klaminder
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heneberg P, Sitko J, Yakovleva G, Lebedeva D. Severe decline in abundance of Cyathostoma lari, a parasite of the nasal and orbital sinuses of gulls, at their central European nesting grounds. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e1. [PMID: 38167257 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cyathostoma lari is a parasite of the nasal and orbital sinuses of gulls and other hosts in Europe and Canada. Here, we provide an overview of previously published data on the prevalence and infection intensity of C. lari in gulls. Furthermore, based on our data, we analyze the spatiotemporal trends in the prevalence and intensity of infection by C. lari in Chroicocephalus ridibundus in Czechia (central Europe; data from 1964 to 2014) and compare them with those obtained from five species of gulls in Karelia (Northwest Russia; data from 2012-2020). Based on our preliminary observations, we hypothesized that C. lari is subject to a decline in certain regions, but this decline is not necessarily applicable throughout its distribution range. We found that the C. lari population crashed in specific parts of its distribution range. The reasons are unknown, but the observed population changes correspond with the diet switch of their core host in Czechia, C. ridibundus. We previously observed a diet switch in Czech C. ridibundus from earthworms (intermediate hosts of C. lari) to other types of food. This diet switch affected both young and adult birds. Nevertheless, it may not necessarily affect populations in other regions, where they depend less on earthworms collected from agrocenoses affected by agrochemicals and trampling. Correspondingly, we found that these changes were limited only to regions where the gulls feed (or fed) on arable fields. In Karelia, where arable fields are scarce, gulls likely continue to feed on earthworms and still display high infection rates by C. lari. Therefore, C. lari, a parasite of the nasal and orbital sinuses of gulls, nearly disappeared from their central European nesting grounds but is still present in better-preserved parts of its distribution range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Heneberg
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Ruská 87, CZ - 100 00 Prague, Czechia
| | - J Sitko
- Comenius Museum, Moravian Ornithological Station, Přerov, Czechia
| | - G Yakovleva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - D Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Velazco VN, Sandler RV, Sanabria MCV, Falco LB, Coviella CE, Saravia LA. Size spectra of the edaphic fauna of typical Argiudol soils of the Rolling Pampa Region, Argentina. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e113074. [PMID: 38312340 PMCID: PMC10838089 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e113074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Soil-dwelling organisms populate the spaces-referred to as interstices-between the litter on the soil surface and the pores in the soil's organo-mineral matrix. These organisms have pivotal roles in soil ecosystem functions, such as the breakdown and decomposition of organic matter, the dispersal of bacterial and fungal spores and biological habitat transformation. These functions, in turn, contribute to broader ecosystem services like carbon and nutrient cycling, soil organic matter regulation and both chemical and physical soil fertility.This study provides morphological data pertaining to a range of soil organism sizes, specifically in Argiudol soils subjected to varying levels of agricultural activity in the Rolling Pampas Region, one of the world's most extensive and fertile plains.The primary focus is on soil microarthropods-namely, Acari (mites) and Collembola (springtails)-with a body width of less than 2 mm. These organisms constitute the majority of life in the intricate soil pore network. Additionally, the study documents species of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Crassiclitelata), recognised as ecosystem engineers for their ability to create physical channels in the soil matrix and to distribute organic matter. Moreover, the study includes measurements of morphological traits of soil-dwelling "macrofauna" (organisms with a body width greater than 2 mm), which are also implicated in various soil ecosystem functions. These include population regulation by apex predators, organic matter decomposition, biogenic structure formation, nutrient mobilisation and herbivory. New information In this paper, we report both the geographical locations and individual measurements of key morphological traits for over 7,000 specimens, covering a range of soil-dwelling organisms. These include springtails (Entognatha, Collembola), mites (Arachnida, Acari), earthworms (Oligochaeta, Crassiclitellata) and additional soil macrofauna. All specimens were collected from typical Argiudol soils located in three distinct agricultural systems characterised by varying levels of land-use intensity. To our knowledge, no other dataset exists providing this information for the Argentinian Pampas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor N. Velazco
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Rosana V Sandler
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Maria Cynthia Valeria Sanabria
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Liliana B Falco
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Carlos E Coviella
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Leonardo A. Saravia
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC - CONICET), Ushuaia, ArgentinaCentro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC - CONICET)UshuaiaArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guerrieri A, Carteron A, Bonin A, Marta S, Ambrosini R, Caccianiga M, Cantera I, Compostella C, Diolaiuti G, Fontaneto D, Gielly L, Gili F, Gobbi M, Poulenard J, Taberlet P, Zerboni A, Thuiller W, Ficetola GF. Metabarcoding data reveal vertical multitaxa variation in topsoil communities during the colonization of deglaciated forelands. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6304-6319. [PMID: 35997629 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ice-free areas are expanding worldwide due to dramatic glacier shrinkage and are undergoing rapid colonization by multiple lifeforms, thus representing key environments to study ecosystem development. It has been proposed that the colonization dynamics of deglaciated terrains is different between surface and deep soils but that the heterogeneity between communities inhabiting surface and deep soils decreases through time. Nevertheless, tests of this hypothesis remain scarce, and it is unclear whether patterns are consistent among different taxonomic groups. Here, we used environmental DNA metabarcoding to test whether community diversity and composition of six groups (Eukaryota, Bacteria, Mycota, Collembola, Insecta, and Oligochaeta) differ between the surface (0-5 cm) and deeper (7.5-20 cm) soil at different stages of development and across five Alpine glaciers. Taxonomic diversity increased with time since glacier retreat and with soil evolution. The pattern was consistent across groups and soil depths. For Eukaryota and Mycota, alpha-diversity was highest at the surface. Time since glacier retreat explained more variation of community composition than depth. Beta-diversity between surface and deep layers decreased with time since glacier retreat, supporting the hypothesis that the first 20 cm of soil tends to homogenize through time. Several molecular operational taxonomic units of bacteria and fungi were significant indicators of specific depths and/or soil development stages, confirming the strong functional variation of microbial communities through time and depth. The complexity of community patterns highlights the importance of integrating information from multiple taxonomic groups to unravel community variation in response to ongoing global changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Guerrieri
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexis Carteron
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurélie Bonin
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Argaly, Bâtiment CleanSpace, Sainte-Hélène-du-Lac, France
| | - Silvio Marta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Cantera
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Compostella
- Department of Earth Sciences, "A. Desio," Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Guglielmina Diolaiuti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ludovic Gielly
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrizio Gili
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- Research & Museum Collections Office, Climate and Ecology Unit, MUSE-Science Museum, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Pierre Taberlet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø Museum, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrea Zerboni
- Department of Earth Sciences, "A. Desio," Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanabria MC, Velazco VN, Tolosa G, Falco LB, Coviella CE. A georeferenced database of the edaphic biota currently available for Argentina. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e113079. [PMID: 37927382 PMCID: PMC10620698 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soils have been studied and classified in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics, while the knowledge about biodiversity and the ecosystem processes that they support is lagging behind. Furthermore, the advance in scientific knowledge contributed by different researchers is dispersed and it is necessary to collect it to bring the big picture into focus. Today, it is possible to have the findings and data collected by different researchers, compile them and, based on technological advances, have tools that allow the information to be analysed in its entirety. The main objective of this work is to compile and systematise all the bibliographic information available on the main organisms that make up biodiversity in the soil: Acari, Collembola and Crassiclitellata in Argentina. This information will then allow us to link the composition and structure of the soil community with processes and flows in the ecosystem, and to estimate them at different scales and in soils with different anthropic impact. The database presented here gathers presence information on the mentioned taxa, their geographical location for the entire country, while preserving the identity and authorship of each scientific work retrieved. The taxonomic range of the organisms of the edaphic biota collected in this database ranges from class to subspecies and are registered, based on the taxonomic level reported by the original author in their research. The publications were obtained from Google Scholar, Scopus and JSTOR. In addition, records were added from INEDES theses, library searches, information requested from authors cited in other articles and unpublished works. In total, information was collected from 224 scientific publications, as well as personal information requested directly from some authors. The total number of registered individuals so far is 4838 of which 3049 specimens correspond to Acari, 944 to Classiclitellata and 845 belong to Collembola. New information This work is the first to gather, in a single publication, the entire dataset for all the Acari, Collembola and Clitellata recorded for Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C.V. Sanabria
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Víctor N. Velazco
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Gabriel Tolosa
- Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de LujánLuján, Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Liliana B. Falco
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| | - Carlos E. Coviella
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Luján, ArgentinaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) - Dept. of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional de LujánLujánArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Islam F, Islam MS, Ahmed K, Amanat M. Unveiling the Anthelminthic Potential of Merremia vitifolia Stem through in Vitro and in Silico Approach. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300860. [PMID: 37715726 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the anthelmintic activity of methanol extracts from Merremia vitifolia stems using a combination approach encompassing experimental, in vitro, and in silico evaluations. Despite the well-recognized pharmacological properties of M. vitifolia, its potential as an anthelmintic agent remained unexplored. This plant's anthelmintic potential was assessed on adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), revealing a dose-dependent reduction in spontaneous motility leading to paralysis and eventual mortality. The most effective dose of M. vitifolia (200 mg/ml) for anthelmintic effects on Pheretima posthuma was identified. Complementary in silico investigations were also conducted, employing Autodock PyRx 0.8 for docking studies of reported M. vitifolia compounds. Notably, quercetin emerged as a promising candidate with superior binding energies against β-tubulin (-8.3 Kcal/mol). Moreover, this comprehensive research underlines the anthelmintic potential of Merremia vitifolia stem extract and highlights quercetin as a noteworthy compound for further investigation in the quest for novel anthelmintic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhrul Islam
- M. Pharm, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shariful Islam
- M. Pharm, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Kawser Ahmed
- M. Pharm, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammed Amanat
