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Perike S, Gonzalez-Gonzalez FJ, Abu-Taha I, Damen FW, Hanft LM, Lizama KS, Aboonabi A, Capote AE, Aguilar-Sanchez Y, Levin B, Han Z, Sridhar A, Grand J, Martin J, Akar JG, Warren CM, Solaro RJ, Sang-Ging O, Darbar D, McDonald KS, Goergen CJ, Wolska BM, Dobrev D, Wehrens XH, McCauley MD. PPP1R12C Promotes Atrial Hypocontractility in Atrial Fibrillation. Circ Res 2023; 133:758-771. [PMID: 37737016 PMCID: PMC10616980 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF)-the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia-increases thromboembolic stroke risk 5-fold. Although atrial hypocontractility contributes to stroke risk in AF, the molecular mechanisms reducing myofilament contractile function remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that increased expression of PPP1R12C (protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12C)-the PP1 (protein phosphatase 1) regulatory subunit targeting MLC2a (atrial myosin light chain 2)-causes hypophosphorylation of MLC2a and results in atrial hypocontractility. METHODS Right atrial appendage tissues were isolated from human patients with AF versus sinus rhythm controls. Western blots, coimmunoprecipitation, and phosphorylation studies were performed to examine how the PP1c (PP1 catalytic subunit)-PPP1R12C interaction causes MLC2a dephosphorylation. In vitro studies of pharmacological MRCK (myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase) inhibitor (BDP5290) in atrial HL-1 cells were performed to evaluate PP1 holoenzyme activity on MLC2a. Cardiac-specific lentiviral PPP1R12C overexpression was performed in mice to evaluate atrial remodeling with atrial cell shortening assays, echocardiography, and AF inducibility with electrophysiology studies. RESULTS In human patients with AF, PPP1R12C expression was increased 2-fold versus sinus rhythm controls (P=2.0×10-2; n=12 and 12 in each group) with >40% reduction in MLC2a phosphorylation (P=1.4×10-6; n=12 and 12 in each group). PPP1R12C-PP1c binding and PPP1R12C-MLC2a binding were significantly increased in AF (P=2.9×10-2 and 6.7×10-3, respectively; n=8 and 8 in each group). In vitro studies utilizing drug BDP5290, which inhibits T560-PPP1R12C phosphorylation, demonstrated increased PPP1R12C binding with both PP1c and MLC2a and dephosphorylation of MLC2a. Mice treated with lentiviral PPP1R12C vector demonstrated a 150% increase in left atrial size versus controls (P=5.0×10-6; n=12, 8, and 12), with reduced atrial strain and atrial ejection fraction. Pacing-induced AF in mice treated with lentiviral PPP1R12C vector was significantly higher than in controls (P=1.8×10-2 and 4.1×10-2, respectively; n=6, 6, and 5). CONCLUSIONS Patients with AF exhibit increased levels of PPP1R12C protein compared with controls. PPP1R12C overexpression in mice increases PP1c targeting to MLC2a and causes MLC2a dephosphorylation, which reduces atrial contractility and increases AF inducibility. These findings suggest that PP1 regulation of sarcomere function at MLC2a is a key determinant of atrial contractility in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Perike
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Francisco J. Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Issam Abu-Taha
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Frederick W. Damen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Laurin M. Hanft
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Ken S. Lizama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Anahita Aboonabi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Andrielle E. Capote
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Yuriana Aguilar-Sanchez
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Zhenbo Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine,University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Arvind Sridhar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Jacob Grand
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | | | - Chad M. Warren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - R. John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Ong Sang-Ging
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine,University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Dawood Darbar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Kerry S. McDonald
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | - Craig J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Beata M. Wolska
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Medicine, Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Xander H.T. Wehrens
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mark D. McCauley
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Dries E, Gilbert G, Roderick HL, Sipido KR. The ryanodine receptor microdomain in cardiomyocytes. Cell Calcium 2023; 114:102769. [PMID: 37390591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR) is a key player in Ca2+ handling during excitation-contraction coupling. During each heartbeat, RyR channels are responsible for linking the action potential with the contractile machinery of the cardiomyocyte by releasing Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. RyR function is fine-tuned by associated signalling molecules, arrangement in clusters and subcellular localization. These parameters together define RyR function within microdomains and are subject to disease remodelling. This review describes the latest findings on RyR microdomain organization, the alterations with disease which result in increased subcellular heterogeneity and emergence of microdomains with enhanced arrhythmogenic potential, and presents novel technologies that guide future research to study and target RyR channels within specific microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eef Dries
- Lab of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Guillaume Gilbert
- Lab of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratoire ORPHY EA 4324, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | - H Llewelyn Roderick
- Lab of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin R Sipido
- Lab of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Heijman J, Zhou X, Morotti S, Molina CE, Abu-Taha IH, Tekook M, Jespersen T, Zhang Y, Dobrev S, Milting H, Gummert J, Karck M, Kamler M, El-Armouche A, Saljic A, Grandi E, Nattel S, Dobrev D. Enhanced Ca 2+-Dependent SK-Channel Gating and Membrane Trafficking in Human Atrial Fibrillation. Circ Res 2023; 132:e116-e133. [PMID: 36927079 PMCID: PMC10147588 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK)-channel inhibitors have antiarrhythmic effects in animal models of atrial fibrillation (AF), presenting a potential novel antiarrhythmic option. However, the regulation of SK-channels in human atrial cardiomyocytes and its modification in patients with AF are poorly understood and were the object of this study. METHODS Apamin-sensitive SK-channel current (ISK) and action potentials were recorded in human right-atrial cardiomyocytes from sinus rhythm control (Ctl) patients or patients with (long-standing persistent) chronic AF (cAF). RESULTS ISK was significantly higher, and apamin caused larger action potential prolongation in cAF- versus Ctl-cardiomyocytes. Sensitivity analyses in an in silico human atrial cardiomyocyte model identified IK1 and ISK as major regulators of repolarization. Increased ISK in cAF was not associated with increases in mRNA/protein levels of SK-channel subunits in either right- or left-atrial tissue homogenates or right-atrial cardiomyocytes, but the abundance of SK2 at the sarcolemma was larger in cAF versus Ctl in both tissue-slices and cardiomyocytes. Latrunculin-A and primaquine (anterograde and retrograde protein-trafficking inhibitors) eliminated the differences in SK2 membrane levels and ISK between Ctl- and cAF-cardiomyocytes. In addition, the phosphatase-inhibitor okadaic acid reduced ISK amplitude and abolished the difference between Ctl- and cAF-cardiomyocytes, indicating that reduced calmodulin-Thr80 phosphorylation due to increased protein phosphatase-2A levels in the SK-channel complex likely contribute to the greater ISK in cAF-cardiomyocytes. Finally, rapid electrical activation (5 Hz, 10 minutes) of Ctl-cardiomyocytes promoted SK2 membrane-localization, increased ISK and reduced action potential duration, effects greatly attenuated by apamin. Latrunculin-A or primaquine prevented the 5-Hz-induced ISK-upregulation. CONCLUSIONS ISK is upregulated in patients with cAF due to enhanced channel function, mediated by phosphatase-2A-dependent calmodulin-Thr80 dephosphorylation and tachycardia-dependent enhanced trafficking and targeting of SK-channel subunits to the sarcolemma. The observed AF-associated increases in ISK, which promote reentry-stabilizing action potential duration shortening, suggest an important role for SK-channels in AF auto-promotion and provide a rationale for pursuing the antiarrhythmic effects of SK-channel inhibition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Heijman
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Stefano Morotti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina E. Molina
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Issam H. Abu-Taha
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Tekook
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yiqiao Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Shokoufeh Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jan Gummert
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Institute of Pharmacology, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
| | - Arnela Saljic
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Montreal, Canada
- IHU LIRYC and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Perike S, Gonzalez-Gonzalez FJ, Abu-Taha I, Damen FW, Lizama KS, Aboonabi A, Capote AE, Aguilar-Sanchez Y, Levin B, Han Z, Sridhar A, Grand J, Martin J, Akar JG, Warren CM, Solaro RJ, Ong SG, Darbar D, Goergen CJ, Wolska BM, Dobrev D, Wehrens XHT, McCauley MD. Myosin Light Chain Dephosphorylation by PPP1R12C Promotes Atrial Hypocontractility in Atrial Fibrillation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.19.537590. [PMID: 37131731 PMCID: PMC10153354 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, increases thromboembolic stroke risk five-fold. Although atrial hypocontractility contributes to stroke risk in AF, the molecular mechanisms reducing myofilament contractile function remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that increased expression of PPP1R12C, the PP1 regulatory subunit targeting atrial myosin light chain 2 (MLC2a), causes hypophosphorylation of MLC2a and results in atrial hypocontractility. Methods Right atrial appendage tissues were isolated from human AF patients versus sinus rhythm (SR) controls. Western blots, co-immunoprecipitation, and phosphorylation studies were performed to examine how the PP1c-PPP1R12C interaction causes MLC2a de-phosphorylation. In vitro studies of pharmacologic MRCK inhibitor (BDP5290) in atrial HL-1 cells were performed to evaluate PP1 holoenzyme activity on MLC2a. Cardiac-specific lentiviral PPP1R12C overexpression was performed in mice to evaluate atrial remodeling with atrial cell shortening assays, echocardiography, and AF inducibility with EP studies. Results In human patients with AF, PPP1R12C expression was increased two-fold versus SR controls ( P =2.0×10 -2 , n=12,12 in each group) with > 40% reduction in MLC2a phosphorylation ( P =1.4×10 -6 , n=12,12 in each group). PPP1R12C-PP1c binding and PPP1R12C-MLC2a binding were significantly increased in AF ( P =2.9×10 -2 and 6.7×10 -3 respectively, n=8,8 in each group). In vitro studies utilizing drug BDP5290, which inhibits T560-PPP1R12C phosphorylation, demonstrated increased PPP1R12C binding with both PP1c and MLC2a, and dephosphorylation of MLC2a. Lenti-12C mice demonstrated a 150% increase in LA size versus controls ( P =5.0×10 -6 , n=12,8,12), with reduced atrial strain and atrial ejection fraction. Pacing-induced AF in Lenti-12C mice was significantly higher than controls ( P =1.8×10 -2 and 4.1×10 -2 respectively, n= 6,6,5). Conclusions AF patients exhibit increased levels of PPP1R12C protein compared to controls. PPP1R12C overexpression in mice increases PP1c targeting to MLC2a and causes MLC2a dephosphorylation, which reduces atrial contractility and increases AF inducibility. These findings suggest that PP1 regulation of sarcomere function at MLC2a is a key determinant of atrial contractility in AF.
