1
|
Goyal RK, Rattan S. Role of mechanoregulation in mast cell-mediated immune inflammation of the smooth muscle in the pathophysiology of esophageal motility disorders. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G398-G410. [PMID: 38290993 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00258.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Major esophageal disorders involve obstructive transport of bolus to the stomach, causing symptoms of dysphagia and impaired clearing of the refluxed gastric contents. These may occur due to mechanical constriction of the esophageal lumen or loss of relaxation associated with deglutitive inhibition, as in achalasia-like disorders. Recently, immune inflammation has been identified as an important cause of esophageal strictures and the loss of inhibitory neurotransmission. These disorders are also associated with smooth muscle hypertrophy and hypercontractility, whose cause is unknown. This review investigated immune inflammation in the causation of smooth muscle changes in obstructive esophageal bolus transport. Findings suggest that smooth muscle hypertrophy occurs above the obstruction and is due to mechanical stress on the smooth muscles. The mechanostressed smooth muscles release cytokines and other molecules that may recruit and microlocalize mast cells to smooth muscle bundles, so that their products may have a close bidirectional effect on each other. Acting in a paracrine fashion, the inflammatory cytokines induce genetic and epigenetic changes in the smooth muscles, leading to smooth muscle hypercontractility, hypertrophy, and impaired relaxation. These changes may worsen difficulty in the esophageal transport. Immune processes differ in the first phase of obstructive bolus transport, and the second phase of muscle hypertrophy and hypercontractility. Moreover, changes in the type of mechanical stress may change immune response and effect on smooth muscles. Understanding immune signaling in causes of obstructive bolus transport, type of mechanical stress, and associated smooth muscle changes may help pathophysiology-based prevention and targeted treatment of esophageal motility disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Esophageal disorders such as esophageal stricture or achalasia, and diffuse esophageal spasm are associated with smooth muscle hypertrophy and hypercontractility, above the obstruction, yet the cause of such changes is unknown. This review suggests that smooth muscle obstructive disorders may cause mechanical stress on smooth muscle, which then secretes chemicals that recruit, microlocalize, and activate mast cells to initiate immune inflammation, producing functional and structural changes in smooth muscles. Understanding the immune signaling in these changes may help pathophysiology-based prevention and targeted treatment of esophageal motility disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Goyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Satish Rattan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sidney Kummel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Li A, Zhu Y, Liu F, Zhao D, Tang H, Xu C. Effect of stearoyl-coenzyme a desaturase 1 (SCD1) on the function of mast cells. J Asthma 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38315158 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2024.2303749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of childhood asthma and obesity is increasing, while obesity increases the risk and severity of asthma. Lipid metabolism has been considered as an important factor in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated asthma. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the production of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA).Methods: In the present study, the microarray data retrieved from the Gene Expression Comprehensive Database (GEO) was analyzed to further clarify the impact of SCD1 on Mast cell activation related lipid mediators and the correlation between SCD1 and obesity asthma in the population.Results: SCD1 was highly expressed in IgE-activated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Meanwhile, SCD1 was also verified expressed highly in dinitrophenyl human serum albumin (DNP-HAS) stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. The expression of SCD1 was up-regulated in peripheral blood leukocytes of asthmatic children, and was positively correlated with skinfold thickness of upper arm, abdominal skinfold and body mass index (BMI). Inhibition of SCD1 expression significantly suppressed the degranulation, lipid mediator production, as well as the migration ability in DNP-HAS-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells.Conclusion: SCD1 is involved in obese-related asthma through regulating mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Aiguo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changdi Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baldo BA. MRGPRX2, drug pseudoallergies, inflammatory diseases, mechanisms and distinguishing MRGPRX2- and IgE/FcεRI-mediated events. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:3232-3246. [PMID: 37430437 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
MRGPRX2, a novel Gaq -coupled human mast cell receptor, mediates non-immune adverse reactions without the involvement of antibody priming. Constitutively expressed by human skin mast cells, MRGPRX2 modulates cell degranulation producing pseudoallergies manifesting as itch, inflammation and pain. The term pseudoallergy is defined in relation to adverse drug reactions in general and immune/non-immune-mediated reactions in particular. A list of drugs with MRGPRX2 activity is presented, including a detailed examination of three important and widely used approved therapies: neuromuscular blockers, quinolones and opioids. For the clinician, the significance of MRGPRX2 is considered as an aid in distinguishing and ultimately identifying specific immune and non-immune inflammatory reactions. Anaphylactoid/anaphylactic reactions, neurogenic inflammation and inflammatory diseases with a clear or strongly suspected association with MRGPRX2 activation are examined. Inflammatory diseases include chronic urticaria, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, mastocytosis, allergic asthma, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. MRGPRX2- and allergic IgE/FcεRI-mediated reactions may be clinically similar. Importantly, the usual testing procedures do not distinguish the two mechanisms. Currently, identification of MRGPRX2 activation and diagnosis of pseudoallergic reactions is generally viewed as a process of exclusion once other non-immune and immune processes, particularly IgE/FcεRI-mediated degranulation of mast cells, are ruled out. This does not take into account that MRGPRX2 signals via β-arrestin, which can be utilized to detect MRGPRX2 activation by employing MRGPRX2 transfected cells to assess MRGPRX2 activation via two pathways, the G-protein-independent β-arrestin pathway and the G-protein-dependent Ca2+ pathway. Testing procedures, interpretations for distinguishing mechanisms, patient diagnosis, agonist identification and drug safety evaluations are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Baldo
- Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hvidtfeldt M, Sverrild A, Pulga A, Frøssing L, Silberbrandt A, Hostrup M, Thomassen M, Sanden C, Clausson CM, Siddhuraj P, Bornesund D, Nieto-Fontarigo JJ, Uller L, Erjefält J, Porsbjerg C. Airway hyperresponsiveness reflects corticosteroid-sensitive mast cell involvement across asthma phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:107-116.e4. [PMID: 36907566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway hyperresponsiveness is a hallmark of asthma across asthma phenotypes. Airway hyperresponsiveness to mannitol specifically relates to mast cell infiltration of the airways, suggesting inhaled corticosteroids to be effective in reducing the response to mannitol, despite low levels of type 2 inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the relationship between airway hyperresponsiveness and infiltrating mast cells, and the response to inhaled corticosteroid treatment. METHODS In 50 corticosteroid-free patients with airway hyperresponsiveness to mannitol, mucosal cryobiopsies were obtained before and after 6 weeks of daily treatment with 1600 μg of budesonide. Patients were stratified according to baseline fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) with a cutoff of 25 parts per billion. RESULTS Airway hyperresponsiveness was comparable at baseline and improved equally with treatment in both patients with Feno-high and Feno-low asthma: doubling dose, 3.98 (95% CI, 2.49-6.38; P < .001) and 3.85 (95% CI, 2.51-5.91; P < .001), respectively. However, phenotypes and distribution of mast cells differed between the 2 groups. In patients with Feno-high asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness correlated with the density of chymase-high mast cells infiltrating the epithelial layer (ρ, -0.42; P = .04), and in those with Feno-low asthma, it correlated with the density in the airway smooth muscle (ρ, -0.51; P = .02). The improvement in airway hyperresponsiveness after inhaled corticosteroid treatment correlated with a reduction in mast cells, as well as in airway thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33. CONCLUSIONS Airway hyperresponsiveness to mannitol is related to mast cell infiltration across asthma phenotypes, correlating with epithelial mast cells in patients with Feno-high asthma and with airway smooth muscle mast cells in patients with Feno-low asthma. Treatment with inhaled corticosteroids was effective in reducing airway hyperresponsiveness in both groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Asger Sverrild
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexis Pulga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurits Frøssing
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Hostrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Thomassen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu J, Zhang S, Li H, Bao Y, Du Y, Zhou Y, Zhao D, Liu F. LncRNA-AK007111 affects airway inflammation in asthma via the regulation of mast cell function. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110341. [PMID: 37301118 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in gene transcription and pathophysiological processes of human diseases. Multiple lncRNAs have been shown to play important roles in the occurrence and development of asthma. This study aimed to explore the role of a novel lncRNA, lncRNA-AK007111, in asthma. Overexpression of lncRNA-AK007111 was induced in a mouse model of asthma via viral transfection, followed by the collection of alveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue for the detection of relevant inflammatory factors and pathological analysis of lung sections. Pulmonary resistance and respiratory dynamic compliance were measured using an animal pulmonary function analyzer. The number of mast cells sensitized by immunofluorescence was detected at the cellular level. The degree of degranulation of lncRNA-AK007111 after its knockdown was determined by detecting the level of β-hexosaminidase that was released and quantifying IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA in a model of RBL-2H3 cells activated by immunoglobulin E plus antigen. Finally, we observed the migration ability of mast cells under a microscope. The results showed that in ovalbumin-sensitized mice, the upregulation of lncRNA-AK007111 promoted the infiltration of inflammatory cells in lung tissue, increased the number of total cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, upregulated IL-5 and IL-6 levels, and increased airway hyper-reactivity. Downregulation of lncRNA-AK007111 decreased the degranulation ability of IgE/Ag-activated mast cells and inhibited the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α; moreover, the migration ability of mast cells was significantly weakened. In conclusion, our study revealed that lncRNA-AK007111 plays an important role in asthma by modulating mast cell-related functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiejing Xu
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Affiliate Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siqing Zhang
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaqing Bao
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Du
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Erjefält JS. Anatomical and histopathological approaches to asthma phenotyping. Respir Med 2023; 210:107168. [PMID: 36822489 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is typically characterized by variable respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. Along with the pathophysiology and symptoms are immunological and inflammatory processes. The last decades research has revealed that the immunology of asthma is highly heterogeneous. This has clinical consequences and identification of immunological phenotypes is currently used to guide biological treatment. The focus of this review is on another dimension of asthma diversity, namely anatomical heterogeneity. Immunopathological alterations may go beyond the central airways to also involve the distal airways, the alveolar parenchyma, and pulmonary vessels. Also, extrapulmonary tissues are affected. The anatomical distribution of inflammation in asthma has remained relatively poorly discussed despite its potential implication on both clinical presentation and response to treatment. There is today evidence that a significant proportion of the asthma patients has small airway disease with type 2 immunity, eosinophilia and smooth muscle infiltration of mast cells. The small airways in asthma are also subjected to remodelling, constriction, and luminal plugging, events that are likely to contribute to the elevated distal airway resistance seen in some patients. In cases when the inflammation extends into the alveolar parenchyma alveolar FCER1-high mast cells, eosinophilia, type 2 immunity and activated alveolar macrophages, together with modest interstitial remodelling, create a complex immunopathological picture. Importantly, the distal lung inflammation in asthma can be pharmacologically targeted by use of inhalers with more distal drug deposition. Biological treatments, which are readily distributed to the distal lung, may also be beneficial in eligible patients with more severe and anatomically widespread disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas S Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
