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Novak M, Ormsby B. Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Paints: A Literature Review of Material Properties, Ageing Characteristics, and Conservation Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4348. [PMID: 38006073 PMCID: PMC10675057 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their development in the 1950s, poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] paints (also known as vinyl) have been used by many artists, most notably in countries such as Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom; they are also used globally as a common binder for house paints. However, only a relatively limited number of heritage scientific studies have focused on vinyl paints. Consequently, many critical aspects of this material, such as the degradation processes, variations in paint formulations, and responses to conservation treatments, remain largely understudied. This article aims to summarise the available relevant information on poly(vinyl acetate) paints from both the scientific and the conservation practice perspectives. The article provides a brief overview of the development of poly(vinyl acetate) paints as artist-grade and household products and the known differences in their formulations. It also focuses on poly(vinyl acetate) ageing behaviour, the physicochemical properties, the recent scientific research on poly(vinyl acetate) material characterisation and degradation, and the main conservation issues regarding these paints, such as those relating to cleaning treatments.
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2
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Costantini R, Nodari L, La Nasa J, Modugno F, Bonasera L, Rago S, Zoleo A, Legnaioli S, Tomasin P. Preserving the Ephemeral: A Micro-Invasive Study on a Set of Polyurethane Scenic Objects from the 1960s and 1970s. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092111. [PMID: 37177259 PMCID: PMC10181275 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the innovative materials used by 20th-century artists, polyurethane (PUR) has been shown to be highly unstable, and therefore artworks made of it are now in need of careful conservation strategies. This study presents a multi-analytical investigation of PUR foam scenic objects originally made between the 1960s and 1970s during the Italian Arte Viva movement. The main components in the foam and additives were characterized through micro attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (μ-ATR-FTIR) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Painted samples were further investigated through μ-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to define binders and pigments. The use of μ-ATR-FTIR in combination with evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) allowed the variable conditions of the artworks to be assessed and attained some insights into the chemical processes responsible for aging. At the same time, morphological changes due to the degradation phenomena were recorded through optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The detailed characterization of the PUR foam and painting materials was helpful in attaining some insights into harmful environmental parameters for the artworks, thus informing preventive conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Costantini
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, (ICMATE-CNR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Nodari
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, (ICMATE-CNR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Bonasera
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Rago
- Department of Cultural Heritage: Archaeology and History of Art, Cinema and Music, University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, 35139 Padova, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zoleo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Legnaioli
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, (ICCOM-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Tomasin
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, (ICMATE-CNR), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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3
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Guarnieri N, Ghirardello M, Goidanich S, Comelli D, Dellasega D, Cotte M, Fontana E, Toniolo L. Imaging and micro-invasive analyses of black stains on the passepartout of Codex Atlanticus Folio 843 by Leonardo da Vinci. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4902. [PMID: 36966150 PMCID: PMC10039911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper accounts for the diagnostic campaign aimed at understanding the phenomenon of black stains appeared on the passepartout close to the margins of Folio 843 of Leonardo da Vinci's Codex Atlanticus. Previous studies excluded microbiological deterioration processes. The study is based on a multi-analytical approach, including non-invasive imaging measurements of the folio, micro-imaging and synchrotron spectroscopy investigations of passepartout fragments at different magnifications and spectral ranges. Photoluminescence hyperspectral and lifetime imaging highlighted that black stains are not composed of fluorescent materials. μATR-FTIR imaging of fragments from the passepartout revealed the presence of a mixture of starch and PVAc glues localized only in the stained areas close to the margin of the folio. FE-SEM observations showed that the dark stains are localized inside cavities formed among cellulose fibers, where an accumulation of inorganic roundish particles (∅100-200 nm in diameter size), composed of Hg and S, was detected. Finally, by employing synchrotron μXRF, μXANES and HR-XRD analyses it was possible to identify these particles as metacinnabar (β-HgS). Further research is needed to assess the chemical process leading to the metacinnabar formation in the controlled conservation condition of Leonardo's Codex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Guarnieri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Ghirardello
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Goidanich
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Comelli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - David Dellasega
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marine Cotte
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structural (LAMS) CNRS UMR 8220, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Elena Fontana
- Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Piazza Pio XI 2, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Toniolo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Geddes da Filicaia E, Evershed RP, Peggie DA. Review of recent advances on the use of mass spectrometry techniques for the study of organic materials in painted artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340575. [PMID: 36764767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of painted artworks using scientific methods is fundamental for understanding the techniques used in their creation and their appropriate conservation. The ethical constraints involved in the handling of, and sampling from, these objects has steered recent developments in the field of Heritage science towards a range of new non-invasive/non-destructive spectroscopic techniques capable of providing important insights into their elemental or bulk chemical compositions. Due to the inherent complexities of heritage artefacts, however, their organic components are especially difficult to study in this way and their identification and degradation pathways are thus often best investigated using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The versatility, sensitivity and specificity of MS techniques are constantly increasing, with technological advances pushing the boundaries of their use in this field. The progress in the past ten years in the use of MS techniques for the analysis of paint media are described in the present review. While some historical context is included, the body of the review is structured around the five most widely used or emerging capabilities offered by MS. The first pertains to the use of spatially resolved MS to obtain chemical maps of components in cross-sections, which may yield information on both inorganic and organic materials, while the second area describes the development of novel sample preparation approaches for gas chromatography (GC)-MS to allow simultaneous analysis of a variety of components. The third focuses on thermally assisted analysis (either with direct MS or coupled with GC-MS), a powerful tool for studying macromolecules requiring zero (or minimal) sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the use of soft ionisation techniques often combined with high-resolution MS for the study of peptides (proteomics) and other macromolecules (such as oligosaccharides and triglycerides) is outlined. The fifth area covers the advances in radiocarbon dating of painting components with accelerator MS (AMS). Lastly, future applications of other MS techniques to the study of paintings are mentioned; such as direct analysis in real time MS (DART-MS) and stable isotope ratio MS (IRMS). The latter, having proven its efficiency for the study of lipids in archaeological artefacts, is envisioned to become a valuable tool for this area, whereas DART-MS is already being utilised to study the surface composition of various museum objects. Rapid technological advances, resulting in increased sensitivity and selectivity of MS techniques, are opening up new approaches for paintings analysis, overcoming the fundamental hurdle of sample size available for destructive analysis. Importantly, while the last decade has seen proteomics applications come to the fore, this review aims to emphasise the wider potential of advanced MS techniques for the study of painting materials and their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK; Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK.
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK
| | - David A Peggie
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK
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Low Temperature, In Situ Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate in Silica Containing Emulsion Gels. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/7849372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl acetate (VAc) was polymerized to about 90% conversion in 9 h at 40°C from the colloidal microstructure of the VAc/fumed silica/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) system. The glass transition (
) of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) polymerized in these emulsion gels with silica was higher (
) than those of PVAc made from bulk polymerization at 60°C (
) and the weight average molar mass (
) was also larger (
about 300 kg/mol) than those from bulk polymerization (
). Increased
,
, and lowered processing temperature for these composites could facilitate new applications for PVAc.
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Sethy SK, Majhi A, Brahma GS, Swain T. Thermal analysis of nano-crystallite phosphate containing composite paint enables for energy storage materials. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2023.2165689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisir Kumar Sethy
- Department of Chemistry, Model Degree College, Deogarh, Odisha, India
- P. G. Department of Chemistry, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, India;
| | | | - Gouri Sankhar Brahma
- Faculty of Science and Technology, ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Trilochan Swain
- P. G. Department of Chemistry, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha, India;
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Růžičková J, Raclavská H, Juchelková D, Šafář M, Kucbel M, Švédová B, Slamová K, Grobelak A. The use of polymer compounds in the deposits from the combustion of briquettes in domestic heating as an identifier of fuel quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8582-8600. [PMID: 34762237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of waste wood from furniture production brings new problems connected with an incomplete thermochemical decomposition of additives (chemicals for improving properties of plastics) in small heating with the addition of sources. Unique organic compounds produced by the combustion of waste wood allow the identification of the type of fuel. The organic compounds contained in the char deposits were analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The deposits from the combustion of briquettes from furniture production contain organic compounds originating by decomposition of phenolic resins, aminoplasts (urea-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde and melamine), polyurethanes and wood glue. Additives contained in the deposits include plasticisers such as phthalates (DEHP, dibutyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate), flame retardants (2-propanol, 1-chlorophosphate (3:1) and p-terphenyl). Deposits from the combustion of briquettes from virgin wood do not contain these compounds. The total amount of compounds identified in the deposits from the boiler, which do not come from virgin wood combustion, varies in the range between 4.25 and 6.25 g/kg. Phthalates (55.5%) and PVAc adhesives (18.6%) are the main anthropogenic compounds in the deposits from domestic boilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Růžičková