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A modern automated patch-clamp approach for high throughput electrophysiology recordings in native cardiomyocytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:969. [PMID: 36109584 PMCID: PMC9477872 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crucial conventional patch-clamp approaches to investigate cellular electrophysiology suffer from low-throughput and require considerable experimenter expertise. Automated patch-clamp (APC) approaches are more experimenter independent and offer high-throughput, but by design are predominantly limited to assays containing small, homogenous cells. In order to enable high-throughput APC assays on larger cells such as native cardiomyocytes isolated from mammalian hearts, we employed a fixed-well APC plate format. A broad range of detailed electrophysiological parameters including action potential, L-type calcium current and basal inward rectifier current were reliably acquired from isolated swine atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes using APC. Effective pharmacological modulation also indicated that this technique is applicable for drug screening using native cardiomyocyte material. Furthermore, sequential acquisition of multiple parameters from a single cell was successful in a high throughput format, substantially increasing data richness and quantity per experimental run. When appropriately expanded, these protocols will provide a foundation for effective mechanistic and phenotyping studies of human cardiac electrophysiology. Utilizing scarce biopsy samples, regular high throughput characterization of primary cardiomyocytes using APC will facilitate drug development initiatives and personalized treatment strategies for a multitude of cardiac diseases. An altered automated patch-clamp (APC) approach enables high-throughput recordings from native pig cardiomyocytes and human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes.
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6
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Function and regulation of phosphatase 1 in healthy and diseased heart. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110203. [PMID: 34822978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of ion channels and calcium-handling proteins provides precise post-translational regulation of cardiac excitation and contractility. Serine/threonine phosphatases govern dephosphorylation of the majority of cardiac proteins. Accordingly, dysfunction of this regulation contributes to the development and progression of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. On the molecular level, these changes include alterations in the expression level and phosphorylation status of Ca2+ handling and excitation-contraction coupling proteins provoked by dysregulation of phosphatases. The serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP1 is one a major player in the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. PP1 essentially impacts on cardiac physiology and pathophysiology via interactions with the cardiac ion channels Cav1.2, NKA, NCX and KCNQ1, sarcoplasmic reticulum-bound Ca2+ handling proteins such as RyR2, SERCA and PLB as well as the contractile proteins MLC2, TnI and MyBP-C. PP1 itself but also PP1-regulatory proteins like inhibitor-1, inhibitor-2 and heat-shock protein 20 are dysregulated in cardiac disease. Therefore, they represent interesting targets to gain more insights in heart pathophysiology and to identify new treatment strategies for patients with heart failure or atrial fibrillation. We describe the genetic and holoenzymatic structure of PP1 and review its role in the heart and cardiac disease. Finally, we highlight the importance of the PP1 regulatory proteins for disease manifestation, provide an overview of genetic models to study the role of PP1 for the development of heart failure and atrial fibrillation and discuss possibilities of pharmacological interventions.
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7
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Matos B, Howl J, Jerónimo C, Fardilha M. Modulation of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complexes: A promising approach in cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2680-2698. [PMID: 34390863 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the availability of numerous therapeutic options, tumor heterogeneity and chemoresistance have limited the success of these treatments, and the development of effective anticancer therapies remains a major focus in oncology research. The serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and its complexes have been recognized as potential drug targets. Research on the modulation of PP1 complexes is currently at an early stage, but has immense potential. Chemically diverse compounds have been developed to disrupt or stabilize different PP1 complexes in various cancer types, with the objective of inhibiting disease progression. Beneficial results obtained in vitro now require further pre-clinical and clinical validation. In conclusion, the modulation of PP1 complexes seems to be a promising, albeit challenging, therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Matos
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - John Howl
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Liu X, Liu X, Du Y, Hu M, Tian Y, Li Z, Lv L, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang P. DUSP5 promotes osteogenic differentiation through SCP1/2-dependent phosphorylation of SMAD1. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1395-1409. [PMID: 34169608 PMCID: PMC8518947 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dual‐specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are defined by their capability to dephosphorylate both phosphoserine/phosphothreonine (pSer/pThr) and phosphotyrosine (pTyr). DUSP5, a member of DUSPs superfamily, is located in the nucleus and plays crucially regulatory roles in the signaling pathway transduction. In our present study, we discover that DUSP5 significantly promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) by activating SMAD1 signaling pathway. Mechanistically, DUSP5 physically interacts with the phosphatase domain of small C‐terminal phosphatase 1/2 (SCP1/2, SMAD1 phosphatases) by the linker region. In addition, we further confirm that DUSP5 activates SMAD1 signaling through a SCP1/2‐dependent manner. Specifically, DUSP5 attenuates the SCP1/2‐SMAD1 interaction by competitively binding to SCP1/2, which is responsible for the SMAD1 dephosphorylation, and thus results in the activation of SMAD1 signaling. Importantly, DUSP5 expression in mouse bone marrow MSCs is significantly reduced in ovariectomized (OVX) mice in which osteogenesis is highly passive, and overexpression of Dusp5 via tail vein injection reverses the bone loss of OVX mice efficiently. Collectively, this work demonstrates that the linker region of DUSP5 maybe a novel chemically modifiable target for controlling MSCs fate choices and for osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuenan Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangge Du
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglong Hu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueming Tian
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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9
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Chiang DY, Lahiri S, Wang G, Karch J, Wang MC, Jung SY, Heck AJR, Scholten A, Wehrens XHT. Phosphorylation-Dependent Interactome of Ryanodine Receptor Type 2 in the Heart. Proteomes 2021; 9:proteomes9020027. [PMID: 34200203 PMCID: PMC8293434 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of the calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) at serine 2814 (S2814) is associated with multiple cardiac diseases including atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Despite recent advances, the molecular mechanisms driving pathological changes associated with RyR2 S2814 phosphorylation are still not well understood. Methods: Using affinity-purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS), we investigated the RyR2 interactome in ventricles from wild-type (WT) mice and two S2814 knock-in mutants: the unphosphorylated alanine mutant (S2814A) and hyperphosphorylated mimic aspartic acid mutant (S2814D). Western blots were used for validation. Results: In WT mouse ventricular lysates, we identified 22 proteins which were enriched with RyR2 pull-down relative to both IgG control and no antibody (beads-only) pull-downs. Parallel AP-MS using WT, S2814A, and S2814D mouse ventricles identified 72 proteins, with 20 being high confidence RyR2 interactors. Of these, 14 had an increase in their binding to RyR2 S2814A but a decrease in their binding to RyR2 S2814D. We independently validated three protein hits, Idh3b, Aifm1, and Cpt1b, as RyR2 interactors by western blots and showed that Aifm1 and Idh3b had significantly decreased binding to RyR2 S2814D compared to WT and S2814A, consistent with MS findings. Conclusion: By applying state-of-the-art proteomic approaches, we discovered a number of novel RyR2 interactors in the mouse heart. In addition, we found and defined specific alterations in the RyR2 interactome that were dependent on the phosphorylation status of RyR2 at S2814. These findings yield mechanistic insights into RyR2 regulation which may guide future drug designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Chiang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Satadru Lahiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.L.); (G.W.); (J.K.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.L.); (G.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Jason Karch
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.L.); (G.W.); (J.K.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Y. Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.R.H.); (A.S.)
