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Siddiqi S, Ain NU, Kauser M, Mukhtar Z, Ansar M, Umair M. Variants in FREM1 and trisomy 18 identified in a neonatal progeria patient. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7935-7939. [PMID: 37470964 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal progeroid disorders are rare disorders with clinical features including low body mass index, proptosis, aged and dysmorphic facial features at the time of birth, prominent veins, sparse scalp hairs, and severe growth retardation. Very few cases have been identified with an unknown genetic cause. Here, we report clinical and genetic findings of a proband with hallmark features of neonatal progeria. METHODS Microarray comparative genomic hybridization, whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed using standard methods. RESULTS Array combined genome hybridization data revealed trisomy 18 in the proband (II-1), and WES data identified novel compound heterozygous variants (c.247 C > T; p.H83Y and c.14769868InsA) in the FREM1 gene. CONCLUSION We report a novel complex case of neonatal progeria with atrial septal defects, trisomy 18 without typical features of Edward syndrome. The phenotype of the patient was more consistent with neonatal progeria, thus we speculate it to be caused by the FREM1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Siddiqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehran Kauser
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences/MLT, Faculty of life sciences, Karakoram International University (KIU), Gilgit, GB, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Mukhtar
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
- PMAS arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Laboratory of Genetic medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Kidder E, Pea M, Cheng S, Koppada SP, Visvanathan S, Henderson Q, Thuzar M, Yu X, Alfaidi M. The interleukin-1 receptor type-1 in disturbed flow-induced endothelial mesenchymal activation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1190460. [PMID: 37539090 PMCID: PMC10394702 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1190460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease that develops in areas of disturbed flow (d-flow). Progressive atherosclerosis is characterized by bulky plaques rich in mesenchymal cells and high-grade inflammation that can rupture leading to sudden cardiac death or acute myocardial infarction. In response to d-flow, endothelial cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). However, the signaling intermediaries that link d-flow to EndMT are incompletely understood. Methods and Results In this study we found that in human atherosclerosis, cells expressing SNAI1 (Snail 1, EndMT transcription factor) were highly expressed within the endothelial cell (EC) layer and in the pre-necrotic areas in unstable lesions, whereas stable lesions did not show any SNAI1 positive cells, suggesting a role for EndMT in lesion instability. The interleukin-1 (IL-1), which signals through the type-I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1), has been implicated in plaque instability and linked to EndMT formation in vitro. Interestingly, we observed an association between SNAI1 and IL-1R1 within ECs in the unstable lesions. To establish the causal relationship between EndMT and IL-1R1 expression, we next examined IL-1R1 levels in our Cre-lox endothelial-specific lineage tracing mice. IL-1R1 and Snail1 were highly expressed in ECs under atheroprone compared to athero-protective areas, and oscillatory shear stress (OSS) increased IL-1R1 protein and mRNA levels in vitro. Exposure of ECs to OSS resulted in loss of their EC markers and higher induction of EndMT markers. By contrast, genetic silencing of IL-1R1 significantly reduced the expression of EndMT markers and Snail1 nuclear translocation, suggesting a direct role for IL-1R1 in d-flow-induced EndMT. In vivo, re-analysis of scRNA-seq datasets in carotid artery exposed to d-flow confirmed the IL-1R1 upregulation among EndMT population, and in our partial carotid ligation model of d-flow, endothelial cell specific IL-1R1 KO significantly reduced SNAI1 expression. Discussion Global inhibition of IL-1 signaling in atherosclerosis as a therapeutic target has recently been tested in the completed CANTOS trial, with promising results. However, the data on IL-1R1 signaling in different vascular cell-types are inconsistent. Herein, we show endothelial IL-1R1 as a novel mechanosensitive receptor that couples d-flow to IL-1 signaling in EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kidder
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Meleah Pea
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- Department of Urology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Satya-Priya Koppada
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Suren Visvanathan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Quartina Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Moe Thuzar