House Dust Mite and Cat Dander Extract Induce Asthma-Like Histopathology with an Increase of Mucosal Mast Cells in a Guinea Pig Model. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:9393497. [PMID: 36761882 PMCID: PMC9904926 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9393497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with structural changes in the lungs defined as airway remodelling. Mast cell responses are important in asthma as they, upon activation, release mediators inducing bronchoconstriction, inflammatory cell recruitment, and often remodelling of the airways. As guinea pigs exhibit anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological features resembling human airways, including mast cell distribution and mediator release, we evaluated the effect of extracts from two common allergens, house dust mite (HDM) and cat dander (CDE), on histopathological changes and the composition of tryptase- and chymase-positive mast cells in the guinea pig lungs. Methods Guinea pigs were exposed intranasally to HDM or CDE for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and airway histology was examined at each time point. Hematoxylin and eosin, Picro-Sirius Red, and Periodic Acid-Schiff staining were performed to evaluate airway inflammation, collagen deposition, and mucus-producing cells. In addition, Astra blue and immunostaining against tryptase and chymase were used to visualize mast cells. Results Repetitive administration of HDM or CDE led to the accumulation of inflammatory cells into the proximal and distal airways as well as increased airway smooth muscle mass. HDM exposure caused subepithelial collagen deposition and mucus cell hyperplasia at all three time points, whereas CDE exposure only caused these effects at 8 and 12 weeks. Both HDM and CDE induced a substantial increase in mast cells after 8 and 12 weeks of challenges. This increase was primarily due to mast cells expressing tryptase, but not chymase, thus indicating mucosal mast cells. Conclusions We here show that exposure to HDM and CDE elicits asthma-like histopathology in guinea pigs with infiltration of inflammatory cells, airway remodelling, and accumulation of primarily mucosal mast cells. The results together encourage the use of HDM and CDE allergens for the stimulation of a clinically relevant asthma model in guinea pigs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Esnault S, Jarjour NN. Development of Adaptive Immunity and Its Role in Lung Remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1426:287-351. [PMID: 37464127 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32259-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airflow limitations resulting from bronchial closure, which can be either reversible or fixed due to changes in airway tissue composition and structure, also known as remodeling. Airway remodeling is defined as increased presence of mucins-producing epithelial cells, increased thickness of airway smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis, increased number and activation state of fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Airway inflammation is believed to be the main cause of the development of airway remodeling in asthma. In this chapter, we will review the development of the adaptive immune response and the impact of its mediators and cells on the elements defining airway remodeling in asthma.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rönnberg E, Ravindran A, Mazzurana L, Gong Y, Säfholm J, Lorent J, Dethlefsen O, Orre AC, Al-Ameri M, Adner M, Dahlén SE, Dahlin JS, Mjösberg J, Nilsson G. Analysis of human lung mast cells by single cell RNA sequencing. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151754. [PMID: 37063885 PMCID: PMC10100501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident cells playing major roles in homeostasis and disease conditions. Lung mast cells are particularly important in airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Human mast cells are classically divided into the subsets MCT and MCTC, where MCT express the mast cell protease tryptase and MCTC in addition express chymase, carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) and cathepsin G. Apart from the disctintion of the MCT and MCTC subsets, little is known about the heterogeniety of human lung mast cells and a deep analysis of their heterogeniety has previously not been performed. We therefore performed single cell RNA sequencing on sorted human lung mast cells using SmartSeq2. The mast cells showed high expression of classical mast cell markers. The expression of several individual genes varied considerably among the cells, however, no subpopulations were detected by unbiased clustering. Variable genes included the protease-encoding transcripts CMA1 (chymase) and CTSG (cathepsin G). Human lung mast cells are predominantly of the MCT subset and consistent with this, the expression of CMA1 was only detectable in a small proportion of the cells, and correlated moderately to CTSG. However, in contrast to established data for the protein, CPA3 mRNA was high in all cells and the correlation of CPA3 to CMA1 was weak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Rönnberg
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Elin Rönnberg, ; Gunnar Nilsson,
| | - Avinash Ravindran
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Mazzurana
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yitao Gong
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Säfholm
- Unit for Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Centre for Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Lorent
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Dethlefsen
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Orre
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mamdoh Al-Ameri
- Thoracic Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Unit for Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Centre for Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Unit for Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Centre for Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim S. Dahlin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Elin Rönnberg, ; Gunnar Nilsson,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Akula S, Riihimäki M, Waern I, Åbrink M, Raine A, Hellman L, Wernersson S. Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis of Purified Equine Mast Cells Identifies a Dominant Mucosal Mast Cell Population with Possible Inflammatory Functions in Airways of Asthmatic Horses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213976. [PMID: 36430453 PMCID: PMC9692376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease and a serious health problem in horses as well as in humans. In humans and mice, mast cells (MCs) are known to be directly involved in asthma pathology and subtypes of MCs accumulate in different lung and airway compartments. The role and phenotype of MCs in equine asthma has not been well documented, although an accumulation of MCs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is frequently seen. To characterize the phenotype of airway MCs in equine asthma we here developed a protocol, based on MACS Tyto sorting, resulting in the isolation of 92.9% pure MCs from horse BALF. We then used quantitative transcriptome analyses to determine the gene expression profile of the purified MCs compared with total BALF cells. We found that the MCs exhibited a protease profile typical for the classical mucosal MC subtype, as demonstrated by the expression of tryptase (TPSB2) alone, with no expression of chymase (CMA1) or carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3). Moreover, the expression of genes involved in antigen presentation and complement activation strongly implicates an inflammatory role for these MCs. This study provides a first insight into the phenotype of equine MCs in BALF and their potential role in the airways of asthmatic horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Akula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miia Riihimäki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amanda Raine
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(0)1-8672-112
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu J, Nie M, Dong C, Säfholm J, Pejler G, Nilsson G, Adner M. Monensin inhibits mast cell mediated airway contractions in human and guinea pig asthma models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18924. [PMID: 36344588 PMCID: PMC9640546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common respiratory disease associated with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation and mast cell (MC) accumulation in the lung. Monensin, an ionophoric antibiotic, has been shown to induce apoptosis of human MCs. The aim of this study was to define the effect of monensin on MC responses, e.g., antigen induced bronchoconstriction, and on asthmatic features in models of allergic asthma. Tracheal segments from house dust mite (HDM) extract sensitized guinea pigs were isolated and exposed to monensin, followed by histological staining to quantify MCs. Both guinea pig tracheal and human bronchi were used for pharmacological studies in tissue bath systems to investigate the monensin effect on tissue viability and antigen induced bronchoconstriction. Further, an HDM-induced guinea pig asthma model was utilized to investigate the effect of monensin on AHR and airway inflammation. Monensin decreased MC number, caused MC death, and blocked the HDM or anti-IgE induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pig and human airways. In the guinea pig asthma model, HDM-induced AHR, airway inflammation and MC hyperplasia could be inhibited by repeated administration of monensin. This study indicates that monensin is an effective tool to reduce MC number and MCs are crucial for the development of asthma-like features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jielu Liu
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mu Nie
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caijuan Dong
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Säfholm
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
IL-33 Induces an Antiviral Signature in Mast Cells but Enhances Their Permissiveness for Human Rhinovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112430. [PMID: 36366528 PMCID: PMC9699625 DOI: 10.3390/v14112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are classically associated with allergic asthma but their role in antiviral immunity is unclear. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major cause of asthma exacerbations and can infect and replicate within MCs. The primary site of HRV infection is the airway epithelium and MCs localise to this site with increasing asthma severity. The asthma susceptibility gene, IL-33, encodes an epithelial-derived cytokine released following HRV infection but its impact on MC antiviral responses has yet to be determined. In this study we investigated the global response of LAD2 MCs to IL-33 stimulation using RNA sequencing and identified genes involved in antiviral immunity. In spite of this, IL-33 treatment increased permissiveness of MCs to HRV16 infection which, from the RNA-Seq data, we attributed to upregulation of ICAM1. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed an IL-33-dependent increase in ICAM1 surface expression as well as LDLR, the receptors used by major and minor group HRVs for cellular entry. Neutralisation of ICAM1 reduced the IL-33-dependent enhancement in HRV16 replication and release in both LAD2 MCs and cord blood derived MCs. These findings demonstrate that although IL-33 induces an antiviral signature in MCs, it also upregulates the receptors for HRV entry to enhance infection. This highlights the potential for a gene-environment interaction involving IL33 and HRV in MCs to contribute to virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mogren S, Berlin F, Eskilsson L, Van Der Burg N, Tufvesson E, Andersson CK. Mast Cell Proteases Promote Diverse Effects on the Plasminogen Activation System and Wound Healing in A549 Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182916. [PMID: 36139491 PMCID: PMC9496743 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage, epithelial alterations, and intraepithelial presence of mast cells (MCs) are characteristics of asthma pathogenesis. Increased alveolar infiltration of MC populations has also been identified as a feature of asthma and other chronic respiratory diseases. The asthma associated receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), has been shown to regulate bronchial epithelial repair responses. However, the impact of MC tryptase and chymase on functional properties and expression of uPAR in alveolar epithelial cells have not been fully investigated. Alveolar epithelial cell migration and wound healing were investigated using holographic live cell imaging of A549 cells in a wound scratch model post stimulation with tryptase or chymase. The expression of uPAR was investigated on the protein and gene level from cellular supernatants and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid fractions from allergic asthmatics. We found that tryptase improved wound healing capacity, cellular migration and membrane bound uPAR expression. Chymase reduced gap closure capacity, cellular migration and membrane bound uPAR expression but increased soluble uPAR release. Our data suggest a dual regulatory response from the MC proteases in events related to uPAR expression and wound healing which could be important features in asthmatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mogren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Berlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lykke Eskilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Ellen Tufvesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia K. Andersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-462227746
