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Sahara S, Ueno A, Wakita N, Iwai M, Uda J, Nakaoji K, Hamada K, Maeda A, Kaneda Y, Fujimoto M. (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate has the potential to improve atopic dermatitis symptoms in NC/Nga mice by upregulating epidermal barrier function and inhibiting type 2 alarmin cytokine induction. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302781. [PMID: 38713650 PMCID: PMC11075858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a multi-pathogenic disease characterized by chronic skin inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Therefore, improving the skin's ability to form an epidermal barrier and suppressing the production of cytokines that induce type 2 inflammatory responses are important for controlling atopic dermatitis symptoms. (-)-Blebbistatin, a non-muscle myosin II inhibitor, has been suggested to improve pulmonary endothelial barrier function and control inflammation by suppressing immune cell migration; however, its efficacy in atopic dermatitis is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate, a derivative of (-)-blebbistatin, improves dermatitis symptoms in a mite antigen-induced atopic dermatitis model using NC/Nga mice. The efficacy of the compound was confirmed using dermatitis scores, ear thickness measurements, serum IgE levels, histological analysis of lesions, and filaggrin expression analysis, which is important for barrier function. (S)-(-)-Blebbistatin O-benzoate treatment significantly reduced the dermatitis score and serum IgE levels compared to those in the vehicle group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the histological analysis revealed enhanced filaggrin production and a decreased number of mast cells (p < 0.05), indicating that (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate improved atopic dermatitis symptoms in a pathological model. In vitro analysis using cultured keratinocytes revealed increased expression of filaggrin, loricrin, involucrin, and ceramide production pathway-related genes, suggesting that (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate promotes epidermal barrier formation. Furthermore, the effect of (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate on type 2 alarmin cytokines, which are secreted from epidermal cells upon scratching or allergen stimulation and are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, was evaluated using antigens derived from mite feces. The results showed that (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate inhibited the upregulation of these cytokines. Based on the above, (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate has the potential to be developed as an atopic dermatitis treatment option that controls dermatitis symptoms by suppressing inflammation and improving barrier function by acting on multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Sahara
- Research and Development Division, PIAS Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ueno
- Research and Development Division, PIAS Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Wakita
- Research and Development Division, PIAS Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Miki Iwai
- Research and Development Division, PIAS Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junki Uda
- Research and Development Division, PIAS Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koich Nakaoji
- Research and Development Division, PIAS Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hamada
- Research and Development Division, PIAS Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akito Maeda
- Office of Management and Planning, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Vice President Office, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Alangari AA, Ashoori MD, Alwan W, Dawe HR, Stockinger B, Barker JN, Wincent E, Di Meglio P. Manuka honey activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Implications for skin inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106848. [PMID: 37419256 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Manuka honey (MH) is a complex nutritional material with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. We have previously shown that MH down regulates IL-4-induced CCL26 expression in immortalized keratinocytes. As MH contains potential ligands of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR), a key regulator of skin homeostasis, we hypothesize that this effect is mediated via AHR activation. Here, we treated HaCaT cell lines, either stable transfected with an empty vector (EV-HaCaT) or in which AHR had been stable silenced (AHR-silenced HaCaT); or primary normal human epithelial keratinocytes (NHEK) with 2% MH for 24 h. This induced a 15.4-fold upregulation of CYP1A1 in EV-HaCaTs, which was significantly reduced in AHR-silenced cells. Pre-treatment with the AHR antagonist CH223191 completely abrogated this effect. Similar findings were observed in NHEK. In vivo treatment of the Cyp1a1Cre x R26ReYFP reporter mice strain's skin with pure MH significantly induced CYP1A1 expression compared with Vaseline. Treatment of HaCaT with 2% MH significantly decreased baseline CYP1 enzymatic activity at 3 and 6 h but increased it after 12 h, suggesting that MH may activate the AHR both through direct and indirect means. Importantly, MH downregulation of IL-4-induced CCL26 mRNA and protein was abrogated in AHR-silenced HaCaTs and by pre-treatment with CH223191. Finally, MH significantly upregulated FLG expression in NHEK in an AHR-dependent manner. In conclusion, MH activates AHR, both in vitro and in vivo, thereby providing a mechanism of its IL4-induced CCL26 downregulation and upregulation of FLG expression. These results have potential clinical implications for atopic diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Alangari
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Matin D Ashoori
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wisam Alwan
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah R Dawe
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan N Barker
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emma Wincent
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Roy T, Boateng ST, Uddin MB, Banang-Mbeumi S, Yadav RK, Bock CR, Folahan JT, Siwe-Noundou X, Walker AL, King JA, Buerger C, Huang S, Chamcheu JC. The PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Associated Signaling Pathways as Molecular Drivers of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Update on Therapeutic Strategy Using Natural and Synthetic Compounds. Cells 2023; 12:1671. [PMID: 37371141 PMCID: PMC10297376 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been implicated in various immune-mediated inflammatory and hyperproliferative dermatoses such as acne, atopic dermatitis, alopecia, psoriasis, wounds, and vitiligo, and is associated with poor treatment outcomes. Improved comprehension of the consequences of the dysregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in patients with inflammatory dermatoses has resulted in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Nonetheless, more studies are necessary to validate the regulatory role of this pathway and to create more effective preventive and treatment methods for a wide range of inflammatory skin diseases. Several studies have revealed that certain natural products and synthetic compounds can obstruct the expression/activity of PI3K/Akt/mTOR, underscoring their potential in managing common and persistent skin inflammatory disorders. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of the activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and associated components in immune-mediated inflammatory dermatoses and discusses the potential of bioactive natural products, synthetic scaffolds, and biologic agents in their prevention and treatment. However, further research is necessary to validate the regulatory role of this pathway and develop more effective therapies for inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tithi Roy
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Samuel T. Boateng
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Mohammad B. Uddin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Center for Research on Environmental Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Sergette Banang-Mbeumi
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
- Division for Research and Innovation, POHOFI Inc., Madison, WI 53744, USA
- School of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Louisiana Delta Community College, Monroe, LA 71203, USA
| | - Rajesh K. Yadav
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Chelsea R. Bock
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Joy T. Folahan
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Xavier Siwe-Noundou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O. Box 218, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
| | - Anthony L. Walker
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Judy A. King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
- College of Medicine, Belmont University, 900 Belmont Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Claudia Buerger
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Clinic of the Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209, USA; (T.R.); (S.T.B.); (S.B.-M.); (R.K.Y.); (C.R.B.); (J.T.F.); (A.L.W.)