- Department of Pathology and Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Urology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Mabruka Alfaidi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Science (CCDS), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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TILRR Aggravates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing the PI3K/Akt Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7341504. [PMID: 36065264 PMCID: PMC9440629 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7341504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening lung change, and 40% of ALI cases result from sepsis. However, the effective treatment for sepsis-induced ALI is limited. It is urgent to explore novel therapeutic targets for ALI caused by sepsis. Anti-inflammatory therapy is a potential effective treatment for sepsis-induced ALI. Toll-like/Interleukin-1 receptor regulator (TILRR) could trigger aberrant inflammatory responses. Nevertheless, the role of TILRR in sepsis-induced ALI remains unknown. Besides, the phosphatidylinositol 3′kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway exerts protective effect on sepsis-induced ALI. Thus, the primary aim of the current study was to investigate whether TILRR contributed to sepsis-induced ALI by the PI3K/Akt pathway. To construct the sepsis-induced ALI model, human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Besides, the mRNA levels and protein levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qPCR) and Western blot (WB), respectively. Moreover, cell proliferation was identified by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Annexin V was utilized to detect apoptosis. Furthermore, levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by the flow cytometer. Results indicated that TILRR was upregulated to suppress the proliferation and induce apoptosis of HPMVECs under LPS treatment. Besides, TILRR induced aberrant inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in HPMVECs under LPS treatment. Mechanistically, TILRR regulated proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress in LPS-treated HPMVECs through inactivating the PI3K/Akt pathway. In summary, TILRR aggravated sepsis-induced ALI by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway. These results could provide novel therapy targets for sepsis-induced ALI.
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Jiang C, Jiang W. Integrated Bioinformatics Identifies FREM1 as a Diagnostic Gene Signature for Heart Failure. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:1425032. [PMID: 35726312 PMCID: PMC9206587 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1425032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study is aimed at integrating bioinformatics and machine learning to determine novel diagnostic gene signals in the progression of heart failure disease. Methods The heart failure microarray datasets and RNA-seq datasets have been downloaded from the public database. Differentially expressed genes (DE genes) are screened out, and then, we analyze their biological functions and pathways. Integrating three machine learning methods, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm, random forest (RF) algorithm, and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) are used to determine candidate diagnostic gene signals. Then, external independent RNA-seq datasets evaluate the diagnostic value of gene signals. Finally, the convolution tool CIBERSORT estimated the composition pattern of immune cell subtypes in heart failure and carried out a correlation analysis combined with gene signals. Results Under the set threshold, we obtained 47 DE genes with the most significant differences. Enrichment analysis shows that most of them are related to hypertrophy, matrix structural constituent, protein binding, inflammatory immune pathway, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disease. Three machine learning methods assisted in determining the potential characteristic signals Fras1-related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) and meiosis-specific nuclear structural 1 (MNS1). Validation of external datasets confirms that FREM1 is a diagnostic gene signal for heart failure. Immune cell subtypes of tissue specimens found T cell CD8, mast cell resting, T cell CD4 memory resting, T cell regulation (Tregs), monocytes, macrophages M2, T cell CD4 naive, macrophages M0, and neutrophils are associated with HF. Conclusion The gene signal FREM1 may be a potential molecular target in the development of HF and is related to the difference in immune infiltration of HF tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Weidong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong 226000, China
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Kashem MA, Li L, Yuan XY, Plummer FA, Luo M. Toll-like Interleukin -1 Receptor Regulator (TILRR) Protein, a Major Modulator of Inflammation, is Expressed in Normal Human and Macaque Tissues and PBMCs. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2925-2937. [PMID: 35592073 PMCID: PMC9113122 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s357866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose TILRR is a modulator of genes in the NF-κB inflammation pathway. It regulates inflammation-responsive genes, the secretion of inflammatory mediators, and the migration of immune cells. Because inflammation drives the pathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory diseases, it is important to know the expression of TILRR protein in tissues and cells. This study examined TILRR protein expression in healthy adult human and macaques’ tissues and PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Methods and Results Tissues (trachea, lungs, stomach, small intestine [ileum], cecum, colon, rectum, vagina, cervix, uterus, and penis) and PBMCs from humans and macaques were lysed in RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay) lysis buffer. The TILRR protein was examined by fluorescent Western blot analysis. The relative fluorescence units (rfu) of TILRR protein expression were quantified by Image Studio software (LI-COR). The results showed that adult healthy female (n=1) rectal and cervicovaginal tissues expressed a higher level of TILRR protein than the other tissues (trachea, lungs, stomach, small intestine [ileum], cecum, colon, uterus, and penis) examined. Like humans, the lungs, colon, and rectal tissues of healthy adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (n=2) expressed the TILRR protein. In addition, PBMCs of healthy adult women (n=4), adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (n=4), and adult male and female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (n=4) showed a similar expression level of TILRR protein (p= 0.2858). TILRR protein was not detected in most of the human cell lines examined, except in Jurkat cells. Conclusion Our study for the first time showed that TILRR protein is expressed in healthy adult human and monkey tissues and PBMCs. The TILRR protein in these tissues and PBMCs may play a role in the inflammatory response of these tissues and cells in response to infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Correspondence: Ma Luo, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3L5, Canada, Tel +1 204-789-5072, Fax +1 204-789-2018, Email
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Kashem MA, Lischynski J, Stojak B, Li L, Yuan XY, Liang B, Kimani J, Plummer FA, Luo M. High level of plasma TILRR protein is associated with faster HIV seroconversion. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103955. [PMID: 35339895 PMCID: PMC8960884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TILRR (Toll-like Interleukin-1 Receptor Regulator) is a modulator of many genes in NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling. It promotes the production of inflammatory mediators and the migration of immune cells. Recently, we showed that TILRR protein circulates in human blood. Thus, it could influence systemic inflammation. Systemic and mucosal inflammations increase the susceptibility to HIV infection. In this study, we analyzed the TILRR protein levels of the archived plasma samples of women enrolled in the Pumwani cohort to determine whether the plasma TILRR protein levels before seroconversion are correlated with differential risk of HIV seroconversion. Methods TILRR protein of 941 archived HIV negative plasma samples from 390 women who were HIV negative at the cohort enrollment was quantified with an in-house developed multiplex bead array method. Proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines were measured using a 14-plex bead array method. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between plasma TILRR protein and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the median plasma TILRR protein levels correlate with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. Findings The level of plasma TILRR protein was positively correlated with plasma IL-1β (rho: 0.2593, p<0.0001), MCP-1 (rho: 0.2377, p<0.0001), and IL-17A (rho: 0.1225, p=0.0216). Women with median plasma TILRR protein levels ≥100 ng/ml seroconverted significantly faster than women with plasma TILRR protein levels <100 ng/ml (log-rank= 100.124, p<0.0001; relative risk= 3.72 and odds ratio= 15.29). Furthermore, the factors causing genital inflammation, such as STIs (sexually transmitted infections), vaginal discharge, and genital ulcers were not statistically significantly different among women with different median plasma TILRR protein levels. Interpretation The high plasma TILRR protein levels are highly correlated with several plasma proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. High median plasma TILRR protein (≥100 ng/ml) strongly predicted an increased risk of HIV seroconversion. Reducing plasma TILRR protein levels may reduce the risk of HIV acquisition. Funding The study was funded by an operating grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), operating grant-PA: CHVI Vaccine Discovery and Social Research (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/193.html), and National Microbiology Laboratory of Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Lischynski
- The Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brittany Stojak
- The Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Binhua Liang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for STD/HIV Research & Training, University of Nairobi
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Holcombe M, Qwarnstrom E. Agent-Based Modeling of Complex Molecular Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2399:367-391. [PMID: 35604564 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1831-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The seamless integration of laboratory experiments and detailed computational modeling provides an exciting route to uncovering many new insights into complex biological processes. In particular, the development of agent-based modeling using supercomputers has provided new opportunities for highly detailed, validated simulations that provide the researcher with greater understanding of these processes and new directions for investigation. This chapter examines some of the principles behind the powerful computational framework FLAME and its application in a number of different areas with a more detailed look at a particular signaling example involving the NF-κB cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Holcombe