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu C, Boey D, Bril O, Grootens J, Vijayabaskar M, Sorini C, Ekoff M, Wilson NK, Ungerstedt JS, Nilsson G, Dahlin JS. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the identity and regulators of human mast cell progenitors. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4439-4449. [PMID: 35500226 PMCID: PMC9636317 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022006969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell accumulation is a hallmark of a number of diseases, including allergic asthma and systemic mastocytosis. Immunoglobulin E-mediated crosslinking of the FcεRI receptors causes mast cell activation and contributes to disease pathogenesis. The mast cell lineage is one of the least studied among the hematopoietic cell lineages, and controversies remain about whether FcεRI expression appears during the mast cell progenitor stage or during terminal mast cell maturation. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics analysis to reveal a temporal association between the appearance of FcεRI and the mast cell gene signature in CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors in adult peripheral blood. In agreement with these data, the FcεRI+ hematopoietic progenitors formed morphologically, phenotypically, and functionally mature mast cells in long-term culture assays. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis further revealed the expression patterns of prospective cytokine receptors regulating development of mast cell progenitors. Culture assays showed that interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-5 promoted disparate effects on progenitor cell proliferation and survival, respectively, whereas IL-33 caused robust FcεRI downregulation. Taken together, we showed that FcεRI expression appears at the progenitor stage of mast cell differentiation in peripheral blood. We also showed that external stimuli regulate FcεRI expression of mast cell progenitors, providing a possible explanation for the variable FcεRI expression levels during mast cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Wu
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daryl Boey
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar Bril
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennine Grootens
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M.S. Vijayabaskar
- Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Sorini
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Ekoff
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola K. Wilson
- Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Wellcome–MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna S. Ungerstedt
- Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, HERM, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and ME Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nilsson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim S. Dahlin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Busse WW, Viswanathan R. What has been learned by cytokine targeting of asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:235-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Rutting S, Thamrin C, Cross TJ, King GG, Tonga KO. Fixed Airflow Obstruction in Asthma: A Problem of the Whole Lung Not of Just the Airways. Front Physiol 2022; 13:898208. [PMID: 35677089 PMCID: PMC9169051 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.898208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Asthma with irreversible or fixed airflow obstruction (FAO) is a severe clinical phenotype that is difficult to treat and is associated with an accelerated decline in lung function and excess morbidity. There are no current treatments to reverse or prevent this excessive decline in lung function in these patients, due to a lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. The current paradigm is that FAO in asthma is due to airway remodeling driven by chronic inflammation. However, emerging evidence indicates significant and critical structural and functional changes to the lung parenchyma and its lung elastic properties in asthma with FAO, suggesting that FAO is a ‘whole lung’ problem and not just of the airways. In this Perspective we draw upon what is known thus far on the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to FAO in asthma, and focus on recent advances and future directions. We propose the view that structural and functional changes in parenchymal tissue, are just as (if not more) important than airway remodeling in causing persistent lung function decline in asthma. We believe this paradigm of FAO should be considered when developing novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rutting
- Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cindy Thamrin
- Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Troy J. Cross
- Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory G. King
- Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrina O. Tonga
- Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Department of Thoracic and Transplant Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Katrina O. Tonga,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Banafea GH, Bakhashab S, Alshaibi HF, Natesan Pushparaj P, Rasool M. The role of human mast cells in allergy and asthma. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7049-7064. [PMID: 35266441 PMCID: PMC9208518 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2044278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-inhabiting cells that play an important role in inflammatory diseases of the airway tract. Mast cells arise in the bone marrow as progenitor cells and complete their differentiation in tissues exposed to the external environment, such as the skin and respiratory tract, and are among the first to respond to bacterial and parasitic infections. Mast cells express a variety of receptors that enable them to respond to a wide range of stimulants, including the high-affinity FcεRI receptor. Upon initial contact with an antigen, mast cells are sensitized with IgE to recognize the allergen upon further contact. FcεRI-activated mast cells are known to release histamine and proteases that contribute to asthma symptoms. They release a variety of cytokines and lipid mediators that contribute to immune cell accumulation and tissue remodeling in asthma. Mast cell mediators trigger inflammation and also have a protective effect. This review aims to update the existing knowledge on the mediators released by human FcεRI-activated mast cells, and to unravel their pathological and protective roles in asthma and allergy. In addition, we highlight other diseases that arise from mast cell dysfunction, the therapeutic approaches used to address them, and fill the gaps in our current knowledge. Mast cell mediators not only trigger inflammation but may also have a protective effect. Given the differences between human and animal mast cells, this review focuses on the mediators released by human FcεRI-activated mast cells and the role they play in asthma and allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghalya H Banafea
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda F Alshaibi
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Rasool
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Seys SF, Long MB. The quest for biomarkers in asthma: challenging the T2 versus non-T2 paradigm. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:59/2/2102669. [PMID: 35177484 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02669-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven F Seys
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Dept of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Merete B Long
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grigorev I, Korzhevskii D. Modern Imaging Technologies of Mast Cells for Biology and Medicine (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:93-107. [PMID: 34603768 PMCID: PMC8482833 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in the body defense against allergens, pathogens, and parasites by participating in inflammation development. However, there is evidence for their contributing to the pathogenesis of a number of atopic, autoimmune, as well as cardiovascular, oncologic, neurologic, and other diseases (allergy, asthma, eczema, rhinitis, anaphylaxis, mastocytosis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory gastrointestinal and pulmonary diseases, migraine, etc.). The diagnosis of many diseases and the study of mast cell functions in health and disease require their identification; so, the knowledge on adequate imaging techniques for mast cells in humans and different species of animals is of particular importance. The present review summarizes the data on major methods of mast cell imaging: enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, as well as histochemistry using histological stains. The main histological stains bind to heparin and other acidic mucopolysaccharides contained in mast cells and stain them metachromatically. Among these are toluidine blue, methylene blue (including that contained in May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain), thionin, pinacyanol, and others. Safranin and fluorescent dyes: berberine and avidin - also bind to heparin. Longer staining with histological dyes or alcian blue staining is needed to label mucosal and immature mast cells. Advanced techniques - enzyme histochemistry and especially immunohistochemistry - enable to detect mast cells high-selectively using a reaction to tryptases and chymases (specific proteases of these cells). In the immunohistochemical study of tryptases and chymases, species-specific differences in the distribution of the proteases in mast cells of humans and animals should be taken into account for their adequate detection. The immunohistochemical reaction to immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI) and c-kit receptor is not specific to mast cells, although the latter is important to demonstrate their proliferation in normal and malignant growth. Correct fixation of biological material is also discussed in the review as it is of great significance for histochemical and immunohistochemical mast cell detection. Fluorescent methods of immunohistochemistry and a multimarker analysis in combination with confocal microscopy are reported to be new technological approaches currently used to study various mast cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I.P. Grigorev
- Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Functional Morphology of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Department of General and Specific Morphology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akademika Pavlova St., Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - D.E. Korzhevskii
- Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Functional Morphology of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Department of General and Specific Morphology; Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Akademika Pavlova St., Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao XO, Lampinen M, Rollman O, Sommerhoff CP, Paivandy A, Pejler G. Mast cell chymase affects the functional properties of primary human airway fibroblasts: implications for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:718-727. [PMID: 34331992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells have a profound impact on allergic asthma. Under such conditions, mast cells undergo degranulation, resulting in the release of exceptionally large amounts of mast cell-restricted proteases. However, the role of these proteases in asthma is only partially understood. OBJECTIVES Here we hypothesized that the mast cell proteases can influence the functionality of human lung fibroblasts. METHODS Primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) were treated with mast cell chymase or tryptase, followed by assessment of parameters related to fibroblast function. RESULTS HLFs underwent major morphological changes in response to chymase, showing signs of cellular contraction, but were refractory to tryptase. However, no effects of chymase on HLF viability or proliferation were seen. Chymase, but not tryptase, had a major impact on the output of extracellular matrix-associated compounds from the HLFs, including degradation of fibronectin and collagen-1, and activation of pro-matrix metalloprotease-2. Further, chymase induced the release of various chemotactic factors from HLFs. In line with this, conditioned medium from chymase-treated HLFs showed chemotactic activity on neutrophils. Transcriptome analysis revealed that chymase induced a pro-inflammatory gene transcription profile in HLFs, whereas tryptase had minimal effects. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that chymase, but not tryptase, has a major impact on the phenotype of primary airway fibroblasts, by modifying their output of extracellular matrix components and by inducing a pro-inflammatory phenotype. CLINICAL IMPLICATION This study shows that mast cell chymase has a major impact on airway fibroblasts, thereby providing insight into how mast cells can influence the manifestations of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinran O Zhao