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
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Giancotta C, Colantoni N, Pacillo L, Santilli V, Amodio D, Manno EC, Cotugno N, Rotulo GA, Rivalta B, Finocchi A, Cancrini C, Diociaiuti A, El Hachem M, Zangari P. Tailored treatments in inborn errors of immunity associated with atopy (IEIs-A) with skin involvement. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1129249. [PMID: 37033173 PMCID: PMC10073443 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1129249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity associated with atopy (IEIs-A) are a group of inherited monogenic disorders that occur with immune dysregulation and frequent skin involvement. Several pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of these conditions, including immune system defects, alterations of skin barrier and metabolism perturbations. Current technological improvements and the higher accessibility to genetic testing, recently allowed the identification of novel molecular pathways involved in IEIs-A, also informing on potential tailored therapeutic strategies. Compared to other systemic therapy for skin diseases, biologics have the less toxic and the best tolerated profile in the setting of immune dysregulation. Here, we review IEIs-A with skin involvement focusing on the tailored therapeutic approach according to their pathogenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giancotta
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Colantoni
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Pacillo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Santilli
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emma Concetta Manno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Andrea Rotulo
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Diociaiuti
- Dermatology Unit and Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - May El Hachem
- Dermatology Unit and Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: Paola Zangari
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5
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Nakashima C, Doi H, Nakajima S, Mashimo T, Oga T, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Honda T, Ishida Y, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Filaggrin-deficient rats generated using zinc-finger nucleases spontaneously exhibit dry scaly skin. Allergol Int 2022; 71:545-547. [PMID: 35545489 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Komuro M, Nagane M, Fukuyama T, Luo X, Hiraki S, Miyanabe M, Ishikawa M, Niwa C, Murakami H, Okamoto M, Yamashita T. Sphingomyelin maintains the cutaneous barrier via regulation of the STAT3 pathway. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22111. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100721rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Komuro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| | | | | | | | - Miyuki Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| | - Chiaki Niwa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| | - Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health 2, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Japan
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Kim DY, Won KJ, Hwang DI, Kim NY, Kim B, Lee HM. 1-Iodohexadecane Alleviates 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice: Possible Involvements of the Skin Barrier and Mast Cell SNARE Proteins. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051560. [PMID: 35268661 PMCID: PMC8911872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory dermal disease with symptoms that include inflammation, itching, and dry skin. 1-Iodohexadecane is known as a component of Chrysanthemum boreale essential oil that has an inhibitory effect on AD-like lesions. However, its effects on AD-related pathological events have not been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of 1-iodohexadecane on AD lesion-related in vitro and in vivo responses and the mechanism involved using human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), mast cells (RBL-2H3 cells), and a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced mouse model (male BALB/c) of AD. Protein analyses were performed by immunoblotting or immunohistochemistry. In RBL-2H3 cells, 1-iodohexadecane inhibited immunoglobulin E-induced releases of histamine and β-hexosaminidase and the expression of VAMP8 protein (vesicle-associated membrane proteins 8; a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor [SNARE] protein). In HaCaT cells, 1-iodohexadecane enhanced filaggrin and loricrin expressions; in DNCB-treated mice, it improved AD-like skin lesions, reduced epidermal thickness, mast cell infiltration, and increased filaggrin and loricrin expressions (skin barrier proteins). In addition, 1-iodohexadecane reduced the β-hexosaminidase level in the serum of DNCB-applied mice. These results suggest that 1-iodohexadecane may ameliorate AD lesion severity by disrupting SNARE protein-linked degranulation and/or by enhancing the expressions of skin barrier-related proteins, and that 1-iodohexadecane has therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yoon Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (D.Y.K.); (D.I.H.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-J.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Dae Il Hwang
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (D.Y.K.); (D.I.H.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Nan Young Kim
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (D.Y.K.); (D.I.H.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-J.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Division of Cosmetic and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (D.Y.K.); (D.I.H.); (N.Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-540-9551
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Cracking the Skin Barrier: Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Shines under the Skin. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100036. [PMID: 34909733 PMCID: PMC8659386 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central to forming and sustaining the skin’s barrier, epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) fluxing to the skin surface undergo a rapid and enigmatic transformation into flat, enucleated squames. At the crux of this transformation are intracellular keratohyalin granules (KGs) that suddenly disappear as terminally differentiating KCs transition to the cornified skin surface. Defects in KGs have long been linked to skin barrier disorders. Through the biophysical lens of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), these enigmatic KGs recently emerged as liquid-like membraneless organelles whose assembly and subsequent pH-triggered disassembly drive squame formation. To stimulate future efforts toward cracking the complex process of skin barrier formation, in this review, we integrate the key concepts and foundational work spanning the fields of LLPS and epidermal biology. We review the current progress in the skin and discuss implications in the broader context of membraneless organelles across stratifying epithelia. The discovery of environmentally sensitive LLPS dynamics in the skin points to new avenues for dissecting the skin barrier and for addressing skin barrier disorders. We argue that skin and its appendages offer outstanding models to uncover LLPS-driven mechanisms in tissue biology.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- CE, cornified envelope
- EDC, epidermal differentiation complex