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Scholten
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.R.H.); (A.S.)
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xander H. T. Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.L.); (G.W.); (J.K.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-4261
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10
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Complex functionality of protein phosphatase 1 isoforms in the heart. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110059. [PMID: 34062239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 1(PP1) is a key regulator of cardiac function through dephosphorylating serine/threonine residues within target proteins to oppose the function of protein kinases. Studies from failing hearts of animal models and human patients have demonstrated significant increase of PP1 activity in myocardium, while elevated PP1 activity in transgenic mice leads to cardiac dysfunction, suggesting that PP1 might be a therapeutic target to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction in failing hearts. In fact, cardiac overexpression of inhibitor 1, the endogenous inhibitor of PP1, increases cardiac contractility and suppresses heart failure progression. However, this notion of PP1 inhibition for heart failure treatment has been challenged by recent studies on the isoform-specific roles of PP1 in the heart. PP1 is a holoenzyme composed of catalytic subunits (PP1α, PP1β, or PP1γ) and regulatory proteins that target them to distinct subcellular locations for functional specificity. This review will summarize how PP1 regulates phosphorylation of some of the key cardiac proteins involved in Ca2+ handling and cardiac contraction, and the potential role of PP1 isoforms in controlling cardiac physiology and pathophysiology.
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11
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WWP2 and PPP1R3A are abnormally regulated in arrhythmia-induced cardiac damage. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:185. [PMID: 33927976 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to identify the roles of WWP2 (an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase) and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A (PPP1R3A) in different pathological stages of cardiac arrhythmia development. Leptin-deficient mice (C57BLKS-Leprdb/Leprdb) were used for the development of initial and severe stages of cardiac arrhythmia. Histology, ECG, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to analyse cardiac arrhythmia, WWP2 and PPP1R3A expression. Histopathological studies of 4-month-old mice showed cardiac degeneration, cellular lesions, and swollen tissue structure with loss of tissue elasticity, indicative of the initial condition of cardiac arrhythmia. The leptin-deficient 7-month-old mice showed cardiac tissue hardening with increased secretion of extracellular matrix. The development of initial- and severe-cardiac arrhythmia was further evident with electrocardiogram studies, which showed more PP interval variations as the disease progressed. At the molecular level, WWP2 showed marginal upregulation in the initial stages of arrhythmia and was predominantly expressed within nuclei. WWP2 was overexpressed 6.6-fold in the severe stage of cardiac arrhythmia and was spread throughout the tissue layer. Interestingly, PPP1R3A was significantly overexpressed in initial cardiac arrhythmia conditions, but was downregulated and restricted to more nuclear expression in advanced cardiac arrhythmia. Silencing of PPP1R3A, enhances the expression of WWP2 to 5.3-fold in initial stages, but remarkable variation not observed in advanced cardiac arrhythmia conditions. Our results suggest that PPP1R3A had a control over WWP2 in the initial stages of cardiac arrhythmia. In particular, PPP1R3A overexpression implies its potential protective effect in initial cardiac arrhythmia stages.
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12
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Mechanisms underlying pathological Ca 2+ handling in diseases of the heart. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:331-347. [PMID: 33399957 PMCID: PMC10070045 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte contraction relies on precisely regulated intracellular Ca2+ signaling through various Ca2+ channels and transporters. In this article, we will review the physiological regulation of Ca2+ handling and its role in maintaining normal cardiac rhythm and contractility. We discuss how inherited variants or acquired defects in Ca2+ channel subunits contribute to the development or progression of diseases of the heart. Moreover, we highlight recent insights into the role of protein phosphatase subunits and striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase (SPEG) in atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and cardiomyopathies. Finally, this review summarizes current drug therapies and new advances in genome editing as therapeutic strategies for the cardiac diseases caused by aberrant intracellular Ca2+ signaling.
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13
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Campbell HM, Quick AP, Abu-Taha I, Chiang DY, Kramm CF, Word TA, Brandenburg S, Hulsurkar M, Alsina KM, Liu HB, Martin B, Uhlenkamp D, Moore OM, Lahiri SK, Corradini E, Kamler M, Heck AJR, Lehnart SE, Dobrev D, Wehrens XHT. Loss of SPEG Inhibitory Phosphorylation of Ryanodine Receptor Type-2 Promotes Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 2020; 142:1159-1172. [PMID: 32683896 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.045791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced diastolic calcium (Ca2+) release through ryanodine receptor type-2 (RyR2) has been implicated in atrial fibrillation (AF) promotion. Diastolic sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak is caused by increased RyR2 phosphorylation by PKA (protein kinase A) or CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase-II) phosphorylation, or less dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases. However, considerable controversy remains regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying altered RyR2 function in AF. We thus aimed to determine the role of SPEG (striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase), a novel regulator of RyR2 phosphorylation, in AF pathogenesis. METHODS Western blotting was performed with right atrial biopsies from patients with paroxysmal AF. SPEG atrial knockout mice were generated using adeno-associated virus 9. In mice, AF inducibility was determined using intracardiac programmed electric stimulation, and diastolic Ca2+ leak in atrial cardiomyocytes was assessed using confocal Ca2+ imaging. Phosphoproteomics studies and Western blotting were used to measure RyR2 phosphorylation. To test the effects of RyR2-S2367 phosphorylation, knockin mice with an inactivated S2367 phosphorylation site (S2367A) and a constitutively activated S2367 residue (S2367D) were generated by using CRISPR-Cas9. RESULTS Western blotting revealed decreased SPEG protein levels in atrial biopsies from patients with paroxysmal AF in comparison with patients in sinus rhythm. SPEG atrial-specific knockout mice exhibited increased susceptibility to pacing-induced AF by programmed electric stimulation and enhanced Ca2+ spark frequency in atrial cardiomyocytes with Ca2+ imaging, establishing a causal role for decreased SPEG in AF pathogenesis. Phosphoproteomics in hearts from SPEG cardiomyocyte knockout mice identified RyR2-S2367 as a novel kinase substrate of SPEG. Western blotting demonstrated that RyR2-S2367 phosphorylation was also decreased in patients with paroxysmal AF. RyR2-S2367A mice exhibited an increased susceptibility to pacing-induced AF, and aberrant atrial sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak, as well. In contrast, RyR2-S2367D mice were resistant to pacing-induced AF. CONCLUSIONS Unlike other kinases (PKA, CaMKII) that increase RyR2 activity, SPEG phosphorylation reduces RyR2-mediated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. Reduced SPEG levels and RyR2-S2367 phosphorylation typified patients with paroxysmal AF. Studies in S2367 knockin mouse models showed a causal relationship between reduced S2367 phosphorylation and AF susceptibility. Thus, modulating SPEG activity and phosphorylation levels of the novel S2367 site on RyR2 may represent a novel target for AF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Campbell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ann P Quick
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Issam Abu-Taha
- Institute of Pharmacology (I.A.-T., D.D.), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - David Y Chiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.Y.C.)