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lampinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Rollman
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Aida Paivandy
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mogren S, Berlin F, Ramu S, Sverrild A, Porsbjerg C, Uller L, Andersson CK. Mast cell tryptase enhances wound healing by promoting migration in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 15:202-214. [PMID: 34308764 PMCID: PMC8312598 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.1950594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial damage and increase of intraepithelial mast cells (MC) are characteristics of asthma. The role of MC mediator tryptase and the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) on epithelial wound healing is not fully investigated. Stimulation of bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) with tryptase promoted gap closure, migration and cellular speed compared to controls. Stimulated BECs had higher expression of migration marker CD151 compared to controls. Proliferation marker KI67 was upregulated in tryptase-stimulated BECs compared to controls. Treatment with PAR2 antagonist I-191 reduced gap closure, migration and cell speed compared to BECs stimulated with tryptase. We found that tryptase enhances epithelial wound healing by increased migration and proliferation, which is in part regulated via PAR2. Our data suggest that tryptase might be beneficial in tissue repair under baseline conditions. However, in a pathological context such as asthma with increased numbers of activated MCs, it might lead to epithelial remodeling and loss of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mogren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Berlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Asger Sverrild
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ramu S, Akbarshahi H, Mogren S, Berlin F, Cerps S, Menzel M, Hvidtfeldt M, Porsbjerg C, Uller L, Andersson CK. Direct effects of mast cell proteases, tryptase and chymase, on bronchial epithelial integrity proteins and anti-viral responses. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:35. [PMID: 34078278 PMCID: PMC8170739 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells (MCs) are known to contribute to both acute and chronic inflammation. Bronchial epithelial cells are the first line of defence against pathogens and a deficient anti-viral response has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbations. However, effects of MC mediators on bronchial epithelial immune response have been less studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the direct effects of stimulation with MC proteases, tryptase and chymase, on inflammatory and anti-viral responses in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). METHOD Cultured BEAS-2b cells and primary HBECs from 3 asthmatic patients were stimulated with tryptase or chymase (0.1 to 0.5 μg/ml) for 1, 3, 6 and 24 h. To study the effects of MC mediators on the anti-viral response, cells were stimulated with 10 μg/ml of viral mimic Poly (I:C) for 3 and 24 h following pre-treatment with 0.5 μg/ml tryptase or chymase for 3 h. Samples were analysed for changes in pro-inflammatory and anti-viral mediators and receptors using RT-qPCR, western blot and Luminex. RESULTS Tryptase and chymase induced release of the alarmin ATP and pro-inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-6, IL-22 and MCP-1 from HBECs. Moreover, tryptase and chymase decreased the expression of E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 expression from HBECs. Pre-treatment of HBECs with tryptase and chymase further increased Poly (I:C) induced IL-8 release at 3 h. Furthermore, tryptase significantly reduced type-I and III interferons (IFNs) and pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression in HBECs. Tryptase impaired Poly (I:C) induced IFN and PRR expression which was restored by treatment of a serine protease inhibitor. Similar effects of tryptase on inflammation and anti-viral responses were also confirmed in primary HBECs from asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION MC localization within the epithelium and the release of their proteases may play a critical role in asthma pathology by provoking pro-inflammatory and alarmin responses and downregulating IFNs. Furthermore, MC proteases induce downregulation of epithelial junction proteins which may lead to barrier dysfunction. In summary, our data suggests that mast cells may contribute towards impaired anti-viral epithelial responses during asthma exacerbations mediated by the protease activity of tryptase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamid Akbarshahi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Mogren
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Berlin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Cerps
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mandy Menzel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sverrild A, Hansen S, Hvidtfeldt M, Clausson CM, Cozzolino O, Cerps S, Uller L, Backer V, Erjefält J, Porsbjerg C. The effect of tezepelumab on airway hyperresponsiveness to mannitol in asthma (UPSTREAM). Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.01296-2021. [PMID: 34049943 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01296-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an epithelial upstream cytokine, initiates production of type-2 (T2) cytokines with eosinophilia and possibly airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthma.This study aimed to determine whether tezepelumab (a human monoclonal antibody targeting TSLP) decreases AHR and airway inflammation in patients with symptomatic asthma on maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial adult patients with asthma and AHR to mannitol received either 700 mg tezepelumab or placebo intravenously at 4-week intervals for 12 weeks. AHR to mannitol was assessed, and a bronchoscopy was performed at baseline and after 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in AHR from baseline to week-12 and secondary outcomes were changes in airway inflammation. RESULTS Forty patients were randomised to receive either tezepelumab (n=20) or placebo (n=20). The mean change in PD15 with tezepelumab was 1.9 DD (95% CI 1.2 to 2.5) versus 1·0 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.6) with placebo; p=0.06. Nine (45%) tezepelumab and three (16%) placebo patients had a negative PD15 test at week-12, p=0.04. Airway tissue and BAL eosinophils decreased by 74% (95% CI -53 to -86) and 75% (95% CI -53 to -86) respectively with tezepelumab compared with an increase of 28% (95% CI -39 to 270) and a decrease of 7% (95% CI -49 to 72) respectively with placebo, p=0.004 and p=0.01. CONCLUSIONS Inhibiting TSLP-signalling with tezepelumab reduced the proportion of patients with AHR and decreased eosinophilic inflammation in BAL and airway tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asger Sverrild
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Hansen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hvidtfeldt
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Olga Cozzolino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Cerps
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Uller
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Department of ENT and Centre for Physical Activity Research (CFAS), Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jonas Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Celeste Porsbjerg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mast Cell Proteases Tryptase and Chymase Induce Migratory and Morphological Alterations in Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105250. [PMID: 34065716 PMCID: PMC8156481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases are often characterized by impaired epithelial function and remodeling. Mast cells (MCs) are known to home into the epithelium in respiratory diseases, but the MC-epithelial interactions remain less understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of MC proteases on bronchial epithelial morphology and function. Bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with MC tryptase and/or chymase. Morphology and epithelial function were performed using cell tracking analysis and holographic live-cell imaging. Samples were also analyzed for motility-associated gene expression. Immunocytochemistry was performed to compare cytoskeletal arrangement. Stimulated cells showed strong alterations on gene, protein and functional levels in several parameters important for maintaining epithelial function. The most significant increases were found in cell motility, cellular speed and cell elongation compared to non-stimulated cells. Also, cell morphology was significantly altered in chymase treated compared to non-stimulated cells. In the current study, we show that MC proteases can induce cell migration and morphological and proliferative alterations in epithelial cells. Thus, our data imply that MC release of proteases may play a critical role in airway epithelial remodeling and disruption of epithelial function.
Collapse
|
25
|
Paivandy A, Pejler G. Novel Strategies to Target Mast Cells in Disease. J Innate Immun 2021; 13:131-147. [PMID: 33582673 DOI: 10.1159/000513582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are versatile effector cells of the immune system, characterized by a large content of secretory granules containing a variety of inflammatory mediators. They are implicated in the host protection toward various external insults, but are mostly well known for their detrimental impact on a variety of pathological conditions, including allergic disorders such as asthma and a range of additional disease settings. Based on this, there is currently a large demand for therapeutic regimens that can dampen the detrimental impact of MCs in these respective pathological conditions. This can be accomplished by several strategies, including targeting of individual mediators released by MCs, blockade of receptors for MC-released compounds, inhibition of MC activation, limiting mast cell growth or by inducing mast cell apoptosis. Here, we review the currently available and emerging regimens to interfere with harmful mast cell activities in asthma and other pathological settings and discuss the advantages and limitations of such strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Paivandy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Siddhuraj P, Clausson CM, Sanden C, Alyamani M, Kadivar M, Marsal J, Wallengren J, Bjermer L, Erjefält JS. Lung Mast Cells Have a High Constitutive Expression of Carboxypeptidase A3 mRNA That Is Independent from Granule-Stored CPA3. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020309. [PMID: 33546258 PMCID: PMC7913381 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mast cell granule metalloprotease CPA3 is proposed to have important tissue homeostatic functions. However, the basal CPA3 mRNA and protein expression among mast cell populations has remained poorly investigated. Using a novel histology-based methodology that yields quantitative data on mRNA and protein expression at a single-cell level, the present study maps CPA3 mRNA and protein throughout the MCT and MCTC populations in healthy skin, gut and lung tissues. MCTC cells had both a higher frequency of CPA3 protein-containing cells and a higher protein-staining intensity than the MCT population. Among the tissues, skin MCs had highest CPA3 protein intensity. The expression pattern at the mRNA level was reversed. Lung mast cells had the highest mean CPA3 mRNA staining. Intriguingly, the large alveolar MCT population, that lack CPA3 protein, had uniquely high CPA3 mRNA intensity. A broader multi-tissue RNA analysis confirmed the uniquely high CPA3 mRNA quantities in the lung and corroborated the dissociation between chymase and CPA3 at the mRNA level. Taken together, our novel data suggest a hitherto underestimated contribution of mucosal-like MCT to baseline CPA3 mRNA production. The functional consequence of this high constitutive expression now reveals an important area for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Siddhuraj
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Carl-Magnus Clausson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Caroline Sanden
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
- Medetect AB, Medicon Village, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Manar Alyamani
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Jan Marsal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Joanna Wallengren
- Department of Dermatology, Lund University Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Jonas S. Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; (P.S.); (C.-M.C.); (C.S.); (M.A.); (M.K.)