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IDP, intrinsically-disordered protein
- KC, keratinocyte
- KG, keratohyalin granule
- LCST, lower critical solution temperature
- LLPS, liquid-liquid phase separation
- PTM, post-translational modification
- TG, trichohyalin granule
- UCST, upper critical solution temperature
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Stevens ML, Mersha TB, Zhang Z, Kothari A, Khurana Hershey GK. Skin depletion of Kif3a resembles the pediatric atopic dermatitis transcriptome profile. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1588-1598. [PMID: 34964466 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin deficiency of kinesin family member 3A causes disrupted skin barrier function and promotes development of atopic dermatitis (AD). It is not known how well Kif3aK14∆/∆ mice approximate the human AD transcriptome. To determine the skin transcriptomic profile of Kif3aK14∆/∆ mice and compare it with other murine AD models and human AD, we performed RNA-seq of full-thickness skin and epidermis from 3- and 8-week-old Kif3aK14∆/∆ mice and compared the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with transcriptomic datasets from mite-induced NC/Nga, flaky tail (Tmem79ma/ma Flgft/ft), and filaggrin-mutant (Flgft/ft) mice, as well as human AD transcriptome datasets including meta-analysis derived atopic dermatitis [MADAD] and the pediatric atopic dermatitis [PAD]. We then interrogated the Kif3aK14∆/∆ skin DEGs using the LINCS-L1000 database to identify potential novel drug targets for AD treatment. We identified 471 and 901 DEGs at 3 and 8 weeks of age, respectively, in the absence of Kif3a. Kif3aK14∆/∆ mice had 3.5-4.5 times more DEGs that overlapped with human AD DEGs compared to the flaky tail and Flgft/ft mice. Further, 55%, 85% and 75% of 8-week Kif3aK14∆/∆ DEGs overlapped with the MADAD and PAD non-lesional and lesional gene lists, respectively. Kif3aK14∆/∆ mice spontaneously develop a human AD-like gene signature, which better represents pediatric non-lesional skin compared to other mouse models including flaky tail, Flgft/ft and NC/Nga. Thus, Kif3aK14∆/∆ mice may model pediatric skin that is a precursor to the development of lesions and inflammation, and hence may be a useful model to study AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Stevens
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tesfaye B Mersha
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Arjun Kothari
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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10
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A chalcone derivative suppresses TSLP induction in mice and human keratinocytes through binding to BET family proteins. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114819. [PMID: 34757034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although treatments for allergic diseases have improved, side effects and treatment resistance remain as challenges. New therapeutic drugs for allergic diseases are urgently required. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine target for prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. Since TSLP is produced from epithelial cells in allergic diseases, TSLP inhibitors may be new anti-allergic drugs. We previously identified a new inhibitor of TSLP production, named 16D10. However, its target of action remained unclarified. In this study, we found proteins binding to 16D10 from 24,000 human protein arrays by AlphaScreen-based high-throughput screening and identified bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins as targets. We also clarified the detailed mode of interaction between 16D10 and a BET family protein using X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, we confirmed that inhibitors of BET family proteins suppressed TSLP induction and IL-33 and IL-36γ expression in both mouse and human keratinocyte cell lines. Taken together, our findings suggest that BET family proteins are involved in the suppression of TSLP production by 16D10. These proteins can contribute to the pathology of atopic dermatitis via TSLP regulation in keratinocytes and have potential as therapeutic targets in allergic diseases.
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11
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Callou TMP, Orfali RL, Sotto MN, Pereira NV, Zaniboni MC, Aoki V, Brito MP, Matsuda M, Santo RM. Increased expression of Filaggrin and Claudin-1 in the ocular surface of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 36:247-254. [PMID: 34704317 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an itchy, chronic and inflammatory skin condition, with dysfunctional immune response and skin barrier defects. Reduction of filaggrin (FLG) and tight junctions (TJ) proteins, such as claudin-1 (CLDN-1), expression in cutaneous epithelial barrier is remarkable in AD pathogenesis. Ocular involvement occurs in approximately 40% of AD patients leading to changes in the structure of the conjunctiva. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the expression of FLG and CLDN-1 in the ocular surface of adults with AD, analysing bulbar conjunctival cells collected by a novel non-invasive cellular imprint. METHODS Bulbar conjunctival epithelial cells were collected by cellular imprint technique, and FLG and CLDN-1 expression were assessed by immunofluorescence (IF) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS We detected increased expression of FLG and CLDN-1, as well as their transcript levels in AD patients compared with healthy controls (HC). There was a positive correlation between tear film break-up time (TBUT) and FLG expression. Fluorescein staining was inversely associated with FLG expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results may reflect a reactive response of the ocular surface to AD-related ocular inflammation and associated dry eye disease. Further investigations focusing on the role of FLG and TJ expression in the ocular surface of AD patients may increment the understanding of the pathophysiology of extracutaneous AD and developing future targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M P Callou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R L Orfali
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M N Sotto
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N V Pereira
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C Zaniboni
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M P Brito
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Santo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Barrier defect in atopic dermatitis - possibilities and limits of basic skin therapy. Allergol Select 2021; 5:287-292. [PMID: 34532637 PMCID: PMC8439110 DOI: 10.5414/alx02268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased permeability of the skin barrier towards environmental factors such as allergens is considered a key factor in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Strengthening the skin barrier through basic skin therapy represents the basis of any therapy for AD. It is well known that genetic factors as well as the skin inflammation itself contribute to the weakening of the barrier; here, recent studies have led to a deeper understanding of the complex structures of the epidermis. The possibility of counteracting the disease preventively by the use of basic skin therapy from birth on has been studied intensively in recent years. This article summarizes recent findings on the effects of basic skin therapy as a primary and secondary preventive measure.