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Eva Qwarnstrom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Kashem MA, Yuan XY, Li L, Kimani J, Plummer F, Luo M. TILRR (Toll-like Interleukin-1 Receptor Regulator), an Important Modulator of Inflammatory Responsive Genes, is Circulating in the Blood. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4927-4943. [PMID: 34594127 PMCID: PMC8478437 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s325553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator), a variant of FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1), is a modulator of many genes in NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling and inflammatory responses. It enhanced the expression of multiple genes in the NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. TILRR is an extracellular matrix protein and expressed in cells and tissues, and has never been considered to exist in the blood. The study aimed to identify circulating TILRR protein in human plasma as a biomarker of systemic inflammation. Methods and Results We developed a multiplex bead array method (Bio-Plex) using 4 monoclonal antibodies targeting different protein domains of FREM1/TILRR to investigate whether TILRR can be detected in blood plasma. The results of the multiplex bead array method were validated by Western blot analysis of affinity-purified TILRR from patient plasma samples. We subsequently analyzed 640 plasma samples from women enrolled in the Pumwani Sex Worker cohort (PSWC) (Nairobi, Kenya). Our study showed that TILRR exists in all patient plasma samples, but its quantities vary greatly among the patients, ranging from 2.38 ng/mL to 5196.79 ng/mL. The plasma TILRR below 2.38 ng/mL can only be detected by affinity purification and Western blot analysis. Conclusion Our in-house developed multiplex bead array method can successfully quantify TILRR protein in plasma samples. Because TILRR is an important modulator of many inflammation-responsive genes, it may be an inflammation biomarker in blood and play a role in modulating systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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The Potential Role of FREM1 and Its Isoform TILRR in HIV-1 Acquisition through Mediating Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157825. [PMID: 34360591 PMCID: PMC8346017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1) and its splice variant TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator) have been identified as integral components of innate immune systems. The potential involvement of FREM1 in HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1) acquisition was suggested by a genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of HIV-1 resistant and susceptible sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort (PSWC) in Nairobi, Kenya. The studies showed that the minor allele of a FREM1 SNP rs1552896 is highly enriched in the HIV-1 resistant female sex workers. Subsequent studies showed that FREM1 mRNA is highly expressed in tissues relevant to mucosal HIV-1 infection, including cervical epithelial tissues, and TILRR is a major modulator of many genes in the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. In this article, we review the role of FREM1 and TILRR in modulating inflammatory responses and inflammation, and how their influence on inflammatory responses of cervicovaginal tissue could enhance the risk of vaginal HIV-1 acquisition.
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Pattarabanjird T, Cress C, Nguyen A, Taylor A, Bekiranov S, McNamara C. A Machine Learning Model Utilizing a Novel SNP Shows Enhanced Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121446. [PMID: 33271747 PMCID: PMC7760379 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful approach for predicting outcomes based on patterns and inferences. Improving prediction of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) has the potential for personalizing prevention and treatment strategies and for identifying individuals that may benefit from cardiac catheterization. We developed a novel ML approach combining traditional cardiac risk factors (CRF) with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a gene associated with human CAD (ID3 rs11574) to enhance prediction of CAD severity; Methods: ML models incorporating CRF along with ID3 genotype at rs11574 were evaluated. The most predictive model, a deep neural network, was used to classify patients into high (>32) and low level (≤32) Gensini severity score. This model was trained on 325 and validated on 82 patients. Prediction performance of the model was summarized by a confusion matrix and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC-AUC); and Results: Our neural network predicted severity score with 81% and 87% accuracy for the low and the high groups respectively with an ROC-AUC of 0.84 for 82 patients in the test group. The addition of ID3 rs11574 to CRF significantly enhanced prediction accuracy from 65% to 81% in the low group, and 72% to 84% in the high group. Age, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and systolic blood pressure were the top 3 contributors in predicting severity score; Conclusions: Our neural network including ID3 rs11574 improved prediction of CAD severity over use of Framingham score, which may potentially be helpful for clinical decision making in patients at increased risk of complications from coronary angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (T.P.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Corban Cress
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (T.P.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Angela Taylor
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (T.P.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Coleen McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (T.P.); (C.C.); (A.T.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (C.M.)