- PhD Scholar, Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu M, Tan J, Zhou S, Ling S, Hu S, Qiao Z, Han Y, Zhang W, Peng C. Insight into Bioaccumulation of Decabromodiphenyl Ethane in Eisenia fetida Increased by Microplastics. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13980-13990. [PMID: 37668438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The rise of electronics inevitably induced the co-pollution of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and microplastics (MPs). However, studies on how they interact to influence their bioavailability are scarce. Here, we explored the influence mechanism of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)-MPs on the bioaccumulation of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in soil-earthworm microcosms. The influence exhibited a temporal pattern characterized by short-term inhibition and long-term promotion. After 28 days of exposure, DBDPE bioaccumulation in a co-exposure (10 mg kg-1 DBDPE accompanied by 1000 mg kg-1 ABS-MPs) was 2.61 times higher than that in a separate exposure. The adsorption process in the soil, intestines, and mucus introduced DBDPE-carried MPs, which had a higher concentration of DBDPE than the surrounding soil and directly affected the bioavailability of DBDPE. MP-pre-exposure (100, 1000, and 10000 mg kg-1) reduced epidermal soundness, mucus secretion, and worm cast production. This eventually promoted the contact between earthworm and soil particles and enhanced the DBDPE of earthworm tissue by 6%-61% in the next DBDPE-postexposure period, confirming that MPs increased DBDPE bioaccumulation indirectly by impairing the earthworm health. This study indicates that MPs promoted DBDPE bioaccumulation via adsorption and self-toxicity, providing new insight into the combined risk of MPs and NBFRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanna Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu P, Song Y, Wei J, Mao W, Ju J, Zheng S, Zhao H. Synergistic Effects of Earthworms and Plants on Chromium Removal from Acidic and Alkaline Soils: Biological Responses and Implications. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:831. [PMID: 37372116 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Soil heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental issues of global concern and solving this problem is a major scientific and technological need for today's socio-economic development. Environmentally friendly bioremediation methods are currently the most commonly used for soil heavy metal pollution remediation. Via controlled experiments, the removal characteristics of chromium from contaminated soil were studied using earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Pheretima guillelmi) and plants (ryegrass and maize) at different chromium concentrations (15 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) in acidic and alkaline soils. The effects of chromium contamination on biomass, chromium bioaccumulation, and earthworm gut microbial communities were also analyzed. The results showed that E. fetida had a relatively stronger ability to remove chromium from acidic and alkaline soil than P. guillelmi, and ryegrass had a significantly better ability to remove chromium from acidic and alkaline soil than maize. The combined use of E. fetida and ryegrass showed the best effect of removing chromium from contaminated soils, wih the highest removal rate (63.23%) in acidic soil at low Cr concentrations. After soil ingestion by earthworms, the content of stable chromium (residual and oxidizable forms) in the soil decreased significantly, while the content of active chromium (acid-extractable and reducible forms) increased significantly, thus promoting the enrichment of chromium in plants. The diversity in gut bacterial communities in earthworms decreased significantly following the ingestion of chromium-polluted soil, and their composition differences were significantly correlated with soil acidity and alkalinity. Bacillales, Chryseobacterium, and Citrobacter may have strong abilities to resist chromium and enhance chromium activity in acidic and alkaline soils. There was also a significant correlation between changes in enzyme activity in earthworms and their gut bacterial communities. The bacterial communities, including Pseudomonas and Verminephrobacter, were closely related to the bioavailability of chromium in soil and the degree of chromium stress in earthworms. This study provides insights into the differences in bioremediation for chromium-contaminated soils with different properties and its biological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yan Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Wei Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jing Ju
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Shengyang Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Yangzhou University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225127, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Czaplewska P, Bogucka A, Macur K, Rybicka M, Rychłowski M, Fiołka MJ. Proteomic response of A549 lung cancer cell line to protein-polysaccharide complex Venetin-1 isolated from earthworm coelomic fluid. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1128320. [PMID: 37377864 PMCID: PMC10292018 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1128320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Earthworms' celomic fluid has long attracted scientists' interest due to their toxic properties. It has been shown that the elimination of coelomic fluid cytotoxicity to normal human cells was crucial for the generation of the non-toxic Venetin-1 protein-polysaccharide complex, which exhibits selective activity against Candida albicans cells as well as A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. To find the molecular mechanisms behind the anti-cancer properties of the preparation, this research investigated the proteome response of A549 cells to the presence of Venetin-1. The sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) methodology was used for the analysis, which allows for a relative quantitative analysis to be carried out without radiolabelling. The results showed that the formulation did not induce significant proteome responses in normal BEAS-2B cells. In the case of the tumour line, 31 proteins were up regulated, and 18 proteins down regulated. Proteins with increased expression in neoplastic cells are mainly associated with the mitochondrion, membrane transport and the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of altered proteins, Venetin-1 interferes with proteins that stabilise the structures, i.e., keratin, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and metabolic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Czaplewska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, The University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bogucka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, The University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Macur
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, The University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Rybicka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, The University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, The University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta J. Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Froger C, Jolivet C, Budzinski H, Pierdet M, Caria G, Saby NPA, Arrouays D, Bispo A. Pesticide Residues in French Soils: Occurrence, Risks, and Persistence. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:7818-7827. [PMID: 37172312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment by pesticide residues is a growing concern given their widespread presence in the environment and their effects on ecosystems. Only a few studies have addressed the occurrence of pesticides in soils, and their results highlighted the need for further research on the persistence and risks induced by those substances. We monitored 111 pesticide residues (48 fungicides, 36 herbicides, 25 insecticides and/or acaricides, and two safeners) in 47 soils sampled across France under various land uses (arable lands, vineyards, orchards, forests, grasslands, and brownfields). Pesticides were found in 98% of the sites (46 of the 47 sampled), including untreated areas such as organic fields, forests, grasslands, and brownfields, with up to 33 different substances detected in one sample, mostly fungicides and herbicides. The concentrations of herbicides were the highest in soils with glyphosate, and its transformation product, AMPA, contributed 70% of the cumulative herbicides. Risk assessment underlined a moderate to high risk for earthworms in arable soils mostly attributed to insecticides and/or acaricides. Finally, the comparison with pesticide application by farmers underlines the presence of some residues long after their supposed 90% degradation and at concentrations higher than predicted environmental concentrations, leading to questions their real persistence in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Budzinski
- Bordeaux University, EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Manon Pierdet
- Bordeaux University, EPOC-LPTC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Giovanni Caria
- INRAE, US0010 Laboratoire d'analyses des sols, 700 Avenue d'Immercourt, 62223 Saint-Laurent-Blangy, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Muff LF, Mills AS, Riddle S, Buclin V, Roulin A, Chiel HJ, Quinn RD, Weder C, Daltorio KA. Modular Design of a Polymer-Bilayer-Based Mechanically Compliant Worm-Like Robot. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2210409. [PMID: 36807655 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft earthworm-like robots that exhibit mechanical compliance can, in principle, navigate through uneven terrains and constricted spaces that are inaccessible to traditional legged and wheeled robots. However, unlike the biological originals that they mimic, most of the worm-like robots reported to date contain rigid components that limit their compliance, such as electromotors or pressure-driven actuation systems. Here, a mechanically compliant worm-like robot with a fully modular body that is based on soft polymers is reported. The robot is composed of strategically assembled, electrothermally activated polymer bilayer actuators, which are based on a semicrystalline polyurethane with an exceptionally large nonlinear thermal expansion coefficient. The segments are designed on the basis of a modified Timoshenko model, and finite element analysis simulation is used to describe their performance. Upon electrical activation of the segments with basic waveform patterns, the robot can move through repeatable peristaltic locomotion on exceptionally slippery or sticky surfaces and it can be oriented in any direction. The soft body enables the robot to wriggle through openings and tunnels that are much smaller than its cross-section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livius F Muff
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Austin S Mills
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Shane Riddle
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Véronique Buclin
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Anita Roulin
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Roger D Quinn
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shekhovtsov SV, Vasiliev GV, Latif R, Poluboyarova TV, Peltek SE, Rapoport IB. The mitochondrial genome of Dendrobaena tellermanica Perel, 1966 (Annelida: Lumbricidae) and its phylogenetic position. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:146-152. [PMID: 37063518 PMCID: PMC10090101 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are an important ecological group that has a significant impact on soil fauna as well as plant communities. Despite their importance, genetic diversity and phylogeny of earthworms are still insufficiently studied. Most studies on earthworm genetic diversity are currently based on a few mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Mitochondrial genomes are becoming a promising target for phylogeny reconstruction in earthworms. However, most studies on earthworm mitochondrial genomes were made on West European and East Asian species, with much less sampling from other regions. In this study, we performed sequencing, assembly, and analysis of the mitochondrial genome of Dendrobaena tellermanica Perel, 1966 from the Northern Caucasus. This species was earlier included into D. schmidti (Michaelsen, 1907), a polytypic species with many subspecies. The genome was assembled as a single contig 15,298 bp long which contained a typical gene set: 13 protein-coding genes (three subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, seven subunits of NADH dehydrogenase, two subunits of ATP synthetase, and cytochrome b), 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. All genes were located on one DNA strand. The assembled part of the control region, located between the tRNA-Arg and tRNA-His genes, was 727 bp long. The control region contained multiple hairpins, as well as tandem repeats of the AACGCTT monomer. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete mitochondrial genomes indicated that the genus Dendrobaena occupied the basal position within Lumbricidae. D. tellermanica was a rather distant relative of the cosmopolitan D. octaedra, suggesting high genetic diversity in this genus. D. schmidti turned out to be paraphyletic with respect to D. tellermanica. Since D. schmidti is known to contain very high genetic diversity, these results may indicate that it may be split into several species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Shekhovtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Biological Problems of the North of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
| | - G V Vasiliev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - R Latif
- Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - T V Poluboyarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S E Peltek