| | - Carlos F Kramm
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tarah A Word
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sören Brandenburg
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (S.B., D.U., S.E.L.)
| | - Mohit Hulsurkar
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Katherina M Alsina
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Hui-Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China (H.-B.L.)
| | - Brian Martin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Dennis Uhlenkamp
- Institute of Pharmacology (I.A.-T., D.D.), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (S.B., D.U., S.E.L.)
| | - Oliver M Moore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Neuroscience (O.M.M., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Satadru K Lahiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Eleonora Corradini
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (E.C., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Huttrop (M.K.), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry & Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (E.C., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany (S.B., D.U., S.E.L.)
| | | | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., C.F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.MA., H.-B.L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (H.M.C., A.P.Q., D.Y.C., F.K., T.A.W., M.H., K.M.A., H.-L., B.M., O.M.M., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Neuroscience (O.M.M., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Center for Space Medicine (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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14
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Nattel S, Heijman J, Zhou L, Dobrev D. Molecular Basis of Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology and Therapy: A Translational Perspective. Circ Res 2020; 127:51-72. [PMID: 32717172 PMCID: PMC7398486 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.316363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly prevalent arrhythmia, with substantial associated morbidity and mortality. There have been significant management advances over the past 2 decades, but the burden of the disease continues to increase and there is certainly plenty of room for improvement in treatment options. A potential key to therapeutic innovation is a better understanding of underlying fundamental mechanisms. This article reviews recent advances in understanding the molecular basis for AF, with a particular emphasis on relating these new insights to opportunities for clinical translation. We first review the evidence relating basic electrophysiological mechanisms to the characteristics of clinical AF. We then discuss the molecular control of factors leading to some of the principal determinants, including abnormalities in impulse conduction (such as tissue fibrosis and other extra-cardiomyocyte alterations, connexin dysregulation and Na+-channel dysfunction), electrical refractoriness, and impulse generation. We then consider the molecular drivers of AF progression, including a range of Ca2+-dependent intracellular processes, microRNA changes, and inflammatory signaling. The concept of key interactome-related nodal points is then evaluated, dealing with systems like those associated with CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II), NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein-3), and transcription-factors like TBX5 and PitX2c. We conclude with a critical discussion of therapeutic implications, knowledge gaps and future directions, dealing with such aspects as drug repurposing, biologicals, multispecific drugs, the targeting of cardiomyocyte inflammatory signaling and potential considerations in intervening at the level of interactomes and gene-regulation. The area of molecular intervention for AF management presents exciting new opportunities, along with substantial challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- IHU Liryc and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Tribulova N, Kurahara LH, Hlivak P, Hirano K, Szeiffova Bacova B. Pro-Arrhythmic Signaling of Thyroid Hormones and Its Relevance in Subclinical Hyperthyroidism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082844. [PMID: 32325836 PMCID: PMC7215427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A perennial task is to prevent the occurrence and/or recurrence of most frequent or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). VF may be lethal in cases without an implantable cardioverter defibrillator or with failure of this device. Incidences of AF, even the asymptomatic ones, jeopardize the patient's life due to its complication, notably the high risk of embolic stroke. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in subclinical AF screening and searching for novel electrophysiological and molecular markers. Considering the worldwide increase in cases of thyroid dysfunction and diseases, including thyroid carcinoma, we aimed to explore the implication of thyroid hormones in pro-arrhythmic signaling in the pathophysiological setting. The present review provides updated information about the impact of altered thyroid status on both the occurrence and recurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, predominantly AF. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of both thyroid status monitoring and AF screening in the general population, as well as in patients with thyroid dysfunction and malignancies. Real-world data on early AF identification in relation to thyroid function are scarce. Even though symptomatic AF is rare in patients with thyroid malignancies, who are under thyroid suppressive therapy, clinicians should be aware of potential interaction with asymptomatic AF. It may prevent adverse consequences and improve the quality of life. This issue may be challenging for an updated registry of AF in clinical practice. Thyroid hormones should be considered a biomarker for cardiac arrhythmias screening and their tailored management because of their multifaceted cellular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcis Tribulova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (B.S.B.); Tel.: +421-2-32295-423 (B.S.B.)
| | - Lin Hai Kurahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 76 0793, Japan; (L.H.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Peter Hlivak
- Department of Arrhythmias and Pacing, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pod Krásnou Hôrkou 1, 83348 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Katsuya Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 76 0793, Japan; (L.H.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Barbara Szeiffova Bacova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (B.S.B.); Tel.: +421-2-32295-423 (B.S.B.)
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16
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Darlington A, McCauley MD. Atrial Cardiomyopathy: An Unexplored Limb of Virchow's Triad for AF Stroke Prophylaxis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:11. [PMID: 32133372 PMCID: PMC7039862 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The most dreaded complication of atrial fibrillation is stroke, and 70–80% of patients with AF-related stroke die or become disabled. The mechanisms of thromboembolism in AF are multifactorial, with evidence demonstrating that all three criteria of Virchow's triad are satisfied in AF: abnormal stasis of blood, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability. Mechanistic insights into the latter two limbs have resulted in effective stroke prophylactic therapies (left atrial appendage occlusion and oral anticoagulants); however, despite these advances, there remains an excess of stroke in the AF population that may be due, in part, to a lack of mechanistic understanding of atrial hypocontractility resulting in abnormal stasis of blood within the atrium. These observations support the emerging concept of atrial cardiomyopathy as a cause of stroke. In this Review, we evaluate molecular, translational, and clinical evidence for atrial cardiomyopathy as a cause for stroke from AF, and present a rationale for further investigation of this largely unaddressed limb of Virchow's triad in AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Darlington
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark D McCauley
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Potenza DM, Janicek R, Fernandez-Tenorio M, Niggli E. Activation of endogenous protein phosphatase 1 enhances the calcium sensitivity of the ryanodine receptor type 2 in murine ventricular cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2020; 598:1131-1150. [PMID: 31943206 DOI: 10.1113/jp278951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Increased protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1) activity has been found in end stage human heart failure. Although PP-1 has been extensively studied, a detailed understanding of its role in the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism, in normal and diseased hearts, remains elusive. The present study investigates the functional effect of the PP-1 activity on local Ca2+ release events in ventricular cardiomyocytes, by using an activating peptide (PDP3) for the stimulation of the endogenous PP-1 protein. We report that acute de-phosphorylation may increase the sensitivity of RyR2 channels to Ca2+ in situ, and that the RyR2-serine2808 phosphorylation site may mediate such a process. Our approach unmasks the functional importance of PP-1 in the regulation of RyR2 activity, suggesting a potential role in the generation of a pathophysiological sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak in the diseased heart. ABSTRACT Changes in cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) phosphorylation are considered to be important regulatory and disease related post-translational protein modifications. The extent of RyR2 phosphorylation is mainly determined by the balance of the activities of protein kinases and phosphatases, respectively. Increased protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) activity has been observed in heart failure, although the regulatory role of this enzyme on intracellular Ca2+ handling remains poorly understood. To determine the physiological and pathophysiological significance of increased PP-1 activity, we investigated how the PP-1 catalytic subunit (PP-1c) alters Ca2+ sparks in permeabilized cardiomyocytes and we also applied a PP-1-disrupting peptide (PDP3) to specifically activate endogenous PP-1, including the one anchored on the RyR2 macromolecular complex. We compared wild-type and transgenic mice in which the usually highly phosphorylated site RyR2-S2808 has been ablated to investigate its involvement in RyR2 modulation (S2808A+/+ ). In wild-type myocytes, PP-1 increased Ca2+ spark frequency by two-fold, followed by depletion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store. Similarly, PDP3 transiently increased spark frequency and decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load. RyR2 Ca2+ sensitivity, which was assessed by Ca2+ spark recovery analysis, was increased in the presence of PDP3 compared to a negative control peptide. S2808A+/+ cardiomyocytes did not respond to both PP-1c and PDP3 treatment. Our results suggest an increased Ca2+ sensitivity of RyR2 upon de-phosphorylation by PP-1. Furthermore, we have confirmed the S2808 site as a target for PP-1 and as a potential link between RyR2s modulation and the cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ernst Niggli