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Raclavská
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šafář
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kucbel
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Švédová
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Slamová
- Institute of Foreign Languages, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201, Czestochowa, Poland
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Microscopic Imaging Technology Assisted Dynamic Monitoring and Restoration of Micron-Level Cracks in the Painted Layer of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Western Han Dynasty. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040760. [PMID: 35215673 PMCID: PMC8877898 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracks are one of the most common issues affecting colored pottery relics; these can be divided into macroscopic cracks, recognizable by the human eye, and micron cracks, which cannot be observed by the naked eye. The gradual development of micron cracks eventually leads to large-scale cracks and the shedding of the coating layer. The repair of such micron cracks poses a key technical difficulty in restoring painted pottery remnants from the Western Han Dynasty. We attempt to solve this problem by reporting on a method that entails the use of a water-borne fluoropolymer material as the adhesive agent, as well as ultra-depth-of-field, digital microscopic imaging technology to build an operating platform for an optical imaging monitoring system. By making simulated ceramic samples, we systematically investigated the influences of water-borne fluoropolymer on chromaticity, adhesion, contact angle, surface morphology, and thermal stability of the paint layer. The results indicate that the color of the painted layer, when treated with the water-borne fluoropolymer, did not change, and the adhesion and contact angle of the painted layer were improved. Additionally, the outcomes of the SEM analysis show that the adhesion and hydrophobicity of the painted layer were improved because the water-borne fluoropolymer filled up the porous structure of the painted layer and covered the pigment particles. These findings demonstrate that aqueous, water-borne fluoropolymer can be used as an adhesive agent for micron cracks. Meanwhile, via the operating platform of the optical imaging monitoring system, the micron cracks of the painted terracotta warriors and horses from the Western Han Dynasty were successfully repaired using the water-borne fluoropolymer. The results imply that the microstructure, size, and geometric spaces of the cracks can be obtained directly utilizing microscopic imaging technology. The dynamic monitoring and imaging system described above can be employed to assist prosthetists in visualizing micro-repair operations in real time, assist with fine visual operations during the repair process, and realize dynamic video recording of the entire repair process. Our work provides a simple visualization method to repair micron-scale cracks in painted pottery relics by applying modern fluoropolymer and ultra-depth-of-field digital microscopic imaging technology.
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Marguí E, Queralt I, Pessanha S, Jablan J, Bačić I, Pavić M. Characterization of binders and pigments using an integrated analytical approach: Application to wooden reliefs created by Vasko Lipovac in the 1970s. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Tracing Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Emulsions by Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies: Identification of Spectral Markers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213609. [PMID: 34771166 PMCID: PMC8588451 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl emulsions started to be used by artists in paintings at least since the early 1960s, being now present in several artworks worldwide. However, different vinyl formulations can result in distinct behaviours over time, and if some artworks are currently showing a good condition, others already show damages due to the use of compositions more susceptible to degradation. For this reason, it is fundamental to identify the main components in the vinyl acetate-based (VAc-based) emulsion. This work focuses on the molecular study of VAc-based emulsions by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. It aims at deepening the knowledge on the variability of the composite formulation and on the identification of characteristic bands and spectral profiles (identified as spectral markers) for both polymer and additives. To this end, a broad set of vinyl emulsions was gathered, including reference materials, historical commercial brands in use by Portuguese artists, and commercial brands collected from industrial companies. The entire set includes vinyl homopolymers produced for the purpose of the study and known formulations of vinyl homopolymers and copolymers, with and without plasticisers, according to technical data sheets and previous studies. Furthermore, unknown formulations have been included to validate the usefulness of the identified spectral markers. This set has been studied in the form of solid films deposited in glass slides by infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (ATR-FTIR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman), both conducted in situ. As conclusions, the combined use of ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman proved to be very useful as different spectral markers were detected by each technique, confirming their complementarity. Besides the clear identification of vinyl acetate-based emulsions by both techniques, it was also possible to suggest spectral markers for the copolymerisation of vinyl acetate with vinyl versatate by µ-Raman, the stabilisation of the emulsion with poly(vinyl alcohol) by ATR-FTIR, and the addition of phthalates or benzoates plasticisers by both ATR-FTIR and µ-Raman.