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-462-220-960
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hempel Sullivan H, Maynard JP, Heaphy CM, Lu J, De Marzo AM, Lotan TL, Joshu CE, Sfanos KS. Differential mast cell phenotypes in benign versus cancer tissues and prostate cancer oncologic outcomes. J Pathol 2021; 253:415-426. [PMID: 33338262 DOI: 10.1002/path.5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that high numbers of mast cells in benign (extra-tumoral) regions of the prostate are associated with worse outcomes after radical prostatectomy including biochemical recurrence and the development of metastases. Herein, with a cohort of 384 men, we performed mast cell subtyping and report that higher minimum number of the tryptase-only (MCT ) subset of extra-tumoral mast cells is associated with increased risk of biochemical recurrence (comparing highest to lowest tertiles: HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.37-3.93; P-trend = 0.002), metastases (HR 3.62, 95% CI 1.75-7.47; P-trend 0.001), and death from prostate cancer (HR 2.87, 95% CI 1.19-6.95; P-trend = 0.02). Preliminary RNA sequencing and comparison of benign versus cancer tissue mast cells revealed differential expression of additional site-specific genes. We further demonstrate that the genes CXCR4 and TFE3 are more highly expressed in tumor-infiltrating mast cells as well as other tumor-infiltrating immune cells and in tumor cells, respectively, and represent an altered tumor microenvironment. KIT variants were also differentially expressed in benign versus cancer tissue mast cells, with KIT variant 1 (GNNK+ ) mast cells identified as more prevalent in extra-tumoral regions of the prostate. Finally, using an established mouse model, we found that mast cells do not infiltrate Hi-Myc tumors, providing a model to specifically examine the role of extra-tumoral mast cells in tumorigenesis. Hi-Myc mice crossed to mast cell knockout (Wsh) mice and aged to 1 year revealed a higher degree of pre-invasive lesions and invasive cancer in wild-type mice versus heterozygous and knockout mice. This suggests a dosage effect where higher numbers of extra-tumoral mast cells resulted in higher cancer invasion. Overall, our studies provide further evidence for a role of extra-tumoral mast cells in driving adverse prostate cancer outcomes. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hempel Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janielle P Maynard
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiayun Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tamara L Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Thapaliya M, Chompunud Na Ayudhya C, Amponnawarat A, Roy S, Ali H. Mast Cell-Specific MRGPRX2: a Key Modulator of Neuro-Immune Interaction in Allergic Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33398613 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic asthma are complex disorders with significant public health burden. This review provides an overview of the recent developments on Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2; mouse counterpart MrgprB2) as a potential candidate to target neuro-immune interaction in AD and allergic asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Domestic allergens directly activate sensory neurons to release substance P (SP), which induces mast cell degranulation via MrgprB2 and drives type 2 skin inflammation in AD. MRGPRX2 expression is upregulated in human lung mast cells and serum of asthmatic patients. Both SP and hemokinin-1 (HK-1 generated from macrophages, bronchial cells, and mast cells) cause degranulation of human mast cells via MRGPRX2. MrgprB2 contributes to mast cell-nerve interaction in the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, asthma severity is associated with increased MRGPRX2 expression in mast cells. Thus, MRGPRX2 could serve as a novel target for modulating AD and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Thapaliya
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chalatip Chompunud Na Ayudhya
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aetas Amponnawarat
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marshall H, Kenworthy JC, Horn FC, Thomas S, Swift AJ, Siddiqui S, Brightling CE, Wild JM. Peripheral and proximal lung ventilation in asthma: Short-term variation and response to bronchodilator inhalation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:2154-2161.e6. [PMID: 33309743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative involvement of the large and small airways in asthma is not clear. Hyperpolarized gas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high-resolution 3-dimensional images of ventilation distribution that can be quantified by the ventilated volume percentage (VV%) of the lungs. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to (1) quantify the baseline reproducibility of VV%, (2) assess the ventilation distribution between the proximal and peripheral lungs, and (3) investigate regional ventilation response to bronchodilator inhalation in a cohort of patients with asthma. METHODS A total of 33 patients with poorly controlled, moderate-to-severe asthma were scanned with hyperpolarized 3He MRI. Two image data sets were acquired at baseline, and 1 image data set was acquired after bronchodilator inhalation. Images were divided into proximal and peripheral regions for analysis. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis showed strong reproducibility of VV% (bias = 0.12%; LOA = -1.86% to 2.10%). VV% variation at baseline was greater in the periphery than in the proximal lung. The proximal lung was better ventilated than the peripheral lung. Ventilation increased significantly in response to bronchodilator inhalation, globally and regionally, and the ventilation increase in response to bronchodilator inhalation was greater in the peripheral lung than in the proximal lung. Hyperpolarized gas MRI was more sensitive to changes in response to bronchodilator inhalation (58%) than spirometry (33%). CONCLUSION The peripheral lung showed reduced ventilation and a greater response to bronchodilator inhalation than the proximal lung. The high level of baseline reproducibility and sensitivity of hyperpolarized gas MRI to bronchodilator reversibility suggests that it is suitable for low subject number studies of therapy response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Marshall
- POLARIS, Academic Radiology, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - J Chris Kenworthy
- POLARIS, Academic Radiology, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Felix C Horn
- POLARIS, Academic Radiology, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Thomas
- British Columbia Cancer Board, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J Swift
- POLARIS, Academic Radiology, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Siddiqui
- Institute for Lung Health and Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health and Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory Theme), Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jim M Wild
- POLARIS, Academic Radiology, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
LncRNA-AK149641 regulates the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α in P815 mast cells by targeting the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16655. [PMID: 33024135 PMCID: PMC7538977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs play important roles in various biological processes. However, not much is known about their roles in inflammatory response. Mast cells, involved in innate and adaptive immunity, are one of the major effector cells in allergic inflammatory reactions and contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders, including asthma. In the present study, we aimed to verify and elucidate the function and possible role of a novel lncRNA, called lncRNA-AK149641, in the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in P815 mast cells. The results showed that downregulating lncRNA-AK149641 decreased secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α into the supernatants of LPS-stimulated mast cells. Mechanistically, the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) decreased after downregulating lncRNA-AK149641, as shown by western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Moreover, RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) verified that lncRNA-AK149641 was able to bind to NF-κB in the nucleus. In conclusion, we demonstrated that lncRNA-AK149641 regulated LPS-induced inflammatory response in mast cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
31
|
Salomonsson M, Malinovschi A, Kalm-Stephens P, Dahlin JS, Janson C, Alving K, Hallgren J. Circulating mast cell progenitors correlate with reduced lung function in allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 49:874-882. [PMID: 30892731 PMCID: PMC6852573 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies using mouse models have revealed that mast cell progenitors are recruited from the blood circulation to the lung during acute allergic airway inflammation. The discovery of a corresponding human mast cell progenitor population in the blood has enabled to study the relation of circulating mast cell progenitors in clinical settings. OBJECTIVES To explore the possible association between the frequency of mast cell progenitors in the blood circulation and allergic asthma, we assessed the relation of this recently identified cell population with asthma outcomes and inflammatory mediators in allergic asthmatic patients and controls. METHODS Blood samples were obtained, and spirometry was performed on 38 well-controlled allergic asthmatic patients and 29 controls. The frequency of blood mast cell progenitors, total serum IgE and 180 inflammation- and immune-related plasma proteins were quantified. RESULTS Allergic asthmatic patients and controls had a similar mean frequency of blood mast cell progenitors, but the frequency was higher in allergic asthmatic patients with reduced FEV1 and PEF (% of predicted) as well as in women. The level of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) correlated positively with the frequency of mast cell progenitors, independent of age and gender, and negatively with lung function. The expression of FcεRI on mast cell progenitors was higher in allergic asthmatic patients and correlated positively with the level of total IgE in the controls but not in the asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of circulating mast cell progenitors are related to reduced lung function, female gender and high levels of FGF-21 in young adults with allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Salomonsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrei Malinovschi
- Department of Medical Sciences: Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pia Kalm-Stephens
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim S Dahlin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Alving
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Protective and pathogenic roles for mast cells during viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 66:74-81. [PMID: 32563779 PMCID: PMC7301783 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At the host-environment interfaces such as skin or mucosae mast cells act as immune sentinels for variety of pathogens including viruses. Mast cells initiate cellular immune responses at the infection site by recruitment of various subsets of T cells. Systemic activation of mast cells is associated with vascular pathologies during viral infections. Targeting of mast cell specific products has a promising therapeutic potential in treating virus induced immune pathologies.