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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El Refaey M, Musa H, Murphy NP, Lubbers ER, Skaf M, Han M, Cavus O, Koenig SN, Wallace MJ, Gratz D, Bradley E, Alsina KM, Wehrens XHT, Hund TJ, Mohler PJ. Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulates Cardiac Na + Channels. Circ Res 2019; 124:737-746. [PMID: 30602331 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Voltage-gated Na+ channel ( INa) function is critical for normal cardiac excitability. However, the Na+ channel late component ( INa,L) is directly associated with potentially fatal forms of congenital and acquired human arrhythmia. CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II) enhances INa,L in response to increased adrenergic tone. However, the pathways that negatively regulate the CaMKII/Nav1.5 axis are unknown and essential for the design of new therapies to regulate the pathogenic INa,L. OBJECTIVE To define phosphatase pathways that regulate INa,L in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS A mouse model lacking a key regulatory subunit (B56α) of the PP (protein phosphatase) 2A holoenzyme displayed aberrant action potentials after adrenergic stimulation. Unbiased computational modeling of B56α KO (knockout) mouse myocyte action potentials revealed an unexpected role of PP2A in INa,L regulation that was confirmed by direct INa,L recordings from B56α KO myocytes. Further, B56α KO myocytes display decreased sensitivity to isoproterenol-induced induction of arrhythmogenic INa,L, and reduced CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of Nav1.5. At the molecular level, PP2A/B56α complex was found to localize and coimmunoprecipitate with the primary cardiac Nav channel, Nav1.5. CONCLUSIONS PP2A regulates Nav1.5 activity in mouse cardiomyocytes. This regulation is critical for pathogenic Nav1.5 late current and requires PP2A-B56α. Our study supports B56α as a novel target for the treatment of arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El Refaey
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Hassan Musa
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Nathaniel P Murphy
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Ellen R Lubbers
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Michel Skaf
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Mei Han
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Omer Cavus
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Sara N Koenig
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Michael J Wallace
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
| | - Daniel Gratz
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (D.G., T.J.H.)
| | - Elisa Bradley
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.)
| | - Katherina M Alsina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (K.M.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.H.T.W.)
| | - Thomas J Hund
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University College of Engineering, Columbus (D.G., T.J.H.)
| | - Peter J Mohler
- From the Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., D.G., E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (E.B., T.J.H., P.J.M.).,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus (M.E.R., H.M., N.P.M., E.R.L., M.S., M.H., O.C., S.N.K., M.J.W., P.J.M.)
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19
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Chiang DY, Alsina KM, Corradini E, Fitzpatrick M, Ni L, Lahiri SK, Reynolds JO, Pan X, Scott L, Heck AJR, Wehrens XHT. Rearrangement of the Protein Phosphatase 1 Interactome During Heart Failure Progression. Circulation 2019; 138:1569-1581. [PMID: 29669786 PMCID: PMC6193872 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is a complex disease with a rising prevalence despite advances in treatment. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) has long been implicated in HF pathogenesis, but its exact role is both unclear and controversial. Most previous studies measured only the PP1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) without investigating its diverse set of interactors, which confer localization and substrate specificity to the holoenzyme. In this study, we define the PP1 interactome in cardiac tissue and test the hypothesis that this interactome becomes rearranged during HF progression at the level of specific PP1c interactors. METHODS Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction and grouped on the basis of ejection fraction into sham, hypertrophy, moderate HF (ejection fraction, 30%-40%), and severe HF (ejection fraction <30%). Cardiac lysates were subjected to affinity purification with anti-PP1c antibodies followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. PP1 regulatory subunit 7 (Ppp1r7) was knocked down in mouse cardiomyocytes and HeLa cells with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 and siRNA, respectively. Calcium imaging was performed on isolated ventricular myocytes. RESULTS Seventy-one and 98 PP1c interactors were quantified from mouse cardiac and HeLa lysates, respectively, including many novel interactors and protein complexes. This represents the largest reproducible PP1 interactome data set ever captured from any tissue, including both primary and secondary/tertiary interactors. Nine PP1c interactors with changes in their binding to PP1c were strongly associated with HF progression, including 2 known (Ppp1r7 and Ppp1r18) and 7 novel interactors. Within the entire cardiac PP1 interactome, Ppp1r7 had the highest binding to PP1c. Cardiac-specific knockdown in mice led to cardiac dysfunction and disruption of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS PP1 is best studied at the level of its interactome, which undergoes significant rearrangement during HF progression. The 9 key interactors that are associated with HF progression may represent potential targets in HF therapy. In particular, Ppp1r7 may play a central role in regulating the PP1 interactome by acting as a competitive molecular "sponge" of PP1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Chiang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.Y.C.).,Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.Y.C., K.M.A., L.N., S.K.L., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (D.Y.C., E.C., M.F., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Katherina M Alsina
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.Y.C., K.M.A., L.N., S.K.L., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (K.M.A.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Eleonora Corradini
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (D.Y.C., E.C., M.F., A.J.R.H.).,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht (E.C., M.F., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Martin Fitzpatrick
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (D.Y.C., E.C., M.F., A.J.R.H.).,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht (E.C., M.F., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Li Ni
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.Y.C., K.M.A., L.N., S.K.L., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.N., S.K.L., J.O.R., X.P., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Satadru K Lahiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.Y.C., K.M.A., L.N., S.K.L., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.N., S.K.L., J.O.R., X.P., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Julia O Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.N., S.K.L., J.O.R., X.P., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xiaolu Pan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.N., S.K.L., J.O.R., X.P., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Larry Scott
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.Y.C., K.M.A., L.N., S.K.L., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.N., S.K.L., J.O.R., X.P., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (D.Y.C., E.C., M.F., A.J.R.H.).,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht (E.C., M.F., A.J.R.H.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.Y.C., K.M.A., L.N., S.K.L., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (L.N., S.K.L., J.O.R., X.P., L.S., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (X.H.T.W.), and Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology) (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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20
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Alsina KM, Hulsurkar M, Brandenburg S, Kownatzki-Danger D, Lenz C, Urlaub H, Abu-Taha I, Kamler M, Chiang DY, Lahiri SK, Reynolds JO, Quick AP, Scott L, Word TA, Gelves MD, Heck AJR, Li N, Dobrev D, Lehnart SE, Wehrens XHT. Loss of Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit PPP1R3A Promotes Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 2019; 140:681-693. [PMID: 31185731 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.039642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal calcium (Ca2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) contributes to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Increased phosphorylation of 2 proteins essential for normal SR-Ca2+ cycling, the type-2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and phospholamban (PLN), enhances the susceptibility to AF, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) limits steady-state phosphorylation of both RyR2 and PLN. Proteomic analysis uncovered a novel PP1-regulatory subunit (PPP1R3A [PP1 regulatory subunit type 3A]) in the RyR2 macromolecular channel complex that has been previously shown to mediate PP1 targeting to PLN. We tested the hypothesis that reduced PPP1R3A levels contribute to AF pathogenesis by reducing PP1 binding to both RyR2 and PLN. METHODS Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and complexome profiling were performed from the atrial tissue of patients with AF and from cardiac lysates of wild-type and Pln-knockout mice. Ppp1r3a-knockout mice were generated by CRISPR-mediated deletion of exons 2 to 3. Ppp1r3a-knockout mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to in vivo programmed electrical stimulation to determine AF susceptibility. Isolated atrial cardiomyocytes were used for Stimulated Emission Depletion superresolution microscopy and confocal Ca2+ imaging. RESULTS Proteomics identified the PP1-regulatory subunit PPP1R3A as a novel RyR2-binding partner, and coimmunoprecipitation confirmed PPP1R3A binding to RyR2 and PLN. Complexome profiling and Stimulated Emission Depletion imaging revealed that PLN is present in the PPP1R3A-RyR2 interaction, suggesting the existence of a previously unknown SR nanodomain composed of both RyR2 and PLN/sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-2a macromolecular complexes. This novel RyR2/PLN/sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-2a complex was also identified in human atria. Genetic ablation of Ppp1r3a in mice impaired binding of PP1 to both RyR2 and PLN. Reduced PP1 targeting was associated with increased phosphorylation of RyR2 and PLN, aberrant SR-Ca2+ release in atrial cardiomyocytes, and enhanced susceptibility to pacing-induced AF. Finally, PPP1R3A was progressively downregulated in the atria of patients with paroxysmal and persistent (chronic) AF. CONCLUSIONS PPP1R3A is a novel PP1-regulatory subunit within the RyR2 channel complex. Reduced PPP1R3A levels impair PP1 targeting and increase phosphorylation of both RyR2 and PLN. PPP1R3A deficiency promotes abnormal SR-Ca2+ release and increases AF susceptibility in mice. Given that PPP1R3A is downregulated in patients with AF, this regulatory subunit may represent a new target for AF therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina M Alsina
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (K.M.A., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mohit Hulsurkar
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sören Brandenburg
- Cellular Biophysics and Translational Cardiology Research Section, Heart Research Center Göttingen, and Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Germany (S.B., D.K.-D., S.E.L.)