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13
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Fujishiro M, Yahagi S, Takemi S, Nakahara M, Sakai T, Sakata I. Pyridoxine stimulates filaggrin production in human epidermal keratinocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5513-5518. [PMID: 34302584 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxine (PN), one of the vitamers of vitamin B6, plays an important role in the maintenance of epidermal function and is used to treat acne and rough skin. Clinical studies have revealed that PN deficiency causes skin problems such as seborrheic dermatitis and stomatitis. However, the detailed effects of PN and its mechanism of action in epidermal function are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of PN on epidermal function in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and found that PN specifically causes an increase in the expression of profilaggrin mRNA, among marker genes of terminal epidermal differentiation. In addition, PN treatment caused an increase in the production of filaggrin protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with P2x purinoceptor antagonists, namely, pyridoxal phosphate-6-azo (benzene-2,4-disulfonic acid) tetrasodium salt hydrate and TNP-ATP hydrate, induced an increase in the filaggrin protein levels. Moreover, we showed that elevated filaggrin production induced upon PN treatment was suppressed by ATP (known as P2x purinoceptor agonist). This study is the first to report that PN causes an increase in filaggrin transcription and production, and these results suggest that PN-induced filaggrin production may be a useful target as a daily care component in atopic dermatitis, wherein filaggrin levels are specifically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Fujishiro
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.,Nikkol Group Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd., 3-24-3 Hasune, Itabashiku, Tokyo, 174-0046, Japan
| | - Shoichi Yahagi
- Nikkol Group Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd., 3-24-3 Hasune, Itabashiku, Tokyo, 174-0046, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mio Nakahara
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan. .,Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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14
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Dębińska A. New Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis Targeting Skin Barrier Repair via the Regulation of FLG Expression. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112506. [PMID: 34198894 PMCID: PMC8200961 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic, inflammatory skin disorders with a complex etiology and a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Despite its high prevalence and effect on the quality of life, safe and effective systemic therapies approved for long-term management of AD are limited. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in recent years has contributed to the development of new therapeutic approaches that target specific pathophysiological pathways. Skin barrier dysfunction and immunological abnormalities are critical in the pathogenesis of AD. Recently, the importance of the downregulation of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) molecules caused by external and internal stimuli has been extensively emphasized. The purpose of this review is to discuss the innovations in the therapy of atopic dermatitis, including biologics, small molecule therapies, and other drugs by highlighting regulatory mechanisms of skin barrier-related molecules, such as filaggrin (FLG) as a crucial pathway implicated in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dębińska
- 1st Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Allergology and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 2a, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction caused by endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to various disorders such as xerosis cutis, ichthyoses, and atopic dermatitis. Filaggrin is a pivotal structural protein of the stratum corneum (SC) and provides natural moisturizing factors that play a role in skin barrier functions. Filaggrin aggregates keratin filaments, resulting in the formation of a keratin network, which binds cornified envelopes and collapse keratinocytes to flattened corneocytes. This complex network contributes to the physical strength of the skin. Filaggrin is degraded by caspase-14, calpain 1, and bleomycin hydrolases into amino acids and amino acid metabolites such as trans-urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, which are pivotal natural moisturizing factors in the SC. Accordingly, filaggrin is important for the pathophysiology of skin barrier disorders, and its deficiency or dysfunction leads to a variety of skin disorders. Here, the roles and biology of filaggrin, related skin diseases, and a therapeutic strategy targeting filaggrin are reviewed. In addition, several drug candidates of different mode of actions targeting filaggrin, along with their clinical efficacy, are discussed.
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16
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Enhancement of skin barrier and hydration-related molecules by protopanaxatriol in human keratinocytes. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:354-360. [PMID: 33841016 PMCID: PMC8020273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is a secondary intestinal metabolite of ginsenoside in ginseng. Although the effects of PPT have been reported in various diseases including cancer, diabetes and inflammatory diseases, the skin protective effects of PPT are poorly understood. Methods HaCaT cells were treated with PPT in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA and protein levels which related to skin barrier and hydration were detected compared with retinol. Luciferase assay was performed to explore the relative signaling pathway. Western blot was conducted to confirm these pathways and excavated further signals. Results PPT enhanced the expression of filaggrin (FLG), transglutaminase (TGM)-1, claudin, occludin and hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS) −1, −2 and −3. The mRNA expression levels of FLG, TGM-1, HAS-1 and HAS-2 were suppressed under NF-κB inhibition. PPT significantly augmented NF-κB-luc activity and upregulated Src/AKT/NF-κB signaling. In addition, PPT also increased phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK, JNK and p38 and upstream MAPK activators (MEK and MKK). Furthermore, transcriptional activity of AP-1 and CREB, which are downstream signaling targets of MAPK, was enhanced by PPT. Conclusion PPT improves skin barrier function and hydration through Src/AKT/NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Therefore, PPT may be a valuable component for cosmetics or treating skin disorders.