Mast cells (MCs) are long-lived immune cells. They are armed with preformed mediators within granules that can be instantaneously released in response to an invading pathogen, including certain viruses. At the skin and mucosae, they initiate innate immune responses and promote the development of adaptive immune responses, through cellular recruitment or antigen presentation. However, systemic MC activation may promote immune pathologies through their vasoactive proteases and biogenic amines. Recently, MC products were identified to contribute to pathologies associated with viral hemorrhagic fever, such vascular leakage and thrombocytopenia. Similar associations of MCs with disease severity have been noted for certain respiratory viral pathogens. Here we discuss the specific MC responses to viruses and their influences on functional immune outcomes during infection.
Collapse
|
33
|
Beute J, Ganesh K, Nastiti H, Hoogenboom R, Bos V, Folkerts J, Schreurs MWJ, Hockman S, Hendriks RW, KleinJan A. PDE3 Inhibition Reduces Epithelial Mast Cell Numbers in Allergic Airway Inflammation and Attenuates Degranulation of Basophils and Mast Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:470. [PMID: 32425769 PMCID: PMC7206980 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mast cells are generally present in the airways of patients with allergic asthma that are inadequately controlled. Airway mast cells (MCs) are critically involved in allergic airway inflammation and contribute directly to the main symptoms of allergic patients. Phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) tailors signaling of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are critical intracellular second messenger molecules in various signaling pathways. This paper investigates the pathophysiological role and disease-modifying effects of PDE3 in mouse bone marrow-derived MCs (bmMCs), human LAD2- and HMC1 mast cell lines, human blood basophils, and peripheral blood-derived primary human MCs (HuMCs). In a chronic house dust mite (HDM)-driven allergic airway inflammation mouse model, we observed that PDE3 deficiency or PDE3 inhibition (PDE3i) therapy reduced the numbers of epithelial MCs, when compared to control mice. Mouse bone marrow-derived MCs (bmMCs) and the human HMC1 and LAD2 cell lines predominantly expressed PDE3B and PDE4A. BmMCs from Pde3−/− mice showed reduced loss of the degranulation marker CD107b compared with wild-type BmMCs, when stimulated in an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent manner. Following both IgE-mediated and substance P-mediated activation, PDE3i-pretreated basophils, LAD2 cells, and HuMCs, showed less degranulation than diluent controls, as measured by surface CD63 expression. MCs lacking PDE3 or treated with the PDE3i enoximone exhibited a lower calcium flux upon stimulation with ionomycine. In conclusion PDE3 plays a critical role in basophil and mast cell degranulation and therefore its inhibition may be a treatment option in allergic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beute
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Keerthana Ganesh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hedwika Nastiti
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin Hoogenboom
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vivica Bos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelle Folkerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Steve Hockman
- Flow Cytometry Core of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex KleinJan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pejler G. The emerging role of mast cell proteases in asthma. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00685-2019. [PMID: 31371445 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00685-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that mast cells (MCs) play a crucial role in asthma. This is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including both clinical studies and studies on MC-deficient mice. However, there is still only limited knowledge of the exact effector mechanism(s) by which MCs influence asthma pathology. MCs contain large amounts of secretory granules, which are filled with a variety of bioactive compounds including histamine, cytokines, lysosomal hydrolases, serglycin proteoglycans and a number of MC-restricted proteases. When MCs are activated, e.g. in response to IgE receptor cross-linking, the contents of their granules are released to the exterior and can cause a massive inflammatory reaction. The MC-restricted proteases include tryptases, chymases and carboxypeptidase A3, and these are expressed and stored at remarkably high levels. There is now emerging evidence supporting a prominent role of these enzymes in the pathology of asthma. Interestingly, however, the role of the MC-restricted proteases is multifaceted, encompassing both protective and detrimental activities. Here, the current knowledge of how the MC-restricted proteases impact on asthma is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden .,Dept of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deciphering the differentiation trajectory from hematopoietic stem cells to mast cells. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2273-2281. [PMID: 30206100 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018019539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into all types of blood cells, including peripheral tissue-resident mast cells. The early mast cell differentiation takes place in the bone marrow, after which the progenitor cells enter the circulation and mature once reaching their target organ. Early results from single-cell culture experiments and colony-forming assays have produced the classic hierarchical tree model of hematopoiesis. The introduction of high-throughput, single-cell RNA sequencing is now revolutionizing our understanding of the differentiation process, questioning the classic tree-based models. By integrating the results from early cell culture experiments with single-cell transcriptomics, we present a differentiation landscape model of hematopoiesis and discuss it with focus on mast cells. The review also describes how the hematologic neoplasm systemic mastocytosis can be used to model human hematopoiesis using naturally occurring cell barcoding by means of the common KIT D816V mutation.
Collapse
|
36
|
Elieh Ali Komi D, Bjermer L. Mast Cell-Mediated Orchestration of the Immune Responses in Human Allergic Asthma: Current Insights. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 56:234-247. [PMID: 30506113 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Improving the lung function after experimental allergen challenge by blocking of mast cell (MC) mediators and the capability of MC mediators (including histamine, prostaglandin (PG) D2, and leukotriene (LT) C4) in induction of mucosal edema, bronchoconstriction, and mucus secretion provide evidence that MCs play a key role in pathophysiology of asthma. In asthma, the number of MCs increases in the airways and infiltration of MCs in a variety of anatomical sites including the epithelium, the submucosal glands, and the smooth muscle bundles occurs. MC localization within the ASM is accompanied with the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the layer, and smooth muscle dysfunction that is mainly observed in forms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and variable airflow obstruction. Owing to the expression of a wide range of surface receptors and releasing various cytoplasmic mediators, MCs orchestrate the pathologic events of the disease. MC-released preformed mediators including chymase, tryptase, and histamine and de novo synthesized mediators such as PGD2, LTC4, and LTE4 in addition of cytokines mainly TGFβ1, TSLP, IL-33, IL-4, and IL-13 participate in pathogenesis of asthma. The release of MC mediators and MC/airway cell interactions during remodeling phase of asthma results in persistent cellular and structural changes in the airway wall mainly epithelial cell shedding, goblet cell hyperplasia, hypertrophy of ASM bundles, fibrosis in subepithelial region, abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), increased tissue vascularity, and basement membrane thickening. We will review the current knowledge regarding the participation of MCs in each stage of asthma pathophysiology including the releasing mediators and their mechanism of action, expression of receptors by which they respond to stimuli, and finally the pharmaceutical products designed based on the strategy of blocking MC activation and mediator release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Inst for Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Lung and Allergy Research, Skane University Hospital, Lasarettsgatan 7, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tufvesson E, Jogdand P, Che KF, Levänen B, Erjefält JS, Bjermer L, Lindén A. Enhanced local production of IL-26 in uncontrolled compared with controlled adult asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1134-1136.e10. [PMID: 31288043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Tufvesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund
| | - Prajakta Jogdand
- Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund
| | - Karlhans Fru Che
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Bettina Levänen
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
| | - Jonas S Erjefält
- Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund
| | - Anders Lindén
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31191511 PMCID: PMC6548814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several different immune cells, genetic factors and environmental exposures influence the pathology. Mast cells are key players in the asthmatic response through secretion of a multitude of mediators with pro-inflammatory and airway-constrictive effects. Well-known mast cell mediators, such as histamine and bioactive lipids are responsible for many of the physiological effects observed in the acute phase of allergic reactions. The accumulation of mast cells at particular sites of the allergic lung is likely relevant to the asthma phenotype, severity and progression. Mast cells located in different compartments in the lung and airways have different characteristics and express different mediators. According to in vivo experiments in mice, lung mast cells develop from mast cell progenitors induced by inflammatory stimuli to migrate to the airways. Human mast cell progenitors have been identified in the blood circulation. A high frequency of circulating human mast cell progenitors may reflect ongoing pathological changes in the allergic lung. In allergic asthma, mast cells become activated mainly via IgE-mediated crosslinking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) with allergens. However, mast cells can also be activated by numerous other stimuli e.g. toll-like receptors and MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2. In this review, we summarize research with implications on the role and development of mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma and cover selected activation pathways and mast cell mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The review places an emphasis on describing mechanisms identified using in vivo mouse models and data obtained by analysis of clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zinellu E, Piras B, Ruzittu GGM, Fois SS, Fois AG, Pirina P. Recent Advances in Inflammation and Treatment of Small Airways in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112617. [PMID: 31141956 PMCID: PMC6601314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small airways were historically considered to be almost irrelevant in the development and control of pulmonary chronic diseases but, as a matter of fact, in the past few years we have learned that they are not so "silent". Asthma is still a worldwide health issue due to the great share of patients being far from optimal management. Several studies have shown that the deeper lung inflammation plays a critical role in asthma pathogenesis, mostly in these not well-controlled subjects. Therefore, assessing the degree of small airways inflammation and impairment appears to be a pivotal step in the asthmatic patient's management. It is now possible to evaluate them through direct and indirect measurements, even if some obstacles still affect their clinical application. The success of any treatment obviously depends on several factors but reaching the deeper lung has become a priority and, for inhaled drugs, this is strictly connected to the molecule's size. The aim of the present review is to summarize the recent evidence concerning the small airway involvement in asthma, its physiopathological characteristics and how it can be evaluated in order to undertake a personalized pharmacological treatment and achieve a better disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Zinellu