| | - Daniel Kownatzki-Danger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Cellular Biophysics and Translational Cardiology Research Section, Heart Research Center Göttingen, and Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Germany (S.B., D.K.-D., S.E.L.)
| | - Christof Lenz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Germany (C.L., H.U.)
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Germany (C.L., H.U.)
| | - Issam Abu-Taha
- Institute of Pharmacology, West Germany Heart and Vascular Center (I.A.-T., D.D.), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Huttrop (M.K.), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - David Y Chiang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (D.Y.C.)
| | - Satadru K Lahiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Julia O Reynolds
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ann P Quick
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Larry Scott
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tarah A Word
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Maria D Gelves
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.J.R.H.).,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht (A.J.R.H.)
| | - Na Li
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (K.M.A., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine (N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West Germany Heart and Vascular Center (I.A.-T., D.D.), University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) site Goettingen (S.E.L.)
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Cellular Biophysics and Translational Cardiology Research Section, Heart Research Center Göttingen, and Department of Cardiology & Pneumology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Germany (S.B., D.K.-D., S.E.L.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (K.M.A., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Cardiovascular Research Institute (K.MA., M.H., D.Y.C., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., M.D.G., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics (M.H., S.K.L., J.O.R., A.P.Q., L.S., T.A.W., N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine (N.L., X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.,Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology) (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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21
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Dissecting Clinical and Metabolomics Associations of Left Atrial Phasic Function by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8138. [PMID: 29802321 PMCID: PMC5970174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Among community cohorts, associations between clinical and metabolite factors and complex left atrial (LA) phasic function assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) feature tracking (FT) are unknown. Longitudinal LA strain comprising reservoir strain (εs), conduit strain (εe) and booster strain (εa) and their corresponding peak strain rates (SRs, SRe, SRa) were measured using CMR FT. Targeted mass spectrometry measured 83 circulating metabolites in serum. Sparse Principal Component Analysis was used for data reduction. Among community adults (n = 128, 41% female) (mean age: 70.5 ± 11.6 years), age was significantly associated with εs (β = -0.30, p < 0.0001), εe (β = -0.3, p < 0.0001), SRs (β = -0.02, p < 0.0001), SRe (β = 0.04, p < 0.0001) and SRe/SRa (β = -0.01, p = 0.012). In contrast, heart rate was significantly associated with εa (β = 0.1, p = 0.001) and SRa (β = -0.02, p < 0.0001). Serine was significantly associated with εs (β = 10.1, p = 0.015), SRs (β = 0.5, p = 0.033) and SRa (β = -0.9, p = 0.016). Citrulline was associated with εs (β = -4.0, p = 0.016), εa (β = -3.4, p = 0.002) and SRa (β = 0.4, p = 0.019). Valine was associated with ratio of SRe:SRa (β = -0.4, p = 0.039). Medium and long chain dicarboxyl carnitines were associated with εs (β = -0.6, p = 0.038). Phases of LA function were differentially associated with clinical and metabolite factors. Metabolite signals may be used to advance mechanistic understanding of LA disease in future studies.
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22
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Abstract
There has been a significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which calcium (Ca2+) ions mediate various types of cardiac arrhythmias. A growing list of inherited gene defects can cause potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia syndromes, including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, congenital long QT syndrome, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In addition, acquired deficits of multiple Ca2+-handling proteins can contribute to the pathogenesis of arrhythmias in patients with various types of heart disease. In this review article, we will first review the key role of Ca2+ in normal cardiac function-in particular, excitation-contraction coupling and normal electric rhythms. The functional involvement of Ca2+ in distinct arrhythmia mechanisms will be discussed, followed by various inherited arrhythmia syndromes caused by mutations in Ca2+-handling proteins. Finally, we will discuss how changes in the expression of regulation of Ca2+ channels and transporters can cause acquired arrhythmias, and how these mechanisms might be targeted for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Landstrom
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (A.P.L.), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.L., X.H.T.W.), and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Center for Space Medicine (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.)
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (A.P.L.), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.L., X.H.T.W.), and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Center for Space Medicine (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (A.P.L.), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.L., X.H.T.W.), and Departments of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine (Cardiology), Center for Space Medicine (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (D.D.).