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11
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Wójcik-Pastuszka D, Barczyszyn K, Musiał W. The Influence of the Hydrophobic Polymeric Coating on 5-ASA Release from the Bipolymeric Milibeads with Amidated Pectin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3924. [PMID: 34300842 PMCID: PMC8306472 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The industrial polymeric carriers for peroral mesalazine application exploit, i.a., cellulose or polyacrylic acid derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and modified starch. Pectins, as natural polymers, are interesting materials in pharmaceutical applications due to properties such as non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the release of the drug from coated pectin beads doped with synthetic polymers as drug carriers to the colon, as well as interactions between ingredients. The drug release was carried out using basket apparatus. The amount of 5-ASA (5-aminosalicylic acid, mesalazine) released to the pH = 7.4 buffer with pectinase was measured at selected time intervals using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The zero-, first-, and second-order kinetics, as well as Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixon-Crowell equations, were used to analyze the release pattern. The interactions between beads components were investigated employing FTIR spectrophotometry and DSC study. The dissolution of the drug was divided into two parts. It was found that the release of 5-ASA followed mainly the Higuchi equation. The mass transport in the first stage of the release followed a non-Fickian model and the parameter n was in the range of 0.74 ± 0.2-0.99 ± 0.2. The formulation doped with PA (polyacrylic acid) was the most appropriate and capable of overcoming the variable conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Witold Musiał
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 55-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.W.-P.); (K.B.)
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12
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Sá S, Hendriks L, Pombo Cardoso I, Hajdas I. Radiocarbon dating of lead white: novel application in the study of polychrome sculpture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13210. [PMID: 34168176 PMCID: PMC8225632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, radiocarbon dating underwent considerable technological advances allowing unprecedented sample size downscaling. These achievements introduced novel opportunities in dating cultural heritage objects. Within this pioneering research, the possibility of a direct 14C dating of lead white pigment and organic binder in paint samples was investigated on polychrome sculptures, a foremost artistic expression in human history. The polychromy, an indivisible part of polychrome sculpture, holds a key role in the interpretation and understanding of these artworks. Unlike in other painted artworks, the study of polychromies is repeatedly hampered by repaints and degradation. The omnipresence of lead white within the original polychromy was thus pursued as dating proxy. Thermal decomposition allowed bypassing geologic carbonate interferences caused by the object's support material, while an added solvent extraction successfully removed conservation products. This radiocarbon dating survey of the polychromy from 16 Portuguese medieval limestone sculptures confirmed that some were produced within the proposed chronologies while others were revised. Within this multidisciplinary study, the potential of radiocarbon dating as a complementary source of information about these complex paint systems guiding their interpretation is demonstrated. The challenges of this innovative approach are highlighted and improvements on sampling and sample preparation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sá
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE , NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Laura Hendriks
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institut Chemtech, School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Pombo Cardoso
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE , NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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From Street to Road: An Innovative Approach to Explore Discarded Chewing Gum as a Performance-Enhancing Modifier for Road Pavement Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121963. [PMID: 34198535 PMCID: PMC8231848 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To uncover the potential benefits of discarded chewing gum (DCG) as a performance-enhancing modifier for road pavement applications, its influence on the asphalt binder’s attributes was profoundly examined. The base AP-5 asphalt along with its specimens dosed with various fractions of DCG (e.g., 3, 6, and 9 wt%) were analyzed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Brookfield viscometer, ring and ball softening point, needle penetration, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests were adopted to inspect the physical and rheological changes of asphalt cement after DCG incorporation. FT-IR disclosed that the asphalt-gum interaction was not chemical but physical in nature, whilst XRD demonstrated the existence of talc filler in DCG, which may confer the bituminous mixes with exceptional engineering properties. Iatroscan analysis evinced that the gum treatment particularly altered the aromatic and resin fractions; meanwhile, the content of saturates and asphaltenes remained relatively unchanged. SEM divulged that the DCG has a complete dissolution within the bitumen matrix, which becomes rougher due to higher dose administration. AFM revealed that the steady gum introduction amplified the size of bee-like structures, shrunk their peri-phase domains, and wiped out the para-phase domains entirely. TGA/DTGA/DSC data highlighted that the high-temperature-stable additive slightly affected the thermal properties of blends. DSR and empirical rheological tests showed that the waste gum made the bitumen less vulnerable to heat and tender, thereby boosting its resistance against fatigue cracking at intermediate service temperatures. On top of that, DCG widened the thermal window of bitumen performance grade (PG), and preserved its viscosity at standard temperatures, leading to maintaining an appropriate workability for asphalt mix. In brief, the use of discarded chewing gum as an asphalt modifier is feasible and could mitigate plastic pollution and provide durable roadways by delivering superior performance.