- Respiratory Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), V.le San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Barbara Piras
- Respiratory Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giulia G M Ruzittu
- Respiratory Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Sara S Fois
- Respiratory Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alessandro G Fois
- Respiratory Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Respiratory Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), V.le San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
- Respiratory Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, V.le San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Uchida Y, Soma T, Nakagome K, Kobayashi T, Nagata M. Implications of prostaglandin D2 and leukotrienes in exhaled breath condensates of asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 123:81-88.e1. [PMID: 30986547 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various inflammatory eicosanoid levels in biomaterials from airways of asthma and their associations with clinical parameters remain uncertain. We hypothesized that prostaglandin and leukotriene levels differ between in exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) and in sputum in mild, moderate, and severe levels of asthma and that EBC and sputum eicosanoid levels are associated with indexes of pulmonary function and inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine the differences between EBC and sputum eicosanoid levels in healthy participants and patients with asthma with different asthma severity levels. METHODS Collected EBC and sputum, as well as pulmonary function, were examined in adult patients with asthma and healthy participants. Exhaled breath condensate prostaglandin D2-methoxime (PGD2-MOX), cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and thromboxane B2 levels, and some sputum eicosanoid and tryptase levels were measured. Differences in eicosanoid levels among participants and their associations with pulmonary function and tryptase and granulocyte levels in sputum were then evaluated. RESULTS Analysis of 94 EBCs and 43 sputa revealed that EBC and sputum PGD2-MOX and CysLT levels were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in healthy participants. Exhaled breath condensate PGD2-MOX, CysLT, and LTB4 levels were significantly higher in patients with severe asthma. Exhaled breath condensate PGD2-MOX level was also significantly correlated with sputum tryptase levels and lower pulmonary function in patients with asthma. Sputum PGD2-MOX and CysLT levels were significantly correlated with the proportion of eosinophils among all cells in sputum in patients with asthma. CONCLUSION The results suggest that EBC PGD2 levels are associated with impairment of pulmonary function in adults with asthma who have undergone guideline treatment. Exhaled breath condensate or sputum PGD2 and CysLTs may represent severity or airway inflammation in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Uchida
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Soma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehito Kobayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Andersson CK, Shikhagaie M, Mori M, Al-Garawi A, Reed JL, Humbles AA, Welliver R, Mauad T, Bjermer L, Jordana M, Erjefält JS. Distal respiratory tract viral infections in young children trigger a marked increase in alveolar mast cells. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4:00038-2018. [PMID: 30480000 PMCID: PMC6250563 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00038-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections predispose to the development of childhood asthma, a disease associated with increased lung mast cells (MCs). This study investigated whether viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) can already evoke a MC response during childhood. Lung tissue from young children who died following LRTIs were processed for immunohistochemical identification of MCs. Children who died from nonrespiratory causes served as controls. MCs were examined in relation to sensitisation in infant mice exposed to allergen during influenza A infection. Increased numbers of MCs were observed in the alveolar parenchyma of children infected with LRTIs (median (range) 12.5 (0–78) MCs per mm2) compared to controls (0.63 (0–4) MCs per mm2, p=0.0005). The alveolar MC expansion was associated with a higher proportion of CD34+ tryptase+ progenitors (controls: 0% (0–1%); LRTIs: 0.9% (0–3%) CD34+ MCs (p=0.01)) and an increased expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 (controls: 0.2 (0.07–0.3); LRTIs: 0.3 (0.02–2) VCAM-1 per mm2 (p=0.04)). Similarly, infant mice infected with H1N1 alone or together with house dust mite (HDM) developed an increase in alveolar MCs (saline: 0.4 (0.3–0.5); HDM: 0.6 (0.4–0.9); H1N1: 1.4 (0.4–2.0); HDM+H1N1: 2.2 (1.2–4.4) MCs per mm2 (p<0.0001)). Alveolar MCs continued to increase and remained significantly higher into adulthood when exposed to H1N1+HDM (day 36: 2.2 (1.2–4.4); day 57: 4.6 (1.6–15) MCs per mm2 (p=0.01)) but not when infected with H1N1 alone. Our data demonstrate that distal viral infections in young children evoke a rapid accumulation of alveolar MCs. Apart from revealing a novel immune response to distal infections, our data may have important implications for the link between viral infections during early childhood and subsequent asthma development. Viral infections in children evokes a rapid recruitment and accumulation of mast cells in the alveolar parenchymahttp://ow.ly/i9eN30meNM7
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia K Andersson
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Unit of Airway Inflammation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Michiko Mori
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amal Al-Garawi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Reed
- Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alison A Humbles
- Dept of Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Robert Welliver
- Dept of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Thais Mauad
- Dept of Pathology, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bagher M, Larsson-Callerfelt AK, Rosmark O, Hallgren O, Bjermer L, Westergren-Thorsson G. Mast cells and mast cell tryptase enhance migration of human lung fibroblasts through protease-activated receptor 2. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:59. [PMID: 30219079 PMCID: PMC6139170 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells may activate fibroblasts and contribute to remodeling processes in the lung. However, the mechanism behind these actions needs to be further investigated. Fibroblasts are major regulators of on-going remodeling processes. Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) expressed by fibroblasts may be activated by serine proteases, such as the mast cell mediator tryptase. The objective in this study was to investigate the effects of mast cells and specifically mast cell tryptase on fibroblast migration and the role of PAR2 activation. METHODS Human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) were cultured together with human peripheral blood-derived mast cells or LAD2 mast cells and stimulated with either conditioned medium from LAD2 cells or tryptase. Analyses of immunological stimulation of mast cells by IgE/anti IgE in the co-culture system were also performed. The importance of PAR2 activation by mast cells and mast cell tryptase for the migratory effects of fibroblasts was investigated by pre-treatment with the PAR2 antagonist P2pal-18S. The expression of PAR2 was analyzed on fibroblasts and mast cells. RESULTS The migratory capacity of HFL-1 cells was enhanced by blood-derived mast cells (p < 0.02), LAD2 cells (p < 0.001), conditioned medium (p < 0.05) and tryptase (p < 0.006). P2pal-18S decreased the induced migration caused by mast cells (p < 0.001) and tryptase (p < 0.001) and the expression of PAR2 was verified in HFL-1 cells. Mast cells immunologically stimulated with IgE/Anti IgE had no further effects on fibroblast migration. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells and the mast cell mediator tryptase may have crucial roles in inducing lung fibroblast migration via PAR-2 activation, which may contribute to remodeling processes in chronic lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Bagher
- Unit of Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC C12, 221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Oskar Rosmark
- Unit of Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC C12, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hallgren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Westergren-Thorsson
- Unit of Lung Biology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC C12, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Andersson CK, Weitoft M, Rydell-Törmänen K, Bjermer L, Westergren-Thorsson G, Erjefält JS. Uncontrolled asthmatics have increased FceRI+
and TGF-β-positive MCTC
mast cells and collagen VI in the alveolar parenchyma. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:266-277. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Andersson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Weitoft
- Department Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - L. Bjermer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | | | - J. S. Erjefält
- Department Experimental Medical Science; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Further Studies of Unsuspected Emphysema in Nonsmoking Patients With Asthma With Persistent Expiratory Airflow Obstruction. Chest 2017; 153:618-629. [PMID: 29197547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we and other investigators have described reversible loss of lung elastic recoil in patients with acute and persistent, moderate-to-severe, chronic, treated asthma who never smoked, and its adverse effect on maximal expiratory airflow. In four consecutive autopsies, we reported the pathophysiologic mechanism(s) has been unsuspected mild, diffuse, middle and upper lobe centrilobular emphysema. METHODS We performed prospective studies (5 to 22 years) in 25 patients (12 female) with chronic asthma, age 55 ± 15 years, who never smoked, with persistent moderate-to-severe expiratory obstruction. Studies included measuring blood eosinophils, IgE, total exhaled nitric oxide (NO), central airway NO flux, peripheral airway/alveolar NO concentration, impulse oscillometry, heliox curves, lung elastic recoil, and high-resolution thin-section (1 mm) lung CT imaging at full inspiration with voxel quantification. RESULTS In 25 patients with stable asthma with varying type 2 phenotype, after 270 μg of aerosolized albuterol sulfate had been administered with a metered dose inhaler with space chamber, FVC was 3.1 ± 1.0 L (83% ± 13% predicted) (mean ± SD), FEV1 was 1.8 ± 0.6 L (59% ± 11%), the FEV1/FVC ratio was 59% ± 10%, and the ratio of single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide to alveolar volume was 4.8 ± 1.1 mL/min/mm Hg/L (120% ± 26%). All 25 patients with asthma had loss of static lung elastic recoil pressure, which contributed equally to decreased intrinsic airway conductance in limiting expiratory airflow. Lung CT scanning detected none or mild emphysema. In all four autopsied asthmatic lungs previously reported and one unreported explanted lung, microscopy revealed unsuspected mild, diffuse centrilobular emphysema in the upper and middle lung fields, and asthma-related remodeling in airways. In eight cases, during asthma remission, there were increases in measured static lung elastic recoil pressure-calculated intrinsic airway conductance, and measured maximal expiratory airflow at effort-independent lung volumes. CONCLUSIONS As documented now in five cases, unsuspected microscopic mild centrilobular emphysema is the sentinel cause of loss of lung elastic recoil. This contributes significantly to expiratory airflow obstruction in never-smoking patients with asthma, with normal diffusing capacity and near-normal lung CT scan results. TRIAL REGISTRY Protocol No. 20070934 and Study No. 1090472, Western Institutional Review Board, Olympia, WA; ClinicalTrials.gov; No. NCT00576069; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Collapse
|
45
|