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Xu XY, Guo WJ, Pan SH, Zhang Y, Gao FL, Wang JT, Zhang S, Li HY, Wang R, Zhang X. TILRR (FREM1 isoform 2) is a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltration in breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:19335-19351. [PMID: 33031059 PMCID: PMC7732299 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, upregulated TILRR (FREM1 isoform 2) expression increases immune cell infiltration. We hypothesized that TILRR expression is also correlated with cancer progression. By analyzing data from Oncomine and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource, we found that TILRR mRNA expression was significantly lower in breast cancer tissue than adjacent normal tissue. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and immunohistochemical staining revealed shortened overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with low TILRR expression. TILRR transcript expression was positively correlated with immune score, immune cell biomarkers and the expression of CXCL10 and CXCL11. TILRR expression was also positively correlated with CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell infiltration. These correlations were verified using the ESTIMATE algorithm, gene set enrichment analysis and Q-PCR. We concluded that impaired TILRR expression is correlated with breast cancer prognosis and immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jing Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Hua Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Lin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wang
- Department of Pathology, First People Hospital, Changde 415003, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, China
| | - He-Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, China,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, Guangdong, Guangdong, China
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12
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Kashem MA, Ren X, Li H, Liang B, Li L, Lin F, Plummer FA, Luo M. TILRR Promotes Migration of Immune Cells Through Induction of Soluble Inflammatory Mediators. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:563. [PMID: 32719797 PMCID: PMC7348050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TILRR has been identified as an important modulator of inflammatory responses. It is associated with NF-κB activation, and inflammation. Our previous study showed that TILRR significantly increased the expression of many innate immune responsive genes and increased the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines by cervical epithelial cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of TILRR-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines on the migration of immune cells. The effect of culture supernatants of TILRR-overexpressed cervical epithelial cells on the migration of THP-1 monocytes and MOLT-4 T-lymphocytes was evaluated using Transwell assay and a novel microfluidic device. We showed that the culture supernatants of TILRR-overexpressed HeLa cells attracted significantly more THP-1 cells (11–40%, p = 0.0004–0.0373) and MOLT-4 cells (14–17%, p = 0.0010–0.0225) than that of controls. The microfluidic device-recorded image analysis showed that significantly higher amount with longer mean cell migration distance of THP-1 (p < 0.0001–0.0180) and MOLT-4 (p < 0.0001–0.0025) cells was observed toward the supernatants of TILRR-overexpressed cervical epithelial cells compared to that of the controls. Thus, the cytokines/chemokines secreted by the TILRR-overexpressed cervical epithelial cells attracted immune cells, such as monocytes and T cells, and may potentially influence immune cell infiltration in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xiaoou Ren
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Binhua Liang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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13
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Kashem MA, Li H, Toledo NP, Omange RW, Liang B, Liu LR, Li L, Yang X, Yuan XY, Kindrachuk J, Plummer FA, Luo M. Toll-like Interleukin 1 Receptor Regulator Is an Important Modulator of Inflammation Responsive Genes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:272. [PMID: 30873160 PMCID: PMC6403165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator), a transcript variant of FREM1, is a novel regulatory component, which stimulates innate immune responses through binding to IL-1R1 (Interleukin-1 receptor, type 1) and TLR (Toll-like receptor) complex. However, it is not known whether TILRR expression influences other genes in the NFκB signal transduction and pro-inflammatory responses. Our previous study identified FREM1 as a novel candidate gene in HIV-1 resistance/susceptibility in the Pumwani Sex worker cohort. In this study, we investigated the effect of TILRR overexpression on expression of genes in the NFκB signaling pathway in vitro. The effect of TILRR on mRNA expression of 84 genes related to NFκB signal transduction pathway was investigated by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of TILRR on pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine(s) secretion in cell culture supernatants was analyzed using Bioplex