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Pintus V, Piccolo A, Vetter W, Moretto LM, Sterflinger K, Schreiner M. What about Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) Foam in Modern-Contemporary Art? Insights into the Unaged and Naturally Aged Material by a Multi-Analytical Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121964. [PMID: 34198588 PMCID: PMC8232000 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ageing behavior of phenol formaldehyde (PF) foam, a material increasingly used in modern-contemporary art, was investigated by a multi-analytical approach. PF foams with open- and closed-cell structures were selected and analyzed in their unaged and naturally indoor-aged state by employing optical microscopy (OM) and fiber optical reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) for assessing their morphology and color alteration. Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR) was used for determining chemical changes and oxidation processes, and the acidity was monitored by pH measurements. The results clearly showed the extreme sensitivity of both open- and closed-cell PF foams to conditions typically found in indoor museums. OM indicated that the cells of the foams are prone to disrupt, and a tendency towards a red color shift was observed with FORS. μ-FTIR revealed the formation of quinone groups resulting from oxidation reactions. Finally, a slight decrease in the acidity was found by pH measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pintus
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (W.V.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Institute for Conservation-Restoration, Modern-Contemporary Art, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Mestre Venice, Italy; (A.P.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Wilfried Vetter
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (W.V.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Ligia Maria Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Mestre Venice, Italy; (A.P.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (W.V.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Manfred Schreiner
- Institute of Science and Technology in Art, Academy of Fine Arts, Schillerplatz 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria; (W.V.); (K.S.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Sabatini F, Manariti A, Girolamo FD, Bonaduce I, Tozzi L, Rava A, Colombini MP, Lluveras-Tenorio A. Painting on polyurethane foam: “Composizione-Superficie Lunare” by Giulio Turcato. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Enhancement of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Adhesion Performance by SiO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticles. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9110707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post press processes include various types of bonding and adhesives, depending upon the nature of adherends, the end use performance requirements and the adhesive bonding processes. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive is a widely used adhesive in the graphic industry for paper, board, leather and cloth. In this study, the enhancement of PVAc adhesion performance by adding different concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) of silica (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles was investigated. The morphology of investigated paper-adhesive samples was analyzed by SEM microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, the optimal adhesion at the interface of paper and adhesive was found according to calculated adhesion parameters by contact angle measurements (work of adhesion, surface free energy of interphase, wetting coefficient). According to obtained surface free energy (SFE) results, optimum nanoparticles concentration was 1%. The wettability of the paper-adhesive surface and low SFE of interphase turned out as a key for a good adhesion performance. The end use T-peel resistance test of adhesive joints confirmed enhancement of adhesion performance. The highest strength improvement was achieved with 1% of SiO2 nanoparticles in PVAc adhesive.
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17
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A study of quartz crystal microbalance modified with polyvinyl acetate nanofiber to differentiate short-chain alcohol isomers. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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18
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Sutherland K. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques for the characterisation of organic materials in works of art. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The power of GC/MS to resolve, characterise and quantify complex mixtures of organic compounds with high sensitivity has made it an indispensable analytical tool to address detailed questions about the chemical constituents of works of art. This paper provides an overview of the technique and its particular suitability to material studies of art and historical artefacts, and reviews its diverse research applications concerning the organic composition of artists’ and conservation materials. Options with regard to sample preparation by chemical derivatisation, pyrolysis techniques, and methods for the analysis of volatile organic compounds are discussed, as well as various approaches to the treatment and interpretation of data. The greatest value is gained from GC/MS when it is used as a complementary technique, informed by and in synergy with other methods of analysis.