Paivandy A, Sandelin M, Igelström H, Landelius P, Janson C, Melo FR, Pejler G. Induction of Human Lung Mast Cell Apoptosis by Granule Permeabilization: A Novel Approach for Targeting Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1645. [PMID: 29230220 PMCID: PMC5711769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are implicated as detrimental players in inflammatory lung diseases, particularly asthma. Mast cells respond to activating stimuli by releasing a wide panel of pro-inflammatory compounds that can contribute profoundly to the pathology, and there is currently an unmet need for strategies that efficiently ameliorate harmful effects of mast cells under such conditions. Here, we sought to evaluate a novel concept for targeting human lung mast cells, by assessing the possibility of selectively depleting the lung mast cells by induction of apoptosis. For this purpose, we used lysosomotropic agents, i.e., compounds that are known to permeabilize the secretory granules of mast cells, thereby releasing the contents of the granules into the cytosol. Either intact human lung tissue, purified human lung mast cells or mixed populations of human lung cells were incubated with the lysosomotropic agents mefloquine or siramesine, followed by measurement of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and release of cytokines. We show that human lung mast cells were highly susceptible to apoptosis induced by this strategy, whereas other cell populations of the lung were largely refractory. Moreover, we demonstrate that apoptosis induced by this mode is dependent on the production of ROS and that the treatment of lung tissue with lysosomotropic agents causes a decrease in the release of pathogenic cytokines. We conclude that selective apoptosis of human lung mast cells can be accomplished by administration of lysosomotropic agents, thus introducing the possibility of using such drugs as novel therapeutics in the treatment of inflammatory lung disorders such as asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Paivandy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Sandelin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Per Landelius
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio R Melo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Allergic airway inflammation induces migration of mast cell populations into the mouse airway. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:331-340. [PMID: 28343320 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and airway nerves play an important role in allergic asthma. However, little is known about the MCs and their interaction with airway nerves during allergic airway inflammation. This study aims to investigate the distribution and proliferation of MC populations in different lung compartments, along with the association of mast cells with nerve endings, using a house dust mite (HDM) model for allergic airway inflammation. BALB/c mice were exposed to HDM extract intranasally (25 μg/50 μl) for 5 consecutive days a week over 7 weeks. Immunofluorescence and Edu stains were used to examine the colocalisation of MCs and nerves and the proliferation of MCs, respectively. HDM treatment caused an increased migration of MCs into bronchi, alveolar parenchyma and airway vessels. The proportions of tryptase-chymase expressing MC (MCTC) increased significantly in the bronchi and the alveolar parenchyma but not in the vascular tissues, by allergic airway inflammation. The association of MCs with nerves was found only in the bronchi and there were no changes in comparison of controls to HDM-treated animals. The present study shows a strong migration of tryptase expressing MC (MCT) and MCTC into the bronchi and the alveolar parenchyma, as well as of MCT in the vascular compartment under HDM treatment. This supports the hypothesis that these mast cell populations may contribute to allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
|
47
|
Akoto C, Davies DE, Swindle EJ. Mast cells are permissive for rhinovirus replication: potential implications for asthma exacerbations. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:351-360. [PMID: 28008678 PMCID: PMC5396281 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major trigger of asthma exacerbations, with the bronchial epithelium being the major site of HRV infection and replication. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in asthma where their numbers are increased in the bronchial epithelium with increasing disease severity. OBJECTIVE In view of the emerging role of MCs in innate immunity and increased localization to the asthmatic bronchial epithelium, we investigated whether HRV infection of MCs generated innate immune responses which were protective against infection. METHODS The LAD2 MC line or primary human cord blood-derived MCs (CBMCs) were infected with HRV or UV-irradiated HRV at increasing multiplicities of infection (MOI) without or with IFN-β or IFN-λ. After 24 h, innate immune responses were assessed by RT-qPCR and IFN protein release by ELISA. Viral replication was determined by RT-qPCR and virion release by TCID50 assay. RESULTS HRV infection of LAD2 MCs induced expression of IFN-β, IFN-λ and IFN-stimulated genes. However, LAD2 MCs were permissive for HRV replication and release of infectious HRV particles. Similar findings were observed with CBMCs. Neutralization of the type I IFN receptor had minimal effects on viral shedding, suggesting that endogenous type I IFN signalling offered limited protection against HRV. However, augmentation of these responses by exogenous IFN-β, but not IFN-λ, protected MCs against HRV infection. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE MCs are permissive for the replication and release of HRV, which is prevented by exogenous IFN-β treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel mechanism whereby MCs may contribute to HRV-induced asthma exacerbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Akoto
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D E Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E J Swindle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Singhania A, Rupani H, Jayasekera N, Lumb S, Hales P, Gozzard N, Davies DE, Woelk CH, Howarth PH. Altered Epithelial Gene Expression in Peripheral Airways of Severe Asthma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168680. [PMID: 28045928 PMCID: PMC5207492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of severe asthma remains a challenge despite treatment with glucocorticosteroid therapy. The majority of studies investigating disease mechanisms in treatment-resistant severe asthma have previously focused on the large central airways, with very few utilizing transcriptomic approaches. The small peripheral airways, which comprise the majority of the airway surface area, remain an unexplored area in severe asthma and were targeted for global epithelial gene expression profiling in this study. Differences between central and peripheral airways were evaluated using transcriptomic analysis (Affymetrix HG U133 plus 2.0 GeneChips) of epithelial brushings obtained from severe asthma patients (N = 17) and healthy volunteers (N = 23). Results were validated in an independent cohort (N = 10) by real-time quantitative PCR. The IL-13 disease signature that is associated with an asthmatic phenotype was upregulated in severe asthmatics compared to healthy controls but was predominantly evident within the peripheral airways, as were genes related to mast cell presence. The gene expression response associated with glucocorticosteroid therapy (i.e. FKBP5) was also upregulated in severe asthmatics compared to healthy controls but, in contrast, was more pronounced in central airways. Moreover, an altered epithelial repair response (e.g. FGFBP1) was evident across both airway sites reflecting a significant aspect of disease in severe asthma unadressed by current therapies. A transcriptomic approach to understand epithelial activation in severe asthma has thus highlighted the need for better-targeted therapy to the peripheral airways in severe asthma, where the IL-13 disease signature persists despite treatment with currently available therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akul Singhania
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hitasha Rupani
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nivenka Jayasekera
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Donna E. Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H. Woelk
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHH); (PHH)
| | - Peter H. Howarth
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton Centre for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHH); (PHH)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sverrild A, Kiilerich P, Brejnrod A, Pedersen R, Porsbjerg C, Bergqvist A, Erjefält JS, Kristiansen K, Backer V. Eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic patients is associated with an altered airway microbiome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 140:407-417.e11. [PMID: 28042058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthmatic patients have higher microbiome diversity and an altered composition, with more Proteobacteria and less Bacteroidetes compared with healthy control subjects. Studies comparing airway inflammation and the airway microbiome are sparse, especially in subjects not receiving anti-inflammatory treatment. OBJECTIVE We sought to describe the relationship between the airway microbiome and patterns of airway inflammation in steroid-free patients with asthma and healthy control subjects. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected from 23 steroid-free nonsmoking patients with asthma and 10 healthy control subjects. Bacterial DNA was extracted from and subjected to Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rDNA V4 region. Eosinophils and neutrophils in the submucosa were quantified by means of immunohistochemical identification and computerized image analysis. Induced sputum was obtained, and airway hyperresponsiveness to mannitol and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide values were measured. Relationships between airway microbial diversity and composition and inflammatory profiles were analyzed. RESULTS In asthmatic patients airway microbial composition was associated with airway eosinophilia and AHR to mannitol but not airway neutrophilia. The overall composition of the airway microbiome of asthmatic patients with the lowest levels of eosinophils but not asthmatic patients with the highest levels of eosinophils deviated significantly from that of healthy subjects. Asthmatic patients with the lowest levels of eosinophils had an altered bacterial abundance profile, with more Neisseria, Bacteroides, and Rothia species and less Sphingomonas, Halomonas, and Aeribacillus species compared with asthmatic patients with more eosinophils and healthy control subjects. CONCLUSION The level of eosinophilic airway inflammation correlates with variations in the microbiome across asthmatic patients, whereas neutrophilic airway inflammation does not. This warrants further investigation on molecular pathways involved in both patients with eosinophilic and those with noneosinophilic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia Kiilerich
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asker Brejnrod
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anders Bergqvist
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology and Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas S Erjefält
- Respiratory Medicine and Allergology and Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Arthur G, Bradding P. New Developments in Mast Cell Biology: Clinical Implications. Chest 2016; 150:680-93. [PMID: 27316557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are present in connective tissue and at mucosal surfaces in all classes of vertebrates. In health, they contribute to tissue homeostasis, host defense, and tissue repair via multiple receptors regulating the release of a vast stockpile of proinflammatory mediators, proteases, and cytokines. However, these potentially protective cells are a double-edged sword. When there is a repeated or long-term stimulus, MC activation leads to tissue damage and dysfunction. Accordingly, MCs are implicated in the pathophysiologic aspects of numerous diseases covering all organs. Understanding the biology of MCs, their heterogeneity, mechanisms of activation, and signaling cascades may lead to the development of novel therapies for many diseases for which current treatments are lacking or are of poor efficacy. This review will focus on updates and developments in MC biology and their clinical implications, with a particular focus on their role in respiratory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greer Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England
| | - Peter Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, England.
| |
Collapse
|