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I B Rapoport
- Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nalchik, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pižl V, Sterzyńska M, Tajovský K, Starý J, Nicia P, Zadrożny P, Bejger R. Effects of Hydrologic Regime Changes on a Taxonomic and Functional Trait Structure of Earthworm Communities in Mountain Wetlands. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12030482. [PMID: 36979173 PMCID: PMC10045450 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic, influence the patterning of species and species traits. The shift in species composition and distribution pattern of functional traits can demonstrate if the community is resistant, sensitive or resilient to the disturbance. Based on species- and trait-based approaches, we examined the response of the earthworm community to changing hydrologic conditions caused by the artificial drainage of mountain fens, in which cumulative effects of disturbance events over space and time are much less dynamic than in riverine wetlands. We hypothesized that the drainage-related changes of mountain fen peat soils have an effect on the earthworm community composition and its functional structure. We assume that the shift in species composition and value of community-weighted functional traits reflect changes in the resilience or resistance of the earthworm community to environmental change. Our results demonstrate that the total density of earthworms was almost three times lower under drained conditions compared to natural ones. Artificial drainage of fens had a neutral effect on the species-based diversity indices. However, there were species-specific traits that responded to hydrologic changes and which led to the species' replacements and to the co-occurrence of eurytopic, surface-browsing and more drought- and low-pH-resistant earthworm species in the drained fens. Based on these results, we conclude that abiotic-based environmental filtering was the main process responsible for sorting earthworms according to species and traits in the disturbed hydrologic conditions. The greater earthworm functional trait variations in semi-natural hydrologic conditions emphasizes the impact of transient dynamics in an altered disturbance regime on the earthworm assembly. Results also showed that in the changing hydrologic conditions of mountain fens, the functional trait approach revealed only slightly more predictive power than the taxonomic one, but it proved better with processes responsible for earthworm species filtering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Pižl
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Sterzyńska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology PAS, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karel Tajovský
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Starý
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paweł Nicia
- Department of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Zadrożny
- Department of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Romualda Bejger
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Papieża Pawła, VI no 3, 71-459 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Braga LPP, Schumacher RI. Awaking the dormant virome in the rhizosphere. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2985-2999. [PMID: 36807953 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere is a vital soil compartment providing key plant-beneficial functions. However, little is known about the mechanisms driving viral diversity in the rhizosphere. Viruses can establish lytic or lysogenic interactions with their bacterial hosts. In the latter, they assume a dormant state integrated in the host genome and can be awakened by different perturbations that impact host cell physiology, triggering a viral bloom, which is potentially a fundamental mechanism driving soil viral diversity, as 22%-68% of soil bacteria are predicted to harbour dormant viruses. Here we assessed the viral bloom response in rhizospheric viromes by exposing them to three contrasting soil perturbation agents: earthworms, herbicide and antibiotic pollutant. The viromes were next screened for rhizosphere-relevant genes and also used as inoculant on microcosms incubations to test their impacts on pristine microbiomes. Our results show that while post-perturbation viromes diverged from control conditions, viral communities exposed to both herbicide and antibiotic pollutant were more similar to each other than those influenced by earthworms. The latter also favoured an increase in viral populations harbouring genes involved in plant-beneficial functions. Post-perturbation viromes inoculated on soil microcosms changed the diversity of pristine microbiomes, suggesting that viromes are important components of the soil ecological memory driving eco-evolutionary processes that determine future microbiome trajectories according to past events. Our findings demonstrate that viromes are active players in the rhizosphere and need to be considered in efforts to understand and control the microbial processes towards sustainable crop production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P P Braga
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert I Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gong W, Li H, Wang J, Zhou J, Zhao H, Wang X, Qu H, Lu A. Global Research Activities on Micro(nano)plastic Toxicity to Earthworms. Toxics 2023; 11:112. [PMID: 36850987 PMCID: PMC9966243 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro(nano)plastics are emerging contaminants that have been shown to cause various ecotoxicological effects on soil biota. Earthworms, as engineers of the ecosystem, play a fundamental role in soil ecosystem processes and have been used as model species in ecotoxicological studies. Research that evaluates micro(nano)plastic toxicity to earthworms has increased greatly over the last decade; however, only few studies have been conducted to highlight the current knowledge and evolving trends of this topic. This study aims to visualize the research status and knowledge structure of the relevant literature. Bibliometrics and visualization analyses were conducted using co-citations, cooperation networks and cluster analysis. The results showed that micro(nano)plastic toxicity to earthworms is an emerging and increasingly popular topic, with 78 articles published from 2013 to 2022, the majority of which were published in the last two years. The most prolific publications and journals involved in this topic were also identified. In addition, the diversity of cooperative relationships among different countries and institutions confirmed the evolution of this research field, in which China contributed substantially. The high-frequency keywords were then determined using co-occurrence analysis, and were identified as exposure, bioaccumulation, soil, pollution, toxicity, oxidative stress, heavy metal, microplastic, Eisenia foetida and community. Moreover, a total of eight clusters were obtained based on topic knowledge clustering, and these included the following themes: plastic pollution, ingestion, combined effects and the biological endpoints of earthworms and toxic mechanisms. This study provides an overview and knowledge structure of micro(nano)plastic toxicity to earthworms so that future researchers can identify their research topics and potential collaborators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Institute of Plan Nutrition, Resources and Environment, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jihua Zhou
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Promotion Station, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haikang Zhao
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Promotion Station, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Institute of Plan Nutrition, Resources and Environment, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Han Qu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing 100097, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suhaib KH, Bhunia P. Clogging index: A tool to quantify filter bed clogging in horizontal subsurface flow macrophyte-assisted vermifilter. Water Environ Res 2023; 95:e10821. [PMID: 36601801 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a mathematical index for quantifying filter bed clogging in horizontal subsurface flow macrophyte-assisted vermifilter (HSSF-MAVF). The developed clogging index (CI) simulates the porosity reduction in the HSSF-MAVF bed due to the combined actions of deposition of suspended solids, biofilm generation, and plant growth. A series of experiments based on HSSF-MAVF were conducted to examine the key parameters related to clogging of the vermifilter such as hydraulic loading rates (HLR), organic strength (COD), and total suspended solid (TSS) at different operating conditions for the treatment of synthetic dairy wastewaters. The index was then validated using the data collected from the experiments. The predicted CI was observed to be highly capable of replicating the clogging phenomenon, as observed in this experimental study within the error range of 2-8%. Based on the visual observation and value of CI, filter beds can be grouped as unclogged (CI < 25), partially clogged (25 < CI < 40), and clogged (40 < CI). Clogged filter beds with higher CI resulted in a 5-15% reduction in the COD removal performance of HSSF-MAVFs. Moreover, the CI also envisages one to understand the individual contributions of biofilm growth, suspended solid deposition, and plant roots growth on the filter bed clogging during the operation of vermifilter and thus helps in deciding the proper setting of operational conditions to prolong the time of HSSF-MAVF operations within the acceptable range of bed materials clogging. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A mathematical index was developed to quantify clogging of the HSSF-MAVF. Flow is the most sensitive parameter based upon the sensitivity analysis. Dairy wastewater was used for the validation of CI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hasim Suhaib
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Puspendu Bhunia
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xiao Z, Fan N, Wang X, Ji H, Yue L, He F, Wang Z. Earthworms Drive the Effect of La 2O 3 Nanoparticles on Radish Taproot Metabolite Profiles and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:17385-17395. [PMID: 36351052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To promote the sustainable and safe application of nanotechnology employing engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in agroecosystems, it is crucial to pay more attention to the NP-mediated biological response process and environmental impact assessment simultaneously. Herein, 50 mg kg-1 La2O3 NPs were added to soils without and with earthworms for cherry radish growth for 50 days to investigate the response changes of metabolites in radish above- and below-ground organs and rhizosphere bacterial communities. We found that La2O3 NP exposure, especially with earthworms, notably increased the La bioavailability and uptake by taproots and eventually increased radish leaf sucrose content and plant biomass. The La2O3 NP exposure significantly altered metabolite profiles in taproot flesh and peel tissues, and particularly La2O3 NP exposure combined with earthworms was more conducive to La2O3 NPs to promote radish taproot peel to synthesize more secondary antioxidant metabolites. Moreover, compared with the control, the La2O3 NP exposure resulted in weaker and fewer correlations between rhizosphere bacteria and taproot metabolites, but this was recovered somewhat after the inoculation of earthworms. Altogether, our results provide novel insights into the soil-fauna-driven biological and biochemical impact of La2O3 NP exposure on edible root crops and the long-term environmental risks to the rhizosphere microbiota in agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggao Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ningke Fan
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xie Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Haihua Ji
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feng He
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Z, Chen C, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Zhao R, Han B, Yang F, Ding Y. Response of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Related Microorganisms to Arsenic during Vermicomposting of Cow Dung. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14475. [PMID: 36361352 PMCID: PMC9658359 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance pollution in livestock manure is a persistent issue that has drawn public attention. Vermicomposting is an ecofriendly biological process that can render livestock manure harmless and resourceful. However, little is known about the impact of vermicomposting on antibiotic resistance in livestock manure under stress caused by potentially toxic arsenic levels. Herein, lab-scale vermicomposting was performed to comprehensively evaluate the shift in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and related microorganisms in fresh earthworm casts as well as vermicompost product health (i.e., nutrient availability and enzyme activity) when they were fed on arsenic-contaminated cow manure. The results showed that the earthworms' interaction with cow dung led to a significant reduction in ARG concentrations, especially for tetracycline ARGs (tet-ARGs), β-lactam ARGs (bla-ARGs), and quinolone ARGs (qnr-ARGs). However, arsenic significantly enhanced ARG accumulation in earthworm casts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, vermicomposting increased the percentage of Bacteroidota in the converted products. Furthermore, arsenic exposure at low concentrations promoted the proliferation of Proteobacteria, whereas high concentrations had little effect on Proteobacteria. Our study provides valuable insight into the changes in the antibiotic resistome and related microorganisms during vermicomposting of arsenic-amended cow manure, and it is crucial to explain the environmental impact of earthworms and improve our understanding of the reciprocal benefits of soil invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Li