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17
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Kim J, Copeland CE, Seki K, Vögeli B, Kwon YC. Tuning the Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System for Biomanufacturing of Monomeric Human Filaggrin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:590341. [PMID: 33195157 PMCID: PMC7658397 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.590341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system is expanding the opportunity of cell-free biomanufacturing as a versatile platform for synthesizing various therapeutic proteins. However, synthesizing human protein in the bacterial CFPS system remains challenging due to the low expression level, protein misfolding, inactivity, and more. These challenges limit the use of a bacterial CFPS system for human therapeutic protein synthesis. In this study, we demonstrated the improved performance of a customized CFPS platform for human therapeutic protein production by investigating the factors that limit cell-free transcription-translation. The improvement of the CFPS platform has been made in three ways. First, the cell extract was prepared from the rare tRNA expressed host strain, and CFPS was performed with a codon-optimized gene for Escherichia coli codon usage bias. The soluble protein yield was 15.2 times greater with the rare tRNA overexpressing host strain as cell extract and codon-optimized gene in the CFPS system. Next, we identify and prioritize the critical biomanufacturing factors for highly active crude cell lysate for human protein synthesis. Lastly, we engineer the CFPS reaction conditions to enhance protein yield. In this model, the therapeutic protein filaggrin expression was significantly improved by up to 23-fold, presenting 28 ± 5 μM of soluble protein yield. The customized CFPS system for filaggrin biomanufacturing described here demonstrates the potential of the CFPS system to be adapted for studying therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Kim
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Caroline E Copeland
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Kosuke Seki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Bastian Vögeli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Yong-Chan Kwon
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States.,Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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18
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Elias PM, Wakefield JS. Provozieren konvergierende zelluläre und Signalübertragungs‐Störungen die atopische Dermatitis? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1215-1224. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14232_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Elias
- Dermatology Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Joan S. Wakefield
- Dermatology Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco CA USA
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19
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Elias PM, Wakefield JS. Could cellular and signaling abnormalities converge to provoke atopic dermatitis? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 18:1215-1223. [PMID: 33048449 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diverse inherited and acquired abnormalities in epidermal structural and enzymatic proteins compromise permeability, barrier function and antimicrobial defense in atopic dermatitis (AD). Though several mutations in filaggrin (FLG) predominate, alterations in other S-100, cornified envelope precursor proteins (hornerin [HRNR], filaggrin 2 [FLG2], SPRR3, mattrin) which regulate lamellar body formation; SPINK5, which encodes the serine protease inhibitor, LEKTI1, and a fatty acid transporter, FATP4, are all separately associated with an AD phenotype. Exogenous and endogenous stressors, such as prolonged psychological stress, a low environmental humidity, or exposure to basic soaps and surfactants can further compromise barrier function and are often required to trigger disease. In the immunologists' view, the barrier abnormality is relevant only because it allows antigen and pathogen access, while stimulating Th2 cytokine production. These proteins in turn downregulate lipid synthetic enzyme and antimicrobial peptide levels, as well as multiple epidermal structural proteins, including filaggrin. Each inherited and acquired abnormality can independently compromise lamellar body secretion production, resulting in defective lamellar membrane organization and antimicrobial defense. Furthermore, elevated pH of the SC is critical for AD pathogenesis, compromising post-secretory lipid processing, while also enhancing inflammation. There are various therapeutic options that interdict different stages in this pathogenic paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Furue M. Regulation of Filaggrin, Loricrin, and Involucrin by IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22, AHR, and NRF2: Pathogenic Implications in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5382. [PMID: 32751111 PMCID: PMC7432778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an eczematous, pruritic skin disorder with extensive barrier dysfunction and elevated interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signatures. The barrier dysfunction correlates with the downregulation of barrier-related molecules such as filaggrin (FLG), loricrin (LOR), and involucrin (IVL). IL-4 and IL-13 potently inhibit the expression of these molecules by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 and STAT3. In addition to IL-4 and IL-13, IL-22 and IL-17A are probably involved in the barrier dysfunction by inhibiting the expression of these barrier-related molecules. In contrast, natural or medicinal ligands for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) are potent upregulators of FLG, LOR, and IVL expression. As IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, and IL-17A are all capable of inducing oxidative stress, antioxidative AHR agonists such as coal tar, glyteer, and tapinarof exert particular therapeutic efficacy for AD. These antioxidative AHR ligands are known to activate an antioxidative transcription factor, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2). This article focuses on the mechanisms by which FLG, LOR, and IVL expression is regulated by IL-4, IL-13, IL-22, and IL-17A. The author also summarizes how AHR and NRF2 dual activators exert their beneficial effects in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-92-642-5581; Fax: +81-92-642-5600
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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21
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Guerrero-Aspizua S, Carretero M, Conti CJ, Del Río M. The importance of immunity in the development of reliable animal models for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:626-638. [PMID: 32479655 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis (PS) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common inflammatory skin diseases characterized by an imbalance in specific T-cell subsets, resulting in a specific cytokine profile in patients. Obtaining models closely resembling both pathologies along with a relevant clinical impact is crucial for the development of new therapies because of the high prevalence of these diseases. Single-gene mouse models developed until now do not fully reflect the complexity of these disorders, in part not only because of inherent differences between mice and humans but also because of the multifactorial nature of these pathologies. The skin-humanized mouse model developed by our group, based on a tissue engineering approach, has been used to test therapeutic strategies, although this methodology is still technically challenging and not widely available. The skin-humanized mouse models for PS and AD reproduce human skin phenotypes, providing valuable tools for drug development and testing in the preclinical setting. The tissue engineering approach allows the development of personalized medicine, covering the broad genotypic spectrum of these pathologies. This review highlights the main differences between available murine models focusing on the tissue-specific immunity of PS and AD. We discuss their contribution to unravel the complex pathophysiology of these diseases and to translate this knowledge into more accurate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marcela Del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
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22
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is generally considered a T helper type 2-dominated disease. Pediatric AD is usually less severe than adult AD, but it may present as moderate to severe lesions that are inadequately managed by current modalities including emollients/moisturizers, topical corticosteroids (TCSs), topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), and even systemic immunosuppressants (such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil). In addition, systemic immunosuppressants are often not recommended for childhood AD by the current guidelines due to their toxicities. Therefore, there is still an unmet need for a safe and effective long-term therapy for pediatric AD patients whose disease is inadequately controlled or who are intolerant to current treatments. The emerging therapeutics for AD focuses on intervening in the inflammatory pathway by targeting specific cytokines/chemokines or their receptors. Monoclonal antibodies against immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin (IL)-4 receptor subunit α, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31 receptor subunit α, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) have been evaluated clinically for AD. Encouraging results have been reported for many of the biologics, of which the most exciting is dupilumab. Other emerging systemic therapies include small molecules such as baricitinib, abrocitinib, upadacitinib, and tradipitant. Several novel topical agents are under clinical investigation for the treatment of AD, including topical phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) modulating agents, and transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) antagonists. Accompanied by thorough characterization of different phenotype and endotype subsets, the application of precision medicine could provide new prospects for the optimal treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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23
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Nakajima S, Nomura T, Common J, Kabashima K. Insights into atopic dermatitis gained from genetically defined mouse models. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:13-25. [PMID: 30612664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by severe pruritus and recurrent eczema with a chronic disease course. Impaired skin barrier function, hyperactivated TH2 cell-type inflammation, and pruritus-induced scratching contribute to the disease pathogenesis of AD. Skin microbial alterations complicate the pathogenesis of AD further. Mouse models are a powerful tool to analyze such intricate pathophysiology of AD, with a caution that anatomy and immunology of the skin differ between human subjects and mice. Here we review recent understanding of AD etiology obtained using mouse models, which address the epidermal barrier, skin microbiome, TH2 immune response, and pruritus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore.
