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Davis B, Genzer J, Efimenko K, Abolhasani M. Continuous Ligand-Free Catalysis Using a Hybrid Polymer Network Support. JACS AU 2023; 3:2226-2236. [PMID: 37654589 PMCID: PMC10466318 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries primarily utilize batch homogeneous reactions to carry out chemical transformations, emerging platforms seek to improve existing shortcomings by designing effective heterogeneous catalysis systems in continuous flow reactors. In this work, we present a versatile network-supported palladium (Pd) catalyst using a hybrid polymer of poly(methylvinylether-alt-maleic anhydride) and branched polyethyleneimine for intensified continuous flow synthesis of complex organic compounds via heterogeneous Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and nitroarene hydrogenation reactions. The hydrophilicity of the hybrid polymer network facilitates the reagent mass transfer throughout the bulk of the catalyst particles. Through rapid automated exploration of the continuous and discrete parameters, as well as substrate scope screening, we identified optimal hybrid network-supported Pd catalyst composition and process parameters for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl bromides with steady-state yields up to 92% with a nominal residence time of 20 min. The developed heterogeneous catalytic system exhibits high activity and mechanical stability with no detectable Pd leaching at reaction temperatures up to 95 °C. Additionally, the versatility of the hybrid network-supported Pd catalyst is demonstrated by successfully performing continuous nitroarene hydrogenation with short residence times (<5 min) at room temperature. Room temperature hydrogenation yields of >99% were achieved in under 2 min nominal residence times with no leaching and catalyst deactivation for more than 20 h continuous time on stream. This catalytic system shows its industrial utility with significantly improved reaction yields of challenging substrates and its utility of environmentally-friendly solvent mixtures, high reusability, scalable and cost-effective synthesis, and multi-reaction successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley
A. Davis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Kirill Efimenko
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
- Biomanufacturing
Training and Education Center, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
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2
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Scaiano JC, Wang B, Bourgonje CR, Yaghmaei M. The nitro to amine reduction: from millions of tons to single molecule studies. PURE APPL CHEM 2023; 95:913-920. [PMID: 38013690 PMCID: PMC10505479 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2023-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Palladium nanostructures are interesting heterogeneous catalysts because of their high catalytic activity in a vast range of highly relevant reactions such as cross couplings, dehalogenations, and nitro-to-amine reductions. In the latter case, the catalyst Pd@GW (palladium on glass wool) shows exceptional performance and durability in reducing nitrobenzene to aniline under ambient conditions in aqueous solutions. To enhance our understanding, we use a combination of optical and electron microscopy, in-flow single molecule fluorescence, and bench chemistry combined with a fluorogenic system to develop an intimate understanding of Pd@GW in nitro-to-amine reductions. We fully characterize our catalyst in situ using advanced microscopy techniques, providing deep insights into its catalytic performance. We also explore Pd cluster migration on the surface of the support under flow conditions, providing insights into the mechanism of catalysis. We show that even under flow, Pd migration from anchoring sites seems to be minimal over 4 h, with the catalyst stability assisted by APTES anchoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Connor R. Bourgonje
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mahzad Yaghmaei
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONK1N 6N5, Canada
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3
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da Silva DC, Mapukata S, Currie S, Kitos AA, Lanterna AE, Nyokong T, Scaiano JC. Fibrous TiO 2 Alternatives for Semiconductor-Based Catalysts for Photocatalytic Water Remediation Involving Organic Contaminants. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21585-21593. [PMID: 37360451 PMCID: PMC10286280 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Water decontamination remains a challenge in several developed and developing countries. Affordable and efficient approaches are needed urgently. In this scenario, heterogeneous photocatalysts appear as one of the most promising alternatives. This justifies the extensive attention that semiconductors, such as TiO2, have gained over the last decades. Several studies have evaluated their efficiency for environmental applications; however, most of these tests rely on the use of powder materials that have minimal to no applicability for large-scale applications. In this work, we investigated three fibrous TiO2 photocatalysts, TiO2 nanofibers (TNF), TiO2 on glass wool (TGW), and TiO2 in glass fiber filters (TGF). All materials have macroscopic structures that can be easily separated from solutions or that can work as fixed beds under flow conditions. We evaluated and compared their ability to bleach a surrogate dye molecule, crocin, under batch and flow conditions. Using black light (UVA/visible), our catalysts were able to bleach a minimum of 80% of the dye in batch experiments. Under continuous flow experiments, all catalysts could decrease dye absorption under shorter irradiation times: TGF, TNF, and TGW could, respectively, bleach 15, 18, and 43% of the dye with irradiation times as short as 35 s. Catalyst comparison was based on the selection of physical and chemical criteria relevant for application on water remediation. Their relative performance was ranked and applied in a radar plot. The features evaluated here had two distinct groups, chemical performance, which related to the dye degradation, and mechanical properties, which described their applicability in different systems. This comparative analysis gives insights into the selection of the right flow-compatible photocatalyst for water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliane
R. C. da Silva
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sivuyisiwe Mapukata
- Institute
for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Sara Currie
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexandros A. Kitos
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anabel E. Lanterna
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute
for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Gong H, Zhang J, Li Q, Du M, Liu S, Jiang L, Shi XL. Cu-Based Catalysts Supported on H 3PO 4-Activated Coffee Biochar for Selective Reduction of Nitroaromatics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37314820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective reduction of nitroaromatics to the corresponding aromatic amines is extremely an attractive chemical process for both fundamental research and potential commercial applications. Herewith, we report that a highly dispersed Cu catalyst supported on H3PO4-activated coffee biochar and the resulting Cu/PBCR-600 catalyst show complete conversion of the nitroaromatics and >97.0% selectivity for the corresponding aromatic amines. The TOF of catalyzing the reduction of nitroaromatics (1.55-460.74 min-1) is approximately 2 to 15 times higher than those of previously reported non-noble and even noble metal catalysts. Additionally, Cu/PBCR-600 also shows high stability in catalytic recycles. Furthermore, it exhibits long-term catalytic stability (660 min) for practical application in a continuous-flow reactor. The characterizations and activity tests reveal that Cu0 existing in Cu/PBCR-600 acts as an active site in nitroaromatics reduction. Also, the further characterization by FTIR and UV-vis demonstrates that N, P co-doped coffee biochar could selectively adsorb and activate the nitro group of nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Gong
- Synergism Innovative Center of Coal Safety Production in Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Synergism Innovative Center of Coal Safety Production in Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Synergism Innovative Center of Coal Safety Production in Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Synergism Innovative Center of Coal Safety Production in Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Synergism Innovative Center of Coal Safety Production in Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Synergism Innovative Center of Coal Safety Production in Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Lei Shi
- Synergism Innovative Center of Coal Safety Production in Henan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, P. R. China
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Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes by an Efficient Co@NC/AC Catalyst. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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