- China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Chen Chen
- China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Ran Zhao
- China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Bingjun Han
- China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yongzhen Ding
- China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sanchez-Mahecha O, Klink S, Heinen R, Rothballer M, Zytynska S. Impaired microbial N-acyl homoserine lactone signalling increases plant resistance to aphids across variable abiotic and biotic environments. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:3052-3069. [PMID: 35852014 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial bacteria interact with plants using signalling molecules, such as N-acyl homoserine-lactones (AHLs). Although there is evidence that these molecules affect plant responses to pathogens, few studies have examined their effect on plant-insect and microbiome interactions, especially under variable soil conditions. We investigated the effect of the AHL-producing rhizobacterium Acidovorax radicis and its AHL-negative mutant (does not produce AHLs) on modulating barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant interactions with cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae) and earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) across variable nutrient soils. Acidovorax radicis inoculation increased plant growth and suppressed aphids, with stronger effects by the AHL-negative mutant. However, effects varied between barley cultivars and the presence of earthworms altered interaction outcomes. Bacteria-induced plant defences differed between cultivars, and aphid exposure, with pathogenesis-related and WRKY pathways partly explaining the ecological effects in the more resistant cultivars. Additionally, we observed few but specific indirect effects via the wider root microbiome where the AHL-mutant strain influenced rare OTU abundances. We conclude that bacterial AHL-signalling disruption affects plant-microbial interactions by inducing different plant pathways, leading to increased insect resistance, also mediated by the surrounding biotic and abiotic environment. Understanding the mechanisms by which beneficial bacteria can reduce insect pests is a key research area for developing effective insect pest management strategies in sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Sanchez-Mahecha
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Sophia Klink
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Network Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Network Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sharon Zytynska
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aira M, Pérez-Losada M, Crandall KA, Domínguez J. Host taxonomy determines the composition, structure, and diversity of the earthworm cast microbiome under homogenous feeding conditions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6655979. [PMID: 35927583 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host evolutionary history is a key factor shaping the earthworm cast microbiome, although its effect can be shadowed by the earthworm's diet. To untangle dietary from taxon effects, we raised nine earthworm species on a uniform diet of cow manure and compared cast microbiome across species while controlling for diet. Our results showed that, under controlled laboratory conditions, earthworm microbiomes are species-specific, more diverse than that of the controlled diet, and mainly comprised of native bacteria (i.e., not acquired from the diet). Furthermore, diet has a medium to large convergence effect on microbiome composition since earthworms shared 16 to 74% of their bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASV). The inter-species core microbiome included 10 ASVs, while their intra-species core microbiomes were larger and varied in ASV richness (24-48%) and sequence abundance across earthworm species. This specificity in core microbiomes and variable degree of similarity in bacterial composition suggest that phylosymbiosis could determine earthworm microbiome assembly. However, lack of congruence between the earthworm phylogeny and the microbiome dendrogram suggests that a consistent diet fed over several generations may have weakened potential phylosymbiotic effects. Thus, cast microbiome assembly in earthworms seem to be the result of an interplay among host phylogeny and diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aira
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidad de Vigo, Ourense E-36310, España
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidad de Vigo, Ourense E-36310, España
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Antibiotics could enter farmlands through sewage irrigation or manure application, causing combined pollution with pesticides. Antibiotics may affect the environmental fate of pesticides and even increase their bioavailability. In this study, the influence of monensin on the degradation, toxicity, and availability of atrazine in soil-earthworm microcosms was investigated. Monensin inhibited the degradation of atrazine, changed the metabolite patterns in soil, and increased the bioavailability of atrazine in earthworms. Atrazine and monensin had a significant synergistic effect on earthworms in the acute toxic test. In long-term toxicity tests, co-exposure of atrazine and monensin also led to worse effects on earthworms including oxidative stress, energy metabolism disruption, and cocoon production compared to single exposure. The expression of tight junction proteins was down-regulated significantly by monensin, indicating that the intestinal barrier of earthworms was weakened, possibly causing the increased bioavailability of atrazine. The expressions of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and reproductive and ontogenetic factors (ANN, TCTP) were all downregulated in binary exposure, indicating that the resilience and cocoon production of earthworms were further weakened under combined pollution. Monensin disturbed the energy metabolism and weakened the intestinal barrier of earthworms. These results showed that monensin increased the risks of atrazine in agricultural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources & Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Wangjing Zhai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources & Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
De Bernardi A, Marini E, Casucci C, Tiano L, Marcheggiani F, Vischetti C. Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm Eisenia fetida. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10060310. [PMID: 35736918 PMCID: PMC9228243 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The extensive employment of copper-based fungicides has increased copper concentration in vineyard soils. The present study's objectives were to monitor copper concentration in two vineyard soils during two cropping seasons and study the ecotoxicological effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Total, soluble, and bioavailable copper fractions were measured at the end of two cropping seasons and different depths in two vineyards of central Italy, characterised by three anticryptogamic control methods: copper compounds, chitosan, and combined treatments of them. A laboratory experiment to assess the effects on Eisenia fetida was conducted with soil samples collected in the vineyards with a mean copper concentration of 60 mg/kg and two higher concentrations of 90 and 150 mg/kg. Results showed low levels of total copper concentration in the first 20 cm of soils, regardless of antifungal treatment, highlighting prudent management of the vineyards under study, but the soluble fractions showed a significant increase in all samples during the two cropping seasons. At the dose of 150 mg/kg, earthworms suffer during the first two days, showing weight loss and DNA damage, but they are able to recover until day 28, showing no permanent harm at this copper concentration in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna De Bernardi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.D.B.); (E.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Enrica Marini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.D.B.); (E.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristiano Casucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.D.B.); (E.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Costantino Vischetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (A.D.B.); (E.M.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204264
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dupont L, Audusseau H, Porco D, Butt KR. Mitonuclear discordance and patterns of reproductive isolation in a complex of simultaneously hermaphroditic species, the Allolobophora chlorotica case study. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:831-843. [PMID: 35567785 PMCID: PMC9322523 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Historical events of population fragmentation, expansion and admixture over geological time may result in complex patterns of reproductive isolation and may explain why, for some taxa, the study of mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear (nu) genetic data results in discordant evolutionary patterns. Complex patterns of taxonomic diversity were recently revealed in earthworms for which distribution is largely the result of paleogeographical events. Here, we investigated reproductive isolation patterns in a complex of cryptic species of earthworms in which discordant patterns between mt and nu genetic lineages were previously revealed, the Allolobophora chlorotica aggregate. Using four nu microsatellite markers and a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mt gene, we carried out a parentage analysis to investigate the mating patterns (i) between individuals belonging to two divergent mt lineages that cannot be distinguished with nu markers and (ii) between individuals belonging to lineages that are differentiated both at the mt and nu levels. Amongst the 157 field-collected individuals, 66 adults were used in cross-breeding experiments to form 22 trios based on their assignment to a mt lineage, and 453 obtained juveniles were genotyped. We showed that adults that mated with both their potential mates in the trio produced significantly more juveniles. In crosses between lineages that diverged exclusively at the mt level, a sex-specific pattern of reproduction characteristic to each lineage was observed, suggesting a possible conflict of interest concerning the use of male/female function between mating partners. In crosses between lineages that diverged both at the mt and nu levels, a high production of cocoons was counterbalanced by a low hatching rate, suggesting a post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Different degrees of reproductive isolation, from differential sex allocation to post-zygotic isolation, were thus revealed. Lineages appear to be at different stages in the speciation process, which likely explain the observed opposite patterns of mitonuclear congruence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Dupont
- University of Paris-Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, IEES-Paris, Creteil, France.,Sorbonne Université, IEES-Paris, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, IEES-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Audusseau
- ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution)]-UMR 6553, University of Rennes, CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - David Porco
- Musée National d'histoire Naturelle, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Kevin R Butt
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Aigner GP, Nenning P, Fiechtner B, Šrut M, Höckner M. DNA Methylation and Detoxification in the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Exposed to Cadmium and the DNA Demethylation Agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Toxics 2022; 10:100. [PMID: 35202286 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are well-established model organisms for testing the effects of heavy metal pollution. How DNA methylation affects cadmium (Cd) detoxification processes such as the expression of metallothionein 2 (MT2), however, is largely unknown. We therefore exposed Lumbricus terrestris to 200 mg concentrations of Cd and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (Aza), a demethylating agent, and sampled tissue and coelomocytes, cells of the innate immune system, for 48 h. MT2 transcription significantly increased in the Cd- and Cd-Aza-treated groups. In tissue samples, a significant decrease in MT2 in the Aza-treated group was detected, showing that Aza treatment inhibits basal MT2 gene activity but has no effect on Cd-induced MT2 levels. Although Cd repressed the gene expression of DNA-(cytosine-5)-methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1), which is responsible for maintaining DNA methylation, DNMT activity was unchanged, meaning that methylation maintenance was not affected in coelomocytes. The treatment did not influence DNMT3, which mediates de novo methylation, TET gene expression, which orchestrates demethylation, and global levels of hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a product of the demethylation process. Taken together, this study indicates that Aza inhibits basal gene activity, in contrast to Cd-induced MT2 gene expression, but does not affect global DNA methylation. We therefore conclude that Cd detoxification based on the induction of MT2 does not relate to DNA methylation changes.