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24
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Alkaliptosis: a new weapon for cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:267-269. [DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Abstract
There is an increasing number of experimental, genetic and clinical evidence of atopic dermatitis expression as a pre-condition for later development of other atopic diseases such as asthma, food allergy and allergic rhinitis. Atopic dermatitis is a heterogeneous, recurrent childhood disease, also present in the adult age. It is increasingly attributed to systemic features and is characterized by immunological and skin barrier integrity and function dysregulation. To maintain the protective function of the skin barrier, in particular the maintenance of pH, hydration and antimicrobial functions, the filaggrin, among others, plays a significant role. Filaggrin is a multifunctional, histidine-rich, insoluble protein. The lack of filaggrin is associated with various cutaneous (e.g. ichthyosis vulgaris, allergic contact dermatitis) and non-cutaneous (e.g. diabetes, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract) diseases and may be a result of genetic, immunological factors combined with environmental factors. In this review we summarised (emphasized) recent findings in understanding the role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and other diseases, participants in the atopic march.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Čepelak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slavica Dodig
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pavić
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital Zagreb, Zagreb; School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Croatia
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LPA Induces Keratinocyte Differentiation and Promotes Skin Barrier Function through the LPAR1/LPAR5-RHO-ROCK-SRF Axis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1010-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
The skin is outermost barrier of the body and protects us from various kinds of external stimuli. The barrier function of the skin is, however, not wholly perfect but include some 'security holes' where external antigen invades in. Further, external antigens themselves have some specific shunt pathways to breach the skin barrier. Recent studies revealed that percutaneous sensitization is a strong inducer of systemic immune responses and it is now considered that majority of food allergy is sensitized through body surfaces. Thus, to know about the fundamental structure of the skin barrier and its potential weak spots must be important for understanding the pathomechanism of 'skin-originated' allergic diseases. In this review, I overview the fundamental features of the skin barrier, and then, will discuss the pathomechanism how external antigens breach the barrier and induce subsequent systemic allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyohei Egawa
- a Department of Dermatology , Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
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Czarnowicki T, He H, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E. Atopic dermatitis endotypes and implications for targeted therapeutics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Human and computational models of atopic dermatitis: A review and perspectives by an expert panel of the International Eczema Council. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:36-45. [PMID: 30414395 PMCID: PMC6626639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent disease worldwide and is associated with systemic comorbidities representing a significant burden on patients, their families, and society. Therapeutic options for AD remain limited, in part because of a lack of well-characterized animal models. There has been increasing interest in developing experimental approaches to study the pathogenesis of human AD in vivo, in vitro, and in silico to better define pathophysiologic mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers that predict therapeutic response. This review critically appraises a range of models, including genetic mutations relevant to AD, experimental challenge of human skin in vivo, tissue culture models, integration of “omics” data sets, and development of predictive computational models. Although no one individual model recapitulates the complex AD pathophysiology, our review highlights insights gained into key elements of cutaneous biology, molecular pathways, and therapeutic target identification through each approach. Recent developments in computational analysis, including application of machine learning and a systems approach to data integration and predictive modeling, highlight the applicability of these methods to AD subclassification (endotyping), therapy development, and precision medicine. Such predictive modeling will highlight knowledge gaps, further inform refinement of biological models, and support new experimental and systems approaches to AD. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019;143:36–45.)
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30
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Tsakok T, Woolf R, Smith CH, Weidinger S, Flohr C. Atopic dermatitis: the skin barrier and beyond. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:464-474. [PMID: 29969827 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder, affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in industrialized countries. This highly debilitating condition poses a considerable burden to both the individual and society at large. The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex, encompassing both genetic and environmental risk factors. METHODS This is a narrative review based on a systematic literature search. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity plays a key role; however, recent epidemiological, genetic and molecular research has focused interest on skin barrier dysfunction as a common precursor and pathological feature. Current understanding of the aetiology of atopic dermatitis highlights disruption of the epidermal barrier leading to increased permeability of the epidermis, pathological inflammation in the skin, and percutaneous sensitization to allergens. Thus, most novel treatment strategies seek to target specific aspects of the skin barrier or cutaneous inflammation. Several studies have also shown promise in preventing atopic dermatitis, such as the early use of emollients in high-risk infants. This may have broader implications in terms of halting the progression to atopic comorbidities including food allergy, hay fever and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsakok
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - R Woolf
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - C H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - S Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Flohr
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, U.K