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23
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Dobrev D, Wehrens XHT. Calcium-mediated cellular triggered activity in atrial fibrillation. J Physiol 2017; 595:4001-4008. [PMID: 28181690 DOI: 10.1113/jp273048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly encountered cardiac arrhythmia, the basic mechanisms underlying this disorder remain incompletely understood. During the past decade or so, it has become clear that alterations in intracellular Ca2+ handling may play a role in the pathogenesis of AF. Studies in small and large animal models, as well as atrial samples from patients with different forms of AF, have implicated ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) dysfunction and enhanced spontaneous Ca2+ release events from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as a potential cause of proarrhythmic cellular ectopic (triggered) activity in AF. The molecular mechanisms leading to RyR2 dysfunction and SR Ca2+ leak depend on the clinical stage of AF or specific animal model studied. This review focuses on the mechanisms and role of calcium-mediated cellular triggered activity in AF, and addresses some of the current controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute for Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Departments of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Pediatrics (Cardiology), Medicine (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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24
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Heijman J, Ghezelbash S, Wehrens XHT, Dobrev D. Serine/Threonine Phosphatases in Atrial Fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 103:110-120. [PMID: 28077320 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serine/threonine protein phosphatases control dephosphorylation of numerous cardiac proteins, including a variety of ion channels and calcium-handling proteins, thereby providing precise post-translational regulation of cardiac electrophysiology and function. Accordingly, dysfunction of this regulation can contribute to the initiation, maintenance and progression of cardiac arrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder and is characterized by electrical, autonomic, calcium-handling, contractile, and structural remodeling, which include, among other things, changes in the phosphorylation status of a wide range of proteins. Here, we review AF-associated alterations in the phosphorylation of atrial ion channels, calcium-handling and contractile proteins, and their role in AF-pathophysiology. We highlight the mechanisms controlling the phosphorylation of these proteins and focus on the role of altered dephosphorylation via local type-1, type-2A and type-2B phosphatases (PP1, PP2A, and PP2B, also known as calcineurin, respectively). Finally, we discuss the challenges for phosphatase research, potential therapeutic significance of altered phosphatase-mediated protein dephosphorylation in AF, as well as future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Shokoufeh Ghezelbash
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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25
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Lam MPY, Lau E, Ng DCM, Wang D, Ping P. Cardiovascular proteomics in the era of big data: experimental and computational advances. Clin Proteomics 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 27980500 PMCID: PMC5137214 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-016-9124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics plays an increasingly important role in our quest to understand cardiovascular biology. Fueled by analytical and computational advances in the past decade, proteomics applications can now go beyond merely inventorying protein species, and address sophisticated questions on cardiac physiology. The advent of massive mass spectrometry datasets has in turn led to increasing intersection between proteomics and big data science. Here we review new frontiers in technological developments and their applications to cardiovascular medicine. The impact of big data science on cardiovascular proteomics investigations and translation to medicine is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie P Y Lam
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence at UCLA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Edward Lau
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence at UCLA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Dominic C M Ng
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence at UCLA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ding Wang
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence at UCLA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence at UCLA; Department of Physiology, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ; Department of Bioinformatics, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O'Rourke
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Ting Liu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - D Brian Foster
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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27
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Quick AP, Wang Q, Philippen LE, Barreto-Torres G, Chiang DY, Beavers D, Wang G, Khalid M, Reynolds JO, Campbell HM, Showell J, McCauley MD, Scholten A, Wehrens XHT. SPEG (Striated Muscle Preferentially Expressed Protein Kinase) Is Essential for Cardiac Function by Regulating Junctional Membrane Complex Activity. Circ Res 2016; 120:110-119. [PMID: 27729468 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Junctional membrane complexes (JMCs) in myocytes are critical microdomains, in which excitation-contraction coupling occurs. Structural and functional disruption of JMCs underlies contractile dysfunction in failing hearts. However, the role of newly identified JMC protein SPEG (striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of SPEG in healthy and failing adult hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Proteomic analysis of immunoprecipitated JMC proteins ryanodine receptor type 2 and junctophilin-2 (JPH2) followed by mass spectrometry identified the serine-threonine kinase SPEG as the only novel binding partner for both proteins. Real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed the downregulation of SPEG mRNA levels in failing human hearts. A novel cardiac myocyte-specific Speg conditional knockout (MCM-Spegfl/fl) model revealed that adult-onset SPEG deficiency results in heart failure (HF). Calcium (Ca2+) and transverse-tubule imaging of ventricular myocytes from MCM-Spegfl/fl mice post HF revealed both increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ spark frequency and disrupted JMC integrity. Additional studies revealed that transverse-tubule disruption precedes the development of HF development in MCM-Spegfl/fl mice. Although total JPH2 levels were unaltered, JPH2 phosphorylation levels were found to be reduced in MCM-Spegfl/fl mice, suggesting that loss of SPEG phosphorylation of JPH2 led to transverse-tubule disruption, a precursor of HF development in SPEG-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS The novel JMC protein SPEG is downregulated in human failing hearts. Acute loss of SPEG in mouse hearts causes JPH2 dephosphorylation and transverse-tubule loss associated with downstream Ca2+ mishandling leading to HF. Our study suggests that SPEG could be a novel target for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann P Quick
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Qiongling Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Leonne E Philippen
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Giselle Barreto-Torres
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - David Y Chiang
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - David Beavers
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Guoliang Wang
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Maha Khalid
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Julia O Reynolds
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Hannah M Campbell
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Jordan Showell
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Mark D McCauley
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Arjen Scholten
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., X.H.T.W), Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.P.Q., Q.W., L.E.P., G.B.-T., D.Y.C., D.B., G.W., J.O.R., H.M.C., J.S., M.D.M., X.H.T.W), Medical Scientist Training Program (D.Y.C., D.B., H.M.C.), Department of Medicine (Cardiology) (M.D.M., X.H.T.W), and Pediatrics (X.H.T.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Accelerated BS/MD Program, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, TX (M.K.); and Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (A.S.).
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Chiang DY, Heck AJR, Dobrev D, Wehrens XHT. Regulating the regulator: Insights into the cardiac protein phosphatase 1 interactome. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 101:165-172. [PMID: 27663175 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a delicate yet dynamic balancing act between kinases and phosphatases, the disturbance of which underlies numerous disease processes. While our understanding of protein kinases has grown tremendously over the past decades, relatively little is known regarding protein phosphatases. This may be because protein kinases are great in number and relatively specific in function, and thereby amenable to be studied in isolation, whereas protein phosphatases are much less abundant and more nonspecific in their function. To achieve subcellular localization and substrate specificity, phosphatases depend on partnering with a large number of regulatory subunits, protein scaffolds and/or other interactors. This added layer of complexity presents a significant barrier to their study, but holds the key to unexplored opportunities for novel pharmacologic intervention. In this review we focus on serine/threonine protein phosphatase type-1 (PP1), which plays an important role in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Although much work has been done to investigate the role of PP1 in cardiac diseases including atrial fibrillation and heart failure, most of these studies were limited to examining and manipulating the catalytic subunit(s) of PP1 without adequately considering the PP1 interactors, which give specificity to PP1's functions. To complement these studies, three unbiased methods have been developed and applied to the mapping of the PP1 interactome: bioinformatics approaches, yeast two-hybrid screens, and affinity-purification mass spectrometry. The application of these complementary methods has the potential to generate a detailed cardiac PP1 interactome, which is an important step in identifying novel and targeted pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Chiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg/Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Barallobre-Barreiro J, Gupta SK, Zoccarato A, Kitazume-Taneike R, Fava M, Yin X, Werner T, Hirt MN, Zampetaki A, Viviano A, Chong M, Bern M, Kourliouros A, Domenech N, Willeit P, Shah AM, Jahangiri M, Schaefer L, Fischer JW, Iozzo RV, Viner R, Thum T, Heineke J, Kichler A, Otsu K, Mayr M. Glycoproteomics Reveals Decorin Peptides With Anti-Myostatin Activity in Human Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation 2016; 134:817-32. [PMID: 27559042 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.016423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial fibrosis is a feature of many cardiac diseases. We used proteomics to profile glycoproteins in the human cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). METHODS Atrial specimens were analyzed by mass spectrometry after extraction of ECM proteins and enrichment for glycoproteins or glycopeptides. RESULTS ECM-related glycoproteins were identified in left and right atrial appendages from the same patients. Several known glycosylation sites were confirmed. In addition, putative and novel glycosylation sites were detected. On enrichment for glycoproteins, peptides of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin were identified consistently in the flowthrough. Of all ECM proteins identified, decorin was found to be the most fragmented. Within its protein core, 18 different cleavage sites were identified. In contrast, less cleavage was observed for biglycan, the most closely related proteoglycan. Decorin processing differed between human ventricles and atria and was altered in disease. The C-terminus of decorin, important for the interaction with connective tissue growth factor, was detected predominantly in ventricles in comparison with atria. In contrast, atrial appendages from patients in persistent atrial fibrillation had greater levels of full-length decorin but also harbored a cleavage site that was not found in atrial appendages from patients in sinus rhythm. This cleavage site preceded the N-terminal domain of decorin that controls muscle growth by altering the binding capacity for myostatin. Myostatin expression was decreased in atrial appendages of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and hearts of decorin null mice. A synthetic peptide corresponding to this decorin region dose-dependently inhibited the response to myostatin in cardiomyocytes and in perfused mouse hearts. CONCLUSIONS This proteomics study is the first to analyze the human cardiac ECM. Novel processed forms of decorin protein core, uncovered in human atrial appendages, can regulate the local bioavailability of antihypertrophic and profibrotic growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Barallobre-Barreiro
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Shashi K Gupta
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Anna Zoccarato
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Rika Kitazume-Taneike
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Marika Fava
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Tessa Werner
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Marc N Hirt
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Alessandro Viviano
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Mei Chong
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Marshall Bern
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Antonios Kourliouros
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Nieves Domenech
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Peter Willeit
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Ajay M Shah
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Marjan Jahangiri
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Jens W Fischer
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Rosa Viner
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Thomas Thum
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Joerg Heineke
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Antoine Kichler
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Kinya Otsu
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- From King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, United Kingdom (J.B.-B., A. Zoccarato, R.K.-T., M.F., X.Y., A. Zampetaki, M.C., P.W., A.M.S., K.O., M.M.); Institute for Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, MH-Hannover, Germany (S.K.G., T.T.); St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (M.F., A.V., A.K., M.J.); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (T.W., M.N.H.); Protein Metrics, San Carlos, CA (M.B.); Biobanco A Coruña, INIBIC-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain (N.D.); Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.S.); Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.W.F.); Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA (R.V.I.); Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA (R.V.); Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, MH-Hannover, Germany (J.H.); and Laboratoire Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques, UMR 7199 CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France (A.K.).