Collapse
|
26
|
Hanc A, Dume B, Hrebeckova T. Differences of Enzymatic Activity During Composting and Vermicomposting of Sewage Sludge Mixed With Straw Pellets. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:801107. [PMID: 35082771 PMCID: PMC8784665 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.801107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims were focused on profiling eight hydrolytic enzymes by fluorescence method using a multifunctional modular reader and studying the proportion of basic microorganism groups during composting and vermicomposting of sewage sludge mixed with straw pellets in several proportions (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The greatest decrease in enzymatic activity occurred in the first half of composting and vermicomposting. After 4 months of these processes, the least enzymatic activity was observed in the sludge with 50% and also 25% straw addition, indicating that straw is an important means for the rapid production of mature compost from sewage sludge. Enzymatic activity was usually less in the presence of earthworms than in the control treatment because some processes took place in the digestive tract of the earthworm. For the same reason, we observed reduced enzyme activity during fresh feedstock vermicomposting than precomposted material. The final vermicompost from fresh feedstocks exhibited less microbial biomass, and few fungi and G- bacteria compared to precomposted feedstock. The enzymatic activity during composting and vermicomposting of sewage sludge and their mixtures stabilized at the following values: β-D-glucosidase-50 μmol MUFG/h/g dw, acid phosphatase-200 μmol MUFP/h/g dw, arylsulphatase-10 μmol MUFS/h/g dw, lipase-1,000 μmol MUFY/h/g dw, chitinase-50 μmol MUFN/h/g dw, cellobiohydrolase-20 μmol MUFC/h/g dw, alanine aminopeptidase-50 μmol AMCA/h/g dw, and leucine aminopeptidase-50 μmol AMCL/h/g dw. At these and lesser values, these final products can be considered mature and stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ales Hanc
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bayu Dume
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Hrebeckova
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ivanova ES, Efeykin BD, Spiridonov SE. The re-description of Synoecnemahirsutum Timm, 1959 (Synoecneminae, Ungellidae, Drilonematoidea) from a pheretimoid earthworm in Vietnam with the analysis of its phylogenetic relationships. Zookeys 2022; 1076:135-150. [PMID: 34992494 PMCID: PMC8677711 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1076.75932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synoecnemahirsutum Timm, 1959 (Ungellidae, Drilonematoidea), found in the body cavity of the pheretimoid earthworm at the border of Laos and Vietnam, was re-described and illustrated. The mitochondrial genome of S.hirsutum obtained with Illumina HiSeq sequencing is the first annotated mitochondrial genome as a representative of the superfamily Drilonematoidea. The phylogeny inferred from the analysis of 12 mitochondrial genes has shown some similarity of S.hirsutum with a cephalobid Acrobeloidesvarius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Ivanova
- Centre of Parasitology of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia Centre of Parasitology of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Boris D Efeykin
- Centre of Parasitology of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia Centre of Parasitology of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia.,Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Sergei E Spiridonov
- Centre of Parasitology of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology & Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninski pr. 33, Moscow 119071, Russia Centre of Parasitology of the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia.,Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center Hanoi Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rosado D, Pérez-Losada M, Aira M, Domínguez J. Bacterial Succession during Vermicomposting of Silver Wattle ( Acacia dealbata Link). Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010065. [PMID: 35056514 PMCID: PMC8780150 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vermicomposting is the process of organic waste degradation through interactions between earthworms and microbes. A variety of organic wastes can be vermicomposted, producing a nutrient-rich final product that can be used as a soil biofertilizer. Giving the prolific invasive nature of the Australian silver wattle Acacia dealbata Link in Europe, it is important to find alternatives for its sustainable use. However, optimization of vermicomposting needs further comprehension of the fundamental microbial processes. Here, we characterized bacterial succession during the vermicomposting of silver wattle during 56 days using the earthworm species Eisenia andrei. We observed significant differences in α- and β-diversity between fresh silver wattle (day 0) and days 14 and 28, while the bacterial community seemed more stable between days 28 and 56. Accordingly, during the first 28 days, a higher number of taxa experienced significant changes in relative abundance. A microbiome core composed of 10 amplicon sequence variants was identified during the vermicomposting of silver wattle (days 14 to 56). Finally, predicted functional profiles of genes involved in cellulose metabolism, nitrification, and salicylic acid also changed significantly during vermicomposting. This study, hence, provides detailed insights of the bacterial succession occurring during vermicomposting of the silver wattle and the characteristics of its final product as a sustainable plant biofertilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rosado
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal;
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Manuel Aira
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.A.); (J.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Heinze W, Mitrano DM, Lahive E, Koestel J, Cornelis G. Nanoplastic Transport in Soil via Bioturbation by Lumbricus terrestris. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:16423-16433. [PMID: 34878261 PMCID: PMC8697554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is increasingly perceived as an emerging threat to terrestrial environments, but the spatial and temporal dimension of plastic exposure in soils is poorly understood. Bioturbation displaces microplastics (>1 μm) in soils and likely also nanoplastics (<1 μm), but empirical evidence is lacking. We used a combination of methods that allowed us to not only quantify but to also understand the mechanisms of biologically driven transport of nanoplastics in microcosms with the deep-burrowing earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. We hypothesized that ingestion and subsurface excretion drives deep vertical transport of nanoplastics that subsequently accumulate in the drilosphere, i.e., burrow walls. Significant vertical transport of palladium-doped polystyrene nanoplastics (diameter 256 nm), traceable using elemental analysis, was observed and increased over 4 weeks. Nanoplastics were detected in depurated earthworms confirming their uptake without any detectable negative impact. Nanoplastics were indeed enriched in the drilosphere where cast material was visibly incorporated, and the reuse of initial burrows could be monitored via X-ray computed tomography. Moreover, the speed of nanoplastics transport to the deeper soil profile could not be explained with a local mixing model. Earthworms thus repeatedly ingested and excreted nanoplastics in the drilosphere calling for a more explicit inclusion of bioturbation in nanoplastic fate modeling under consideration of the dominant mechanism. Further investigation is required to quantify nanoplastic re-entrainment, such as during events of preferential flow in burrows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke
Mareile Heinze
- Department
of Soil and Environment, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Denise M. Mitrano
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elma Lahive
- UK
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - John Koestel
- Department
of Soil and Environment, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Agroscope
− Standort Reckenholz, Soil Quality and Soil Use, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Geert Cornelis
- Department
of Soil and Environment, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Prions are proteinaceous infectious agents that can be transmitted through various components of the environment, including soil particles. We found that earthworms exposed to prion-contaminated soil can bind, retain, and excrete prions, which remain highly infectious. Our results suggest that earthworms potentially contribute to prion disease spread in the environment.
Collapse
|
31
|
Shekhovtsov SV, Efremov YR, Poluboyarova TV, Peltek SE. Variation in nuclear genome size within the Eisenia nordenskioldi complex (Lumbricidae, Annelida). Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:647-651. [PMID: 34782884 PMCID: PMC8558923 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The size of the nuclear genome in eukaryotes is mostly determined by mobile elements and noncoding
sequences and may vary within wide limits. It can differ signif icantly both among higher-order taxa and closely
related species within a genus; genome size is known to be uncorrelated with organism complexity (the so-called
C-paradox). Less is known about intraspecif ic variation of this parameter. Typically, genome size is stable within a
species, and the known exceptions turn out be cryptic taxa. The Eisenia nordenskioldi complex encompasses several
closely related earthworm species. They are widely distributed in the Urals, Siberia, and the Russian Far East, as
well as adjacent regions. This complex is characterized by signif icant morphological, chromosomal, ecological, and
genetic variation. The aim of our study was to estimate the nuclear genome size in several genetic lineages of the
E. nordenskioldi complex using f low cytometry. The genome size in different genetic lineages differed strongly,
which supports the hypothesis that they are separate species. We found two groups of lineages, with small
(250–500 Mbp) and large (2300–3500 Mbp) genomes. Moreover, different populations within one lineage also
demonstrated variation in genome size (15–25 %). We compared the obtained data to phylogenetic trees based
on transcriptome data. Genome size in ancestral population was more likely to be big. It increased or decreased
independently in different lineages, and these processes could be associated with changes in genome size and/or
transition to endogeic lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya R Efremov
- Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - S E Peltek
- Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barron MG, Lambert FN. Potential for Interspecies Toxicity Estimation in Soil Invertebrates. Toxics 2021; 9:265. [PMID: 34678961 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) models are linear regressions that predict toxicity to a species with few data using a known toxicity value in a surrogate species. ICE models are well established for estimating toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates but have not been generally developed or applied to soil organisms. To facilitate the development of ICE models for soil invertebrates, a database of single chemical toxicity values was compiled from knowledgebases and reports that included 853 records encompassing 192 chemicals and 12 species. Most toxicity data for single chemicals tested in soil media were for species of earthworms, with only limited data for other species and taxa. ICE models were developed for eleven separate species pairs as least squares log-linear regressions of acute toxicity values of the same chemicals tested in both the surrogate and predicted species of soil organisms. Model uncertainty was assessed using leave one out cross-validation as the fold difference between a predicted and measured toxicity value. ICE models showed high accuracy within order (e.g., earthworm to earthworm), but less prediction accuracy in the two across-taxa models (Arthropoda to Annelida and the inverse). This study provides a proof-of-concept demonstration that ICE models can be developed for soil invertebrates.