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Hiramoto K, Orita K, Yamate Y, Kasahara E, Yokoyama S, Sato EF. The Clock Genes Are Involved in The Deterioration of Atopic Dermatitis after Day-and-Night Reversed Physical Stress in NC/Nga Mice. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:87-102. [PMID: 30069250 PMCID: PMC6048832 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In modern society, irregular lifestyles are a problem. It is well known that Atopic Dermatitis (AD) occurs during physical stress in people with an irregular lifestyle. We evaluated the influence that day-and-night reversal physical stress has on AD. Methods: Six-week-old specific-pathogen-free and conventional NC/Nga male mice were used. For the day-and-night reversal procedure, the mice ran on a treadmill at a slow speed of 10 m/min for 12 h (between 8:00 and 20:00). Then, between 20:00 and 8:00, we put the mice in a dark place. This treatment was repeated every day for two weeks. The behavioral circadian rhythm of the mice was evaluated with the open field test. Then, the mice were sacrificed and histological examinations of the tissues, the expression of peptide hormones, corticosterone, Immunoglobulin E, histamine, and cytokines was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: In the treadmill-treated conventional NC/Nga mice, AD symptoms were deteriorated compared with the non-treated conventional NC/Nga mice. The levels of Period (Per) 2, Clock, and brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1 (Bmal1) in the skin were increased constantly in the treadmill-treated conventional mice. Furthermore, the expression of Retinoic Acid-related Orphan Receptor (ROR)α, which activates Bmal1, was increased in the treadmill-treated conventional mice compared with the non-treated conventional mice. In addition, when non-treated conventional mice were administrated by the agonist of RORα, AD symptoms were deteriorated similar to treadmill-treated conventional mice. Conclusion: In the day-and-night reversal mice, the clock genes were increased constantly, indicating that this is a factor that deteriorated AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagakicho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Kumi Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yurika Yamate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagakicho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Emiko Kasahara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Eisuke F Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagakicho, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigakunishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Czarnowicki T, Dohlman AB, Malik K, Antonini D, Bissonnette R, Chan TC, Zhou L, Wen HC, Estrada Y, Xu H, Bryson C, Shen J, Lala D, Ma'ayan A, McGeehan G, Gregg R, Guttman-Yassky E. Effect of short-term liver X receptor activation on epidermal barrier features in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120:631-640.e11. [PMID: 29567358 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptors (LXRs) are involved in maintaining epidermal barrier and suppressing inflammatory responses in model systems. The LXR agonist VTP-38543 showed promising results in improving barrier function and inflammatory responses in model systems. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety, tolerability, cellular and molecular changes, and clinical efficacy of the topical VTP-38543 in adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS A total of 104 ambulatory patients with mild to moderate AD were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial between December 2015 and September 2016. VTP-38543 cream in 3 concentrations (0.05%, 0.15%, and 1.0%) or placebo was applied twice daily for 28 days. Pretreatment and posttreatment skin biopsy specimens were obtained from a subset of 33 patients. Changes in SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis, Eczema Area and Severity Index, Investigator's Global Assessment, and tissue biomarkers (by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining) were evaluated. RESULTS Topical VTP-38543 was safe and well tolerated. VTP-38543 significantly increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of epidermal barrier differentiation (loricrin and filaggrin, P = .02) and lipid (adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, P < .01) measures and reduced epidermal hyperplasia markers (thickness, keratin 16 mRNA). VTP-38543 nonsignificantly suppressed cellular infiltrates and down-regulated mRNA expression of several TH17/TH22-related (phosphatidylinositol 3, S100 calcium-binding protein A12) and innate immunity (interleukin 6) markers. CONCLUSION Topical VTP-38543 is safe and well tolerated. Its application led to improvement in barrier differentiation and lipids. Longer-term studies are needed to clarify whether a barrier-based approach can induce meaningful suppression of immune abnormalities. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02655679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Czarnowicki
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Anders B Dohlman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, New York
| | - Kunal Malik
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Diane Antonini
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | | | - Tom C Chan
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Huei-Chi Wen
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Catherine Bryson
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Jie Shen
- Allergan plc, Irvine, California
| | - Deepak Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai School, New York, New York
| | - Gerard McGeehan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Richard Gregg
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc, an Allergan affiliate, Irvine, California
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.
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Nomura T, Honda T, Kabashima K. Multipolarity of cytokine axes in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in terms of age, race, species, disease stage and biomarkers. Int Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8326, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8326, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8326, Japan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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Signs of atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis affected by distinct H2-haplotype in the NC/Nga genetic background. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2586. [PMID: 29416104 PMCID: PMC5803211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently advocated in favour of naming a novel H2-haplotype consisting of Kd, D/Ldm7, I-Ak and I-Ek in the atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model NC/Nga as “H-2nc.” The role of the H2-haplotype in AD development was investigated in H2b-congenic NC/Nga mice (NC.h2b/b and NC.h2b/nc) established by backcrossing. A severe 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced dermatitis in NC/Nga was alleviated partially in NC.h2b/nc and significantly in NC.h2b/b. The AD phenotype was correlated with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-epidermal expression levels and serum levels of total IgE and IL-18/IL-33. Histologically, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was accompanied by lymphocytes and plasma cells-infiltrating perivasculitis in NC.h2b/nc and NC.h2b/b and clearly differed from AD accompanied by neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages-infiltrating diffuse suppurative dermatitis in NC/Nga. Interestingly, IFN-γ/IL-17 production from autoreactive CD4+ T-cells remarkably increased in DNFB-sensitised NC.h2b/b but not in NC/Nga. Our findings suggest that AD or ACD may depend on haplotype H-2nc or H-2b, respectively, in addition to the NC/Nga genetic background.
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36
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Egawa G, Kabashima K. Barrier dysfunction in the skin allergy. Allergol Int 2018; 67:3-11. [PMID: 29153780 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is continuously exposed to external pathogens, and its barrier function is critical for skin homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that the barrier dysfunction is one of the most predisposing factors for the development of skin allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis. In this article, we summarize how the physical barrier of the skin is organized and review its link to the pathomechanism of skin allergic diseases. We describe the formation of the SC barrier in terms of the following five categories: 1) filaggrin metabolism; 2) cornified envelope; 3) intercellular lipids; 4) corneodesmosome; and 5) corneocyte desquamation. New approaches to restoring the skin barrier function are also discussed.