multiplex bead assay. We found that TILRR overexpression significantly influenced expression of many genes in HeLa and VK2/E6E7 cells. Several cytokine/chemokine(s), including IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and RANTES (CCL5) were significantly increased in the cell culture supernatants following TILRR overexpression. Although how TILRR influences the expression of these genes needs to be further studied, we are the first to show the influence of TILRR on many genes in the NFκB inflammatory pathways. The NFκB inflammatory response pathways are extremely important in microbial infection and pathogenesis, including HIV-1 transmission. Further study of the role of TILRR may identify the novel intervention targets and strategies against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nikki Pauline Toledo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Robert Were Omange
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Binhua Liang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lewis Ruxi Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xuefen Yang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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14
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Tuñón J, Bäck M, Badimón L, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Cariou B, Daemen MJ, Egido J, Evans PC, Francis SE, Ketelhuth DF, Lutgens E, Matter CM, Monaco C, Steffens S, Stroes E, Vindis C, Weber C, Hoefer IE. Interplay between hypercholesterolaemia and inflammation in atherosclerosis: Translating experimental targets into clinical practice. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 25:948-955. [PMID: 29759006 DOI: 10.1177/2047487318773384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia and inflammation are closely interconnected in their contribution to atherosclerosis. In fact, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-lowering drugs have anti-inflammatory effects. The Canakinumab Antiinflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) has shown that interleukin (IL)-1β blockade reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with previous myocardial infarction and C-reactive protein levels >2 mg/L. These data confirm the connection between lipids and inflammation, as lipids activate the Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome that leads to IL-1β activation. LDL-lowering drugs are the foundation of cardiovascular prevention. Now, the CANTOS trial demonstrates that combining them with IL-1β blockade further decreases the incidence of cardiovascular events. However, both therapies are not at the same level, given the large evidence showing that LDL-lowering drugs reduce cardiovascular risk as opposed to only one randomized trial of IL-1β blockade. In addition, IL-1β blockade has only been studied in patients with C-reactive protein >2 mg/L, while the benefit of LDL-lowering is not restricted to these patients. Also, lipid-lowering drugs are not harmful even at very low ranges of LDL, while anti-inflammatory therapies may confer a higher risk of developing fatal infections and sepsis. In the future, more clinical trials are needed to explore whether targeting other inflammatory molecules, both related and unrelated to the IL-1β pathway, reduces the cardiovascular risk. In this regard, the ongoing trials with methotrexate and colchicine may clarify whether the cardiovascular benefit of IL-1β blockade extends to other anti-inflammatory mechanisms. A positive result would represent a major change in the future treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Tuñón
- 1 Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University and CiberCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magnus Bäck
- 2 Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,3 Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Badimón
- 4 Cardiovascular Sciences Institute (ICCC) and CiberCV, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Bertrand Cariou
- 6 L'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, France
| | - Mat J Daemen
- 7 Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus Egido
- 8 Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University and CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Esther Lutgens
- 7 Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,10 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,11 Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, LMU Munich and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany
| | - Christian M Matter
- 12 University Heart Centre, University Hospital Zurich and Centre for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sabine Steffens
- 11 Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, LMU Munich and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany
| | - Erik Stroes
- 7 Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Vindis
- 14 INSERM UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Weber
- 11 Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, LMU Munich and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany.,15 Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- 16 University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands
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