Collapse
|
33
|
Demetrio WC, Conrado AC, Acioli ANS, Ferreira AC, Bartz MLC, James SW, da Silva E, Maia LS, Martins GC, Macedo RS, Stanton DWG, Lavelle P, Velasquez E, Zangerlé A, Barbosa R, Tapia‐Coral SC, Muniz AW, Santos A, Ferreira T, Segalla RF, Decaëns T, Nadolny HS, Peña‐Venegas CP, Maia CMBF, Pasini A, Mota AF, Taube Júnior PS, Silva TAC, Rebellato L, de Oliveira Júnior RC, Neves EG, Lima HP, Feitosa RM, Vidal Torrado P, McKey D, Clement CR, Shock MP, Teixeira WG, Motta ACV, Melo VF, Dieckow J, Garrastazu MC, Chubatsu LS, Kille P, Brown GG, Cunha L. A "Dirty" Footprint: Macroinvertebrate diversity in Amazonian Anthropic Soils. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4575-4591. [PMID: 34118093 PMCID: PMC9292437 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amazonian rainforests, once thought to be pristine wilderness, are increasingly known to have been widely inhabited, modified, and managed prior to European arrival, by human populations with diverse cultural backgrounds. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by pre-Columbian societies with sedentary habits. Much is known about the chemistry of these soils, yet their zoology has been neglected. Hence, we characterized soil fertility, macroinvertebrate communities, and their activity at nine archeological sites in three Amazonian regions in ADEs and adjacent reference soils under native forest (young and old) and agricultural systems. We found 673 morphospecies and, despite similar richness in ADEs (385 spp.) and reference soils (399 spp.), we identified a tenacious pre-Columbian footprint, with 49% of morphospecies found exclusively in ADEs. Termite and total macroinvertebrate abundance were higher in reference soils, while soil fertility and macroinvertebrate activity were higher in the ADEs, and associated with larger earthworm quantities and biomass. We show that ADE habitats have a unique pool of species, but that modern land use of ADEs decreases their populations, diversity, and contributions to soil functioning. These findings support the idea that humans created and sustained high-fertility ecosystems that persist today, altering biodiversity patterns in Amazonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilian C. Demetrio
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
- Present address:
INPE – National Institute for Space ResearchSão José dos CamposSP12227‐010Brazil
| | - Ana C. Conrado
- Biochemistry DepartmentFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | | | - Marie L. C. Bartz
- Centre for Functional EcologyDepartment of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | | | | | - Lilianne S. Maia
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | | | - David W. G. Stanton
- Department of Bioinformatics and GeneticsSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Anne Zangerlé
- Ministère de l’Agriculture, de la Viticulture et de la Protection des consommateursLuxembourgLuxembourg
| | | | | | | | - Alessandra Santos
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | - Talita Ferreira
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | - Thibaud Decaëns
- CEFEUniv MontpellierCNRSEPHEIRDUniv Paul‐Valéry MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Herlon S. Nadolny
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | | | | | - André F. Mota
- Biochemistry DepartmentFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo G. Neves
- Museu de Arqueologia e EtnologiaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | | | | | - Pablo Vidal Torrado
- Soil Science DepartmentEscola Superior de Agricultura Luís de QueirozUniversidade de São PauloPiracicabaSPBrazil
| | - Doyle McKey
- CEFEUniv MontpellierCNRSEPHEIRDUniv Paul‐Valéry MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | | | | | | | | | - Vander F. Melo
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | - Jeferson Dieckow
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | - Leda S. Chubatsu
- Biochemistry DepartmentFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
| | | | - Peter Kille
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffCFUK
| | - George G. Brown
- Department of Soil ScienceFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
- Embrapa FlorestasColomboPRBrazil
| | - Luís Cunha
- Centre for Functional EcologyDepartment of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of South WalesPontypriddCFUK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Petrosky AL, Rowsey DM, Heaney LR. Molecular assessment of dietary niche partitioning in an endemic island radiation of tropical mammals. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5858-5873. [PMID: 34460971 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Island radiations represent unique evolutionary histories in unique ecological contexts. These radiations provide opportunities to investigate ecological diversification in groups that typically exhibit niche partitioning among their constituents, including partitioning of food resources. DNA metabarcoding produces finer levels of diet identification than traditional methods, allowing us to examine dietary niche partitioning in communities or clades in which species share superficially similar diets. Here, we use DNA metabarcoding to investigate dietary niche partitioning in an endemic radiation of mammals in the Philippines. Our data reveal niche partitioning as well as phylogenetically-uncorrelated adaptive evolution in this small mammal community. Because 70% of the focal species belong to the tribe Chrotomyini, an endemic Philippine radiation of murid rodents that feed extensively on earthworms, this study sheds light on dietary adaptation and its role in the co-occurrence of closely related species. Our results reveal fine-scale resource partitioning within this community; our data provide compelling evidence for niche partitioning of diet that was masked by previous diet categories and will help in further dissecting the model adaptive radiation of endemic small mammals on Luzon. This study reinforces the notion that DNA metabarcoding can be a valuable tool for investigating both ecological relationships and evolutionary ecology at the community and phylogenetic level, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Petrosky
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huerta-Lwanga E, Mendoza-Vega J, Ribeiro O, Gertsen H, Peters P, Geissen V. Is the Polylactic Acid Fiber in Green Compost a Risk for Lumbricus terrestris and Triticum aestivum? Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:703. [PMID: 33652590 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) bioplastic was introduced to the market as an environmentally friendly potential solution for plastic pollution. However, the effects of bioplastic debris mixed with composts on soil macroinvertebrates, plant growth and soil conditions are still unknown. Soil macroinvertebrates are soil health indicators. A reduction in their abundance is a sign of soil degradation. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess PLA debris in greenhouse composts, and (ii) to test the ecotoxicological effects of PLA debris mixed with compost on Lumbricus terrestris, a soil organism model, and on Triticum aestevium, a plant growth model. The study was comprised of three stages: (1) determine the PLA debris size distribution in composts; (2) assess the ecotoxicological effects of real-world concentrations (0% to 5%) of PLA mixed with compost on earthworm mortality and reproduction; and (3) assess the influence of compost mixed with real-world PLA concentrations on plant growth and physicochemical soil conditions. One percent of PLA debris was found in green composts, 40% of composted PLA debris measured between 1-10 mm, with a concentration of 82.8 ± 17.4 microplastics.gram-1 compost. A concentration of 1% PLA in composts resulted in significant mortality in earthworms. No significant effects of PLA mixed with composts were observed on plant growth or soil physicochemical conditions. Further studies are required in order to test the effect of this biopolymer on different earthworm and plant' species.
Collapse
|
36
|
Song K, Sun Y, Qin Q, Sun L, Zheng X, Terzaghi W, Lv W, Xue Y. The Effects of Earthworms on Fungal Diversity and Community Structure in Farmland Soil With Returned Straw. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:594265. [PMID: 33391211 PMCID: PMC7773728 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To promote the decomposition of returned straw, reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases caused by returned straw, and accelerate the conversion of straw carbon into soil carbon, we inoculated earthworms into fields with returned straw. The earthworms accelerated straw degradation and promoted carbon conversion. However, the impact of externally inoculated earthworms on the farmland soil ecosystem, especially the structure and the function of its microbial community, remains unclear. METHODS We analyzed the effects of straw return and earthworms on the diversity of fungal populations and the community structure of dominant fungal taxa in soil by quantifying fungal population size and community composition via PCR amplification of internal transcribed spacer genes and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS The results showed that earthworm inoculation significantly accelerated the degradation of rice straw and promoted the conversion of straw carbon to soil carbon. Both fungal abundance and α-diversity (Sobs and Shannon indices) were higher in the plots with surface straw but without earthworms than in those inoculated with earthworms and in the CK. Principal component analysis indicated that straw return increased the diversity and the abundance of the fungal community, whereas earthworms inhibited this expansion of the fungal community caused by straw return. Interestingly, the overall differences in fungal community composition were smallest in plots with straw return, while the dominant fungal community features in plots inoculated with earthworms were closer to those of the CK. CONCLUSION Generally, straw return stimulated unclassified_K_fungi, Pseudeurotium, and Fusarium with strong cellulolytic ability. In contrast, the abundances of Stachybotrys, unclassified_c_Sordariomycetes, unclassified_f_Lasiosphaeriaceae, and Schizothecium were higher in the plots inoculated with earthworms and in the CK. Furthermore, evolutionary analysis showed that the evolution of soil fungal communities tended to diverge after straw return, and the evolutionary directions of fungal species in the plots inoculated with earthworms were similar to those in the CK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Song
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqing Zheng
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, United States
| | - Weiguang Lv
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Eco-Environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shekhovtsov SV, Shipova AA, Poluboyarova TV, Vasiliev GV, Golovanova EV, Geraskina AP, Bulakhova NA, Szederjesi T, Peltek SE. Species Delimitation of the Eisenia nordenskioldi Complex (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) Using Transcriptomic Data. Front Genet 2020; 11:598196. [PMID: 33365049 PMCID: PMC7750196 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.598196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eisenia nordenskioldi (Eisen, 1879) is the only autochthonous Siberian earthworm with a large distribution that ranges from tundra to steppe and broadleaved forests. This species has a very high morphological, ecological, karyological, and genetic diversity, so it was proposed that E. nordenskioldi should be split into several species. However, the phylogeny of the complex was unclear due to the low resolution of the methods used and the high diversity that should have been taken into account. We investigated this question by (1) studying the diversity of the COI gene of E. nordenskioldi throughout its range and (2) sequencing transcriptomes of different genetic lineages to infer its phylogeny. We found that E. nordenskioldi is monophyletic and is split into two clades. The first one includes the pigmented genetic lineages widespread in the northern and western parts of the distribution, and the second one originating from the southern and southeastern part of the species' range and representing both pigmented and non-pigmented forms. We propose to split the E. nordenskioldi complex into two species, E. nordenskioldi and Eisenia sp. 1 (aff. E. nordenskioldi), corresponding to these two clades. The currently recognized non-pigmented subspecies E. n. pallida will be abolished as a polyphyletic and thus a non-natural taxon, while Eisenia sp. 1 will be expanded to include several lineages earlier recognized as E. n. nordenskioldi and E. n. pallida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Shekhovtsov
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Kurchatov Genomic Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Biocenology, Institute of Biological Problems of the North of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Shipova
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Kurchatov Genomic Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Poluboyarova
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Kurchatov Genomic Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Biocenology, Institute of Biological Problems of the North of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
| | - Gennady V Vasiliev
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V Golovanova
- Laboratory of Systematics and Ecology of Invertebrates, Omsk State Pedagogical University, Omsk, Russia
| | - Anna P Geraskina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina A Bulakhova
- Laboratory of Biocenology, Institute of Biological Problems of the North of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia.,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tímea Szederjesi
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergei E Peltek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Kurchatov Genomic Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Semerad J, Pacheco NIN, Grasserova A, Prochazkova P, Pivokonsky M, Pivokonska L, Cajthaml T. In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E2189. [PMID: 33153039 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, nanomaterials based on nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) have ranked among the most utilized remediation technologies for soil and groundwater cleanup. The high reduction capacity of elemental iron (Fe0) allows for the rapid and cost-efficient degradation or transformation of many organic and inorganic pollutants. Although worldwide real and pilot applications show promising results, the effects of nZVI on exposed living organisms are still not well explored. The majority of the recent studies examined toxicity to microbes and to a lesser extent to other organisms that could also be exposed to nZVI via nanoremediation applications. In this work, a novel approach using amoebocytes, the immune effector cells of the earthworm Eisenia andrei, was applied to study the toxicity mechanisms of nZVI. The toxicity of the dissolved iron released during exposure was studied to evaluate the effect of nZVI aging with regard to toxicity and to assess the true environmental risks. The impact of nZVI and associated iron ions was studied in vitro on the subcellular level using different toxicological approaches, such as short-term immunological responses and oxidative stress. The results revealed an increase in reactive oxygen species production following nZVI exposure, as well as a dose-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and necrosis were detected upon exposure to ferric and ferrous ions, although no lethal effects were observed at environmentally relevant nZVI concentrations. The decreased phagocytic activity further confirmed sublethal adverse effects, even after short-term exposure to ferric and ferrous iron. Detection of sublethal effects, including changes in oxidative stress-related markers such as reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production revealed that nZVI had minimal impacts on exposed earthworm cells. In comparison to other works, this study provides more details regarding the effects of the individual iron forms associated with nZVI aging and the cell toxicity effects on the specific earthworms' immune cells that represent a suitable model for nanomaterial testing.