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Choudhury RR, Gohil JM, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Synthesis and characterization of novel functional poly(vinyl alcohol-co-styrene sulfonic acid) copolymers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2019.1596367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikarani R. Choudhury
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers – Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (SARP: LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jaydevsinh M. Gohil
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers – Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (SARP: LARPM), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bhubaneswar, India
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers – Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory (SARP: APDDRL), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bengaluru, India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers – Advanced Polymer Design and Development Research Laboratory (SARP: APDDRL), Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Nayak
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, India
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20
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Analytical pyrolysis in cultural heritage. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:5463-5467. [PMID: 33985310 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay90151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Analytical pyrolysis (Py), especially when coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), is a powerful technique for the characterisation and identification of organic materials used in artwork. The thermal degradation of macromolecules (for example, resins, lacquers, proteins, polysaccharides, oils, modern synthetic polymers, etc.) using heat (thermal energy) generates smaller molecules (pyrolysis products) which are easier to identify and study. Some of these pyrolysis products are molecular markers allowing the identification of a specific material despite the sample's complexity. A micro-sample (50-100 μg) is destroyed during the analysis but the lack of sample preparation makes Py-GC-MS a very attractive technique with a much reduced analytical time and cost compared to other chromatographic methods.
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Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Anwendung der analytischen Pyrolyse zur Untersuchung organischer Materialien in Kulturgütern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italien
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italien
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22
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Degano I, Modugno F, Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Recent Advances in Analytical Pyrolysis to Investigate Organic Materials in Heritage Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry; Università di Pisa; via Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
- Laboratory of Chemical Science for the Safeguard of Cultural Heritage (SCIBEC); Italy
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23
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La Nasa J, Di Marco F, Bernazzani L, Duce C, Spepi A, Ubaldi V, Degano I, Orsini S, Legnaioli S, Tiné M, De Luca D, Modugno F. Aquazol as a binder for retouching paints. An evaluation through analytical pyrolysis and thermal analysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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24
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Mendes M, Soares H, Arnaut L, Sousa J, Pais A, Vitorino C. Can lipid nanoparticles improve intestinal absorption? Int J Pharm 2016; 515:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Bubev E, Georgiev A, Machkova M. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy study of the photodegradation protective properties of BP-4 and 4HBP in polyvinyl acetate thin films. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Analytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:6. [PMID: 27572989 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-015-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after appropriate wet chemical sample pre-treatments or pyrolysis, is one of the most commonly adopted analytical techniques in the study of organic materials from cultural heritage objects. Organic materials in archaeological contexts, in classical art objects, or in modern and contemporary works of art may be the same or belong to the same classes, but can also vary considerably, often presenting different ageing pathways and chemical environments. This paper provides an overview of the literature published in the last 10 years on the research based on the use of GC/MS for the analysis of organic materials in artworks and archaeological objects. The latest progresses in advancing analytical approaches, characterising materials and understanding their degradation, and developing methods for monitoring their stability are discussed. Case studies from the literature are presented to examine how the choice of the working conditions and the analytical approaches is driven by the analytical and technical question to be answered, as well as the nature of the object from which the samples are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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27
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A chemical study of organic materials in three murals by Keith Haring: A comparison of painting techniques. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Multi-analytical investigation on felt-tip pen inks: Formulation and preliminary photo-degradation study. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Pintus V, Wei S, Schreiner M. Accelerated UV ageing studies of acrylic, alkyd, and polyvinyl acetate paints: Influence of inorganic pigments. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Cui HW, Fang Q, Du GB. Using Vinyl Acetate,N-Hydroxymethyl Acrylamide, and Montmorillonite Intercalated by a Dioctadecyl Dimethyl Ammonium Bromide Surfactant to Prepare Exfoliated Nanocomposite through In Situ Polymerization. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wang Cui
- Southwest Forestry University; Kunming 650224 Yunnan People's Republic of China
- College of Wood Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Fang
- School of Engineering; Zhejiang A&F University; Lin'an 311300 People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Ben Du
- Southwest Forestry University; Kunming 650224 Yunnan People's Republic of China
- College of Wood Science and Technology; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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31
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Mori Y, Honda T, Lu R, Hayakawa N, Miyakoshi T. Ultraviolet degradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) used in restoration of historical and cultural properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Varganici CD, Rosu L, Mocanu (Paduraru) OM, Rosu D. Influence of poly(vinyl alcohol) on cellulose photochemical stability in cryogels during UV irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Starve fed emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and 1-hexene at ambient pressure. POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Yang R, Zhao J, Liu Y. Oxidative degradation products analysis of polymer materials by pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Jeong HG, Kim YE, Kim YJ. Fabrication of poly(vinyl acetate)/polysaccharide biocomposite nanofibrous membranes for tissue engineering. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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The degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) as a material for design objects: A multi-analytical study of the effect of dibutyl phthalate plasticizer. Part 1. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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