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Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an extremely prevalent arrhythmia that presents a wide range of therapeutic challenges. AF usually begins in a self-terminating paroxysmal form (pAF). With time, the AF pattern often evolves to become persistent (nonterminating within 7 days). Important differences exist between pAF and persistent AF in terms of clinical features, in particular the responsiveness to antiarrhythmic drugs and ablation therapy. AF mechanisms have been extensively reviewed, but few or no Reviews focus specifically on the pathophysiology of pAF. Accordingly, in this Review, we examine the available data on the electrophysiological basis for pAF occurrence and maintenance, as well as the molecular mechanisms forming the underlying substrate. We first consider the mechanistic insights that have been obtained from clinical studies in the electrophysiology laboratory, noninvasive observations, and genetic studies. We then discuss the information about underlying molecular mechanisms that has been obtained from experimental studies on animal models and patient samples. Finally, we discuss the data available from animal models with spontaneous AF presentation, their relationship to clinical findings, and their relevance to understanding the mechanisms underlying pAF. Our analysis then turns to potential factors governing cases of progression from pAF to persistent AF and the clinical implications of the basic mechanisms we review. We conclude by identifying and discussing questions that we consider particularly important to address through future research in this area.
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Opacic D, van Bragt KA, Nasrallah HM, Schotten U, Verheule S. Atrial metabolism and tissue perfusion as determinants of electrical and structural remodelling in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:527-41. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Weber S, Meyer-Roxlau S, Wagner M, Dobrev D, El-Armouche A. Counteracting Protein Kinase Activity in the Heart: The Multiple Roles of Protein Phosphatases. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:270. [PMID: 26617522 PMCID: PMC4643138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of cardiovascular research have shown that variable and flexible levels of protein phosphorylation are necessary to maintain cardiac function. A delicate balance between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated states of proteins is guaranteed by a complex interplay of protein kinases (PKs) and phosphatases. Serine/threonine phosphatases, in particular members of the protein phosphatase (PP) family govern dephosphorylation of the majority of these cardiac proteins. Recent findings have however shown that PPs do not only dephosphorylate previously phosphorylated proteins as a passive control mechanism but are capable to actively control PK activity via different direct and indirect signaling pathways. These control mechanisms can take place on (epi-)genetic, (post-)transcriptional, and (post-)translational levels. In addition PPs themselves are targets of a plethora of proteinaceous interaction partner regulating their endogenous activity, thus adding another level of complexity and feedback control toward this system. Finally, novel approaches are underway to achieve spatiotemporal pharmacologic control of PPs which in turn can be used to fine-tune misleaded PK activity in heart disease. Taken together, this review comprehensively summarizes the major aspects of PP-mediated PK regulation and discusses the subsequent consequences of deregulated PP activity for cardiovascular diseases in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Weber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meyer-Roxlau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center , Essen, Germany
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dresden University of Technology , Dresden, Germany
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Cardiac-specific deletion of protein phosphatase 1β promotes increased myofilament protein phosphorylation and contractile alterations. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 87:204-13. [PMID: 26334248 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There are 3 protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic isoforms (α, β and γ) encoded within the mammalian genome. These 3 gene products share ~90% amino acid homology within their catalytic domains but each has unique N- and C-termini that likely underlie distinctive subcellular localization or functionality. In this study, we assessed the effect associated with the loss of each PP1 isoform in the heart using a conditional Cre-loxP targeting approach in mice. Ppp1ca-loxP, Ppp1cb-loxP and Ppp1cc-loxP alleles were crossed with either an Nkx2.5-Cre knock-in containing allele for early embryonic deletion or a tamoxifen inducible α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC)-MerCreMer transgene for adult and cardiac-specific deletion. We determined that while deletion of Ppp1ca (PP1α) or Ppp1cc (PP1γ) had little effect on the whole heart, deletion of Ppp1cb (PP1β) resulted in concentric remodeling of the heart, interstitial fibrosis and contractile dysregulation, using either the embryonic or adult-specific Cre-expressing alleles. However, myocytes isolated from Ppp1cb deleted hearts surprisingly showed enhanced contractility. Mechanistically we found that deletion of any of the 3 PP1 gene-encoding isoforms had no effect on phosphorylation of phospholamban, nor were Ca(2+) handling dynamics altered in adult myocytes from Ppp1cb deleted hearts. However, the loss of Ppp1cb from the heart, but not Ppp1ca or Ppp1cc, resulted in elevated phosphorylation of myofilament proteins such as myosin light chain 2 and cardiac myosin binding protein C, consistent with an enriched localization profile of this isoform to the sarcomeres. These results suggest a unique functional role for the PP1β isoform in affecting cardiac contractile function.
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Akt-mediated phosphorylation controls the activity of the Y-box protein MSY3 in skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2015; 5:18. [PMID: 26146542 PMCID: PMC4491233 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-015-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Y-box protein MSY3/Csda represses myogenin transcription in skeletal muscle by binding a highly conserved cis-acting DNA element located just upstream of the myogenin minimal promoter (myogHCE). It is not known how this MSY3 activity is controlled in skeletal muscle. In this study, we provide multiple lines of evidence showing that the post-translational phosphorylation of MSY3 by Akt kinase modulates the MSY3 repression of myogenin. METHODS Skeletal muscle and myogenic C2C12 cells were used to study the effects of MSY3 phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro on its sub-cellular localization and activity, by blocking the IGF1/PI3K/Akt pathway, by Akt depletion and over-expression, and by mutating potential MSY3 phosphorylation sites. RESULTS We observed that, as skeletal muscle progressed from perinatal to postnatal and adult developmental stages, MSY3 protein became gradually dephosphorylated and accumulated in the nucleus. This correlated well with the reduction of phosphorylated active Akt. In C2C12 myogenic cells, blocking the IGF1/PI3K/Akt pathway using LY294002 inhibitor reduced MSY3 phosphorylation levels resulting in its accumulation in the nuclei. Knocking down Akt expression increased the amount of dephosphorylated MSY3 and reduced myogenin expression and muscle differentiation. MSY3 phosphorylation by Akt in vitro impaired its binding at the MyogHCE element, while blocking Akt increased MSY3 binding activity. While Akt over-expression rescued myogenin expression in MSY3 overexpressing myogenic cells, ablation of the Akt substrate, (Ser126 located in the MSY3 cold shock domain) promoted MSY3 accumulation in the nucleus and abolished this rescue. Furthermore, forced expression of Akt in adult skeletal muscle induced MSY3 phosphorylation and myogenin derepression. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that MSY3 phosphorylation by Akt interferes with MSY3 repression of myogenin circuit activity during muscle development. This study highlights a previously undescribed Akt-mediated signaling pathway involved in the repression of myogenin expression in myogenic cells and in mature muscle. Given the significance of myogenin regulation in adult muscle, the Akt/MSY3/myogenin regulatory circuit is a potential therapeutic target to counteract muscle degenerative disease.
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Barallobre-Barreiro J, Mayr M. Affinity proteomics for phosphatase interactions in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:174-6. [PMID: 25593059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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