Collapse
|
39
|
Bodó K, Baranzini N, Girardello R, Kokhanyuk B, Németh P, Hayashi Y, Grimaldi A, Engelmann P. Nanomaterials and Annelid Immunity: A Comparative Survey to Reveal the Common Stress and Defense Responses of Two Sentinel Species to Nanomaterials in the Environment. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:biology9100307. [PMID: 32977601 PMCID: PMC7598252 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanotechnology is a dynamically developing field producing large amounts of nanocompounds that are applied in industry, daily life, and health care. During production, use, and waste these materials could end up in water or soil. Large scale contaminations of our environment are a threat to public health. Pollution can have harmful effects on the immune system, as revealed by numerous studies in humans and other vertebrates. The relative simplicity of invertebrate immune functions offers potentially sensitive and accessible means of monitoring the effects and complex interactions of nanoparticles which ultimately affect host resistance. Among terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates, earthworms and leeches are the “keystone” species to evaluate the health of our ecosystems. In this review we compare the conserved stress and immune responses of these invertebrate model organisms toward nanoparticles. The obtained knowledge provides exciting insights into the conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms of nanomaterial-related toxicity in invertebrates and vertebrates. Understanding the unique characteristics of engineered nanoproducts and their interactions with biological systems in our environment is essential to the safe realization of these materials in novel biomedical applications. Abstract Earthworms and leeches are sentinel animals that represent the annelid phylum within terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, respectively. One early stress signal in these organisms is related to innate immunity, but how nanomaterials affect it is poorly characterized. In this survey, we compare the latest literature on earthworm and leeches with examples of their molecular/cellular responses to inorganic (silver nanoparticles) and organic (carbon nanotubes) nanomaterials. A special focus is placed on the role of annelid immunocytes in the evolutionarily conserved antioxidant and immune mechanisms and protein corona formation and probable endocytosis pathways involved in nanomaterial uptake. Our summary helps to realize why these environmental sentinels are beneficial to study the potential detrimental effects of nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Bodó
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Nicoló Baranzini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Rossana Girardello
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Bohdana Kokhanyuk
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
| | - Yuya Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (N.B.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
| | - Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary; (K.B.); (B.K.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (P.E.); Tel.: +39-0332-421-325 (A.G.); +36-72-536-288 (P.E.); Fax: +39-0332-421-326 (A.G.); +36-72-536-289 (P.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vischetti C, Casucci C, De Bernardi A, Monaci E, Tiano L, Marcheggiani F, Ciani M, Comitini F, Marini E, Taskin E, Puglisi E. Sub-Lethal Effects of Pesticides on the DNA of Soil Organisms as Early Ecotoxicological Biomarkers. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1892. [PMID: 33013727 PMCID: PMC7461845 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the researches performed in the last years to assess the impact of pesticide sub-lethal doses on soil microorganisms and non-target organisms in agricultural soil ecosystems. The overview was developed through the careful description and a critical analysis of three methodologies based on culture-independent approaches involving DNA extraction and sequencing (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE; next-generation sequencing, NGS) to characterize the microbial population and DNA damage assessment (comet assay) to determine the effect on soil invertebrates. The examination of the related published articles showed a continuous improvement of the possibility to detect the detrimental effect of the pesticides on soil microorganisms and non-target organisms at sub-lethal doses, i.e., doses which have no lethal effect on the organisms. Considering the overall critical discussion on microbial soil monitoring in the function of pesticide treatments, we can confirm the usefulness of PCR-DGGE as a screening technique to assess the genetic diversity of microbial communities. Nowadays, DGGE remains a preliminary technique to highlight rapidly the main differences in microbial community composition, which is able to give further information if coupled with culture-dependent microbiological approaches, while thorough assessments must be gained by high-throughput techniques such as NGS. The comet assay represents an elective technique for assessing genotoxicity in environmental biomonitoring, being mature after decades of implementation and widely used worldwide for its direct, simple, and affordable implementation. Nonetheless, in order to promote the consistency and reliability of results, regulatory bodies should provide guidelines on the optimal use of this tool, strongly indicating the most reliable indicators of DNA damage. This review may help the European Regulation Authority in deriving new ecotoxicological endpoints to be included in the Registration Procedure of new pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Vischetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Casucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Arianna De Bernardi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elga Monaci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Comitini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Enrica Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eren Taskin
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Edoardo Puglisi
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Swart E, Dvorak J, Hernádi S, Goodall T, Kille P, Spurgeon D, Svendsen C, Prochazkova P. The Effects of In Vivo Exposure to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on the Gut Microbiome, Host Immunity, and Susceptibility to a Bacterial Infection in Earthworms. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1337. [PMID: 32659907 PMCID: PMC7408611 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) can interact with the innate immunity of organisms. It remains, however, unclear whether these interactions can compromise the immune functioning of the host when faced with a disease threat. Co-exposure with pathogens is thus a powerful approach to assess the immuno-safety of NMs. In this paper, we studied the impacts of in vivo exposure to a biocidal NM on the gut microbiome, host immune responses, and susceptibility of the host to a bacterial challenge in an earthworm. Eisenia fetida were exposed to CuO-nanoparticles in soil for 28 days, after which the earthworms were challenged with the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Immune responses were monitored by measuring mRNA levels of known earthworm immune genes. Effects of treatments on the gut microbiome were also assessed to link microbiome changes to immune responses. Treatments caused a shift in the earthworm gut microbiome. Despite these effects, no impacts of treatment on the expression of earthworm immune markers were recorded. The methodological approach applied in this paper provides a useful framework for improved assessment of immuno-safety of NMs. In addition, we highlight the need to investigate time as a factor in earthworm immune responses to NM exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Swart
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK; (T.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Szabolcs Hernádi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (S.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Tim Goodall
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK; (T.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (S.H.); (P.K.)
| | - David Spurgeon
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK; (T.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Claus Svendsen
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK; (T.G.); (D.S.)
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (J.D.); (P.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gómez-Brandón M, Aira M, Santana N, Pérez-Losada M, Domínguez J. Temporal Dynamics of Bacterial Communities in a Pilot-Scale Vermireactor Fed with Distilled Grape Marc. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050642. [PMID: 32354197 PMCID: PMC7284424 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vermicomposting has been found as a profitable approach to dispose of and treat large quantities of raw grape marc. However, less information is available with regard to its efficiency for treating distillery winery byproducts, even though distillation has been widely used as a way to economically valorize grape marc. As such, we sought to characterize the compositional and functional changes in bacterial communities during vermicomposting of distilled grape marc by using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Samples were collected at the initiation of vermicomposting and at days 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42. There were significant changes (p < 0.0001) in the bacterial community composition of distilled grape marc after 14 days of vermicomposting that were accompanied by twofold increases in bacterial richness and diversity from a taxonomic and phylogenetic perspective. This was followed by significant increases in functional diversity of the bacterial community, including metabolic capacity, lignin and cellulose metabolism, and salicylic acid synthesis. These findings indicate that the most striking compositional and functional bacterial community changes took place during the active phase of the process. They also pinpoint functional attributes that may be related to the potential beneficial effects of distilled grape marc vermicompost when applied on soil and plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Brandón
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Manuel Aira
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Natielo Santana
- Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97119-900 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Earthworms are important organisms in soil communities and are known for sustaining the life of the soil. They are used as a model organism in environmental risk assessment of chemicals and soil toxicology. Soil provides physical and nutritive support to agriculture system by regulating biogeochemical cycles, nutrient cycle, waste degradation, organic matter degradation etc. The biggest threat to soil health are pesticides and synthetic chemicals including fertilizers. Earthworms are most severely hit by these xenobiotic compounds leading to a sizeable reduction of their population and adversely affecting soil fertility. Earthworms are incredible soil organisms playing a crucial role in maintaining soil health. Pesticides used in crop management are known to be most over-purchased and irrationally used soil toxicants, simultaneously, used insecticides contribute to a quantum of damage to earthworms and other non-target organisms. LC50 and LD50 studies revealed that earthworms are highly susceptible to insecticides causing immobility, rigidity and also show a significant effect on biomass reduction, growth and reproduction by disrupting various physiological activities leading to loss of earthworm population and soil biodiversity.
Collapse
|
44
|
Shekhovtsov SV, Rapoport IB, Poluboyarova TV, Geraskina AP, Golovanova EV, Peltek SE. Morphotypes and genetic diversity of Dendrobaena schmidti (Lumbricidae, Annelida). Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:48-54. [PMID: 33659780 PMCID: PMC7716558 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobaena schmidti (Michaelsen, 1907) is a polymorphic earthworm species from the Caucasus and adjacent regions. Adult D. schmidti individuals have highly variable body size (from 1.5 to well over 10 cm) and color (from dark purple to total lack of pigmentation), so a lot of subspecies of D. schmidti have been described; however, the existence of most of them is currently under dispute. We studied the genetic diversity of D. schmidti from seven locations from the Western Caucasus using mitochondrial (a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene) and nuclear (internal ribosomal transcribed spacer 2) DNA. For both genes studied, we found that our sample was split into two groups. The first group included somewhat bigger (3–7.5 cm) individuals that were only slightly pigmented or totally unpigmented (when fixed by ethanol). The second group contained small (1.7–3.5 cm) specimens with dark purple pigmentation. In one of the studied locations these two groups were found in sympatry. However, there were no absolute differences either in general appearance (pigmented/unpigmented, small/big) or among diagnostic characters. Although the two groups differed in size (the majority of individuals from the first group were 5–6 cm long, and of the second one, 2–3 cm), the studied samples overlapped to a certain degree. Pigmentation, despite apparent differences, was also unreliable, since it was heavily affected by fixation of the specimens. Thus, based on the obtained data we can conclude that D. schmidti consists of at least two species that have identical states of diagnostic characters, but differ in general appearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Shekhovtsov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Suberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Biological Problems of the North of Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I B Rapoport
- Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nalchik, Russia
| | - T V Poluboyarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Suberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Biological Problems of the North of Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
| | - A P Geraskina
- Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - S E Peltek
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Suberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang H, Li J, Zhang Y, Huang K. Quality of Vermicompost and Microbial Community Diversity Affected by the Contrasting Temperature during Vermicomposting of Dewatered Sludge. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E1748. [PMID: 32156070 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature on the quality of vermicompost and microbial profiles of dewatered sludge during vermicomposting. To do this, fresh sludge was separately vermicomposted with the earthworm Eisenia fetida under different temperature regimes, specifically, 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C. The results showed that the growth rate of earthworms increased with temperature. Moreover, the lowest organic matter content along with the highest electrical conductivity, ammonia, and nitrate content in sludge were recorded for 25 °C indicating that increasing temperature significantly accelerated decomposition, mineralization, and nitrification. In addition, higher temperature significantly enhanced microbial activity in the first 30 days of vermicomposting, also exhibiting the fastest stabilization at 25 °C. High throughput sequencing results further revealed that the alpha diversity of the bacterial community was enhanced with increasing temperature resulting in distinct bacterial genera in each vermicompost. This study suggests that quality of vermicompost and dominant bacterial community are strongly influenced by the contrasting temperature during vermicomposting of sludge, with the optimal performance at 25 °C.
Collapse
|
46
|
Dong Y, Jiang J, Yuan Z, Zhao Q, Qiu J. Population Genetic Structure Reveals Two Lineages of Amynthas triastriatus (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in China, with Notes on a New Subspecies of Amynthas triastriatus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E1538. [PMID: 32120953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amynthas triastriatus (Oligochaete: Megascolecidae) is a widely distributed endemic species in Southern China. To shed light on the population genetic diversity and to elucidate the population differentiation and dispersal of A. triastriatus, a population genetic structure study was undertaken based on samples from 35 locations collected from 2010 to 2016. Two exclusive lineages within A. triastriatus-lineage A and lineage B-were revealed. Lineage A was mainly distributed at high altitudes while lineage B was mainly distributed at low altitudes in Southeast China. The genetic diversity indices indicated that the populations of A. triastriatus had a strong genetic structure and distinct dispersal histories underlying the haplogroups observed in this study. Combined with morphological differences, these results indicated a new cryptic subspecies of A. triastriatus. Lineage A was almost degenerated to parthenogenesis and lineage B had a trend to parthenogenesis, which suggested that parthenogenesis could be an internal factor that influenced the differentiation and dispersal of A. triastriatus. The divergence time estimates showed that A. triastriatus originated around Guangxi and Guangdong provinces and generated into two main lineages 2.97 Ma (95%: 2.17-3.15 Ma) at the time of Quaternary glaciation (2.58 Ma), which suggested that the Quaternary glaciation may have been one of main factors that promoted the colonization of A. triastriatus.
Collapse
|
47
|
Bowser ML, Brassfield R, Dziergowski A, Eskelin T, Hester J, Magness DR, McInnis M, Melvin T, Morton JM, Stone J. Towards conserving natural diversity: A biotic inventory by observations, specimens, DNA barcoding and high-throughput sequencing methods. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e50124. [PMID: 32165853 PMCID: PMC7058680 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e50124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kenai National Wildlife Refuge has been given a broad conservation mandate to conserve natural diversity. A prerequisite for fulfilling this purpose is to be able to identify the species and communities that make up that biodiversity. We tested a set of varied methods for inventory and monitoring of plants, birds and terrestrial invertebrates on a grid of 40 sites in a 938 ha study area in the Slikok Creek watershed, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. We sampled plants and lichens through observation and specimen-based methods. We surveyed birds using bird call surveys on variable circular plots. We sampled terrestrial arthropods by sweep net sampling, processing samples with High Throughput Sequencing methods. We surveyed for earthworms, using the hot mustard extraction method and identified worm specimens by morphology and DNA barcoding. We examined community membership using clustering methods and Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling. We documented a total of 4,764 occurrences of 984 species and molecular operational taxonomic units: 87 vascular plants, 51 mosses, 12 liverworts, 111 lichens, 43 vertebrates, 663 arthropods, 9 molluscs and 8 annelid worms. Amongst these records, 102 of the arthropod species appeared to be new records for Alaska. We found three non-native species: Deroceras agreste (Linnaeus, 1758) (Stylommatophora: Agriolimacidae), Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny, 1826) (Crassiclitellata: Lumbricidae) and Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallén, 1808) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Both D. octaedra and H. nemoratus were found at sites distant from obvious human disturbance. The 40 sites were grouped into five community groups: upland mixed forest, black spruce forest, open deciduous forest, shrub-sedge bog and willow. We demonstrated that, at least for a subset of species that could be detected using these methods, we were able to document current species distributions and assemblages in a way that could be efficiently repeated for the purposes of biomonitoring. While our methods could be improved and additional methods and groups could be added, our combination of techniques yielded a substantial portion of the data necessary for fulfilling Kenai National Wildlife Refuge's broad conservation purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lewis Bowser
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, Alaska, United States of AmericaU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife RefugeSoldotna, AlaskaUnited States of America
| | - Rebekah Brassfield
- Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, Montana, United States of AmericaSalish Kootenai CollegePablo, MontanaUnited States of America
| | - Annie Dziergowski
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, North Florida Ecological Services Office, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of AmericaU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, North Florida Ecological Services OfficeJacksonville, FloridaUnited States of America
| | - Todd Eskelin
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, Alaska, United States of AmericaU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife RefugeSoldotna, AlaskaUnited States of America
| | - Jennifer Hester
- City of Soldotna, Planning and Zoning Commision, Soldotna, Alaska, United States of AmericaCity of Soldotna, Planning and Zoning CommisionSoldotna, AlaskaUnited States of America
| | - Dawn Robin Magness
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, Alaska, United States of AmericaU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife RefugeSoldotna, AlaskaUnited States of America
| | - Mariah McInnis
- Auburn University, School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn, Alabama, United States of AmericaAuburn University, School of Forestry & Wildlife SciencesAuburn, AlabamaUnited States of America
| | - Tracy Melvin
- Michigan State University, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of AmericaMichigan State University, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries and WildlifeEast Lansing, MichiganUnited States of America
| | - John M. Morton
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (retired), Soldotna, Alaska, United States of AmericaU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (retired)Soldotna, AlaskaUnited States of America
| | - Joel Stone
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of AmericaUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanks, AlaskaUnited States of America
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zytynska SE, Eicher M, Rothballer M, Weisser WW. Microbial-Mediated Plant Growth Promotion and Pest Suppression Varies Under Climate Change. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:573578. [PMID: 33013998 PMCID: PMC7511531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.573578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is altering the dynamics of crop pests and diseases resulting in reduced crop yields. Using beneficial soil bacterial to increase crop health is a quickly developing area in sustainable agriculture, but it is unknown if climate change or interactions with other species could alter their effect. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Acidovorax radicis N35 is known to increase barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant growth under laboratory conditions, and we tested the stability of the plant-bacterial interactions when exposed to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) levels while infesting the aboveground leaves with cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae) and the soil with beneficial earthworms. Acidovorax radicis N35 increased plant growth and reduced insect growth - with greatest effect in a high-stress elevated O3 environment, but reduced effects under elevated CO2. Earthworms promoted both plant and insect growth, but inoculation with A. radicis N35 alleviated some of the earthworm-mediated increase in pest abundance, particularly in the ambient environment. The consistency of these beneficial effects highlights the potential of exploiting local species interactions for predicting and mitigating climate change effects in managed systems. We conclude that microbial bioprotectants have high potential for benefiting agriculture via plant-growth promotion and pest suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Zytynska
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sharon E. Zytynska,
| | - Moritz Eicher
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Institute of Network Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kolesnikova AA, Baturina MA, Shadrin DM, Konakova TN, Taskaeva AA. New records of Lumbricidae and Collembola in anthropogenic soils of East European tundra. Zookeys 2019; 885:15-25. [PMID: 31736616 PMCID: PMC6848234 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.885.37279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The terrestrial environment of the East European tundra consists of a mosaic of habitat types. In addition to the natural habitat diversity, various human-influenced types may occur. In the town of Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia the manure-enriched soils near hydrogen sulfide springs were observed. This site represents an unusually nutrient-rich location with considerable development of organic soils, in contrast to the naturally forming soils in East European tundra which are typically thin and nutrient poor. In these organic soils, two species of Lumbricidae and two species of Collembola previously not recorded from the natural ecosystems in the study area of research territory were found. One earthworm species, Dendrodrilusrubidustenuis, is likely to have been introduced. The presence of the three other species (Eiseniellatetraedra, Folsomiafimetaria, and Proisotomaminuta) is quite natural in East European tundra and such anthropogenic soils with high organic content may be a good habitat for them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alla A Kolesnikova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaja, 28, RU-167000, Syktyvkar, Russia Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Syktyvkar Russia
| | - Maria A Baturina
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaja, 28, RU-167000, Syktyvkar, Russia Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Syktyvkar Russia
| | - Dmitry M Shadrin
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaja, 28, RU-167000, Syktyvkar, Russia Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Syktyvkar Russia
| | - Tatyana N Konakova
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaja, 28, RU-167000, Syktyvkar, Russia Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Syktyvkar Russia
| | - Anastasia A Taskaeva
- Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kommunisticheskaja, 28, RU-167000, Syktyvkar, Russia Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Syktyvkar Russia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gómez Brandón M, Aira M, Kolbe AR, de Andrade N, Pérez-Losada M, Domínguez J. Rapid Bacterial Community Changes during Vermicomposting of Grape Marc Derived from Red Winemaking. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E473. [PMID: 31635111 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies dealing with changes in microbial communities during vermicomposting were mostly performed at lab-scale conditions and by using low-throughput techniques. Therefore, we sought to characterize the bacterial succession during the vermicomposting of grape marc over a period of 91 days in a pilot-scale vermireactor. Samples were taken at the initiation of vermicomposting, and days 14, 28, 42, and 91, representing both active and mature stages of vermicomposting. By using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, significant changes in the bacterial community composition of grape marc were found after 14 days and throughout the process (p < 0.0001). There was also an increase in bacterial diversity, both taxonomic and phylogenetic, from day 14 until the end of the trial. We found the main core microbiome comprised of twelve bacterial taxa (~16.25% of the total sequences) known to be capable of nitrogen fixation and to confer plant-disease suppression. Accordingly, functional diversity included increases in specific genes related to nitrogen fixation and synthesis of plant hormones (salicylic acid) after 91 days. Together, the findings support the use of grape marc vermicompost for sustainable practices in the wine industry by disposing of this high-volume winery by-product and capturing its value to improve soil fertility.
Collapse
|