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37
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Wong LS, Otsuka A, Tanizaki H, Nonomura Y, Nakashima C, Yamamoto Y, Yen YT, Rerknimitr P, Honda T, Kabashima K. Decrease of superficial serine and lactate in the stratum corneum due to repetitive frictional trauma. Int J Dermatol 2017; 57:299-305. [PMID: 29243811 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive frictional trauma can be induced in daily and occupational activities, such as daily ablutions with washcloths. The influence of frictional trauma on the skin barrier function, especially in the perspective of the components of stratum corneum (SC), has not yet been studied in detail. Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical technique based on inelastic light scattering that is capable of measuring several components in the skin. In this study, we used Raman spectroscopy to investigate the change in natural moisturizing factor (NMF) components in the SC following repetitive physical friction. METHODS Six healthy volunteers, who were included in the study after obtaining an informed consent, performed repetitive washing with soap using nylon towels on the forearm twice a day for 2 weeks and used Raman spectroscopy to investigate the change in NMF components in the SC. RESULTS Compared with the control, which was washed with soap at the same frequency on the opposite forearm, a significant increase in the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and a decrease in NMF, serine, and total lactate, responsible for maintenance the SC hydration and structuring and maintaining the epidermal barrier function, in the SC were found. CONCLUSIONS Increased TEWL and decreased NMF are considered as an etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD); therefore, our findings provide evidence that daily activities with repetitive frictional trauma may be related to the predisposition of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai San Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of cosmetic applications and management, Yuh Ying junior college of healthcare and management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Nonomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Ta Yen
- Department of Dermatology, Fu-Yin Hospital, Pentong, Taiwan
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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38
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10-Hydroxy-2-Decenoic Acid in Royal Jelly Extract Induced Both Filaggrin and Amino Acid in a Cultured Human Three-Dimensional Epidermis Model. COSMETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics4040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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39
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40
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Tan SP, Brown SB, Griffiths CE, Weller RB, Gibbs NK. Feeding filaggrin: effects of l-histidine supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017; 10:403-411. [PMID: 29042806 PMCID: PMC5634381 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s146760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema, is one of the most common chronic skin conditions worldwide, affecting up to 16% of children and 10% of adults. It is incurable and has significant psychosocial and economic impacts on the affected individuals. AD etiology has been linked to deficiencies in the skin barrier protein, filaggrin. In mammalian skin, l-histidine is rapidly incorporated into filaggrin. Subsequent filaggrin proteolysis releases l-histidine as an important natural moisturizing factor (NMF). In vitro studies were conducted to investigate the influence of l-histidine on filaggrin processing and barrier function in human skin-equivalent models. Our further aim was to examine the effects of daily oral l-histidine supplementation on disease severity in adult AD patients. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, nutritional supplementation pilot study to explore the effects of oral l-histidine in adult AD patients (n=24). In vitro studies demonstrated that l-histidine significantly increased both filaggrin formation and skin barrier function (P<0.01, respectively). Data from the clinical study indicated that once daily oral l-histidine significantly reduced (P<0.003) AD disease severity by 34% (physician assessment using the SCORingAD tool) and 39% (patient self-assessment using the Patient Oriented Eczema Measure tool) after 4 weeks of treatment. No improvement was noted with the placebo (P>0.32). The clinical effect of oral l-histidine in AD was similar to that of mid-potency topical corticosteroids and combined with its safety profile suggests that it may be a safe, nonsteroidal approach suitable for long-term use in skin conditions that are associated with filaggrin deficits such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao Pei Tan
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Simon B Brown
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Christopher Em Griffiths
- Dermatology Centre, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Richard B Weller
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research.,Department of Dermatology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh
| | - Neil K Gibbs
- Dermatology Centre, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester.,Curapel, Life Sciences Hub Wales, Cardiff, UK
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41
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Kabashima K, Nomura T. Revisiting murine models for atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with multipolar cytokine axes. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:99-107. [PMID: 28915378 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are one of the common skin diseases. Animal models are a powerful tool to analyze these diseases, which are complicated by multiple cytokine pathways. However, many discrepancies between the human diseases and murine models have been noticed. Therefore, investigators should be aware of the differences between the murine AD models and human AD when translating murine data to human skin diseases. This review highlights the differences between the inflammatory profiles between murine models and human diseases focusing on AD and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore.
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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42
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Czarnowicki T, Krueger JG, Guttman-Yassky E. Novel concepts of prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis through barrier and immune manipulations with implications for the atopic march. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1723-1734. [PMID: 28583445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin barrier abnormalities have been suggested to play an essential role in initiation of early atopic dermatitis (AD). Antigen penetration through a compromised barrier likely leads to increased innate immune responses, antigen-presenting cell stimulation, and priming of overt cutaneous disease. In a TH2-promoting environment, T-cell/B-cell interactions occurring in regional lymph nodes lead to excessive IgE switch. Concurrent redistribution of memory T cells into the circulation not only leads to exacerbation of AD through T-cell skin infiltration but also spreads beyond the skin to initiate the atopic march, which includes food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. Possible primary interventions to prevent AD are focusing on improving skin barrier integrity, including supplementing barrier function with moisturizers. As for secondary prophylaxis in children with established AD, this can be stratified into prevention of disease exacerbations by using proactive approaches (with either topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin inhibitors) in mild AD cases or the prevention of other atopic disorders that will probably mandate systemic immunosuppression in severe AD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Czarnowicki
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - James G Krueger
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.
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Rerknimitr P, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Kabashima K. The etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: barrier disruption, immunological derangement, and pruritus. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:14. [PMID: 29259713 PMCID: PMC5725646 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent eczema accompanied by an intractable itch that leads to an impaired quality of life. Extensive recent studies have shed light on the multifaceted pathogenesis of the disease. The complex interplay among skin barrier deficiency, immunological derangement, and pruritus contributes to the development, progression, and chronicity of the disease. Abnormalities in filaggrin, other stratum corneum constituents, and tight junctions induce and/or promote skin inflammation. This inflammation, in turn, can further deteriorate the barrier function by downregulating a myriad of essential barrier-maintaining molecules. Pruritus in AD, which may be due to hyperinnervation of the epidermis, increases pruritogens, and central sensitization compromises the skin integrity and promotes inflammation. There are unmet needs in the treatment of AD. Based on the detailed evidence available to date, certain disease mechanisms can be chosen as treatment targets. Numerous clinical trials of biological agents are currently being conducted and are expected to provide treatments for patients suffering from AD in the future. This review summarizes the etiopathogenesis of the disease and provides a rationale for choosing the novel targeted therapy that will be available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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Moreno AS, McPhee R, Arruda LK, Howell MD. Targeting the T Helper 2 Inflammatory Axis in Atopic Dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 171:71-80. [PMID: 27846627 DOI: 10.1159/000451083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects up to 25% of children and 10% of adults. The skin of patients with moderate to severe AD is characterized by significant barrier disruption and T helper 2 (Th2)-driven inflammation, which are thought to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD. Current management of AD is aimed at suppressing the inflammatory response and restoring the barrier function of the skin, reducing exacerbations, and preventing secondary skin infections. Combinations of treatment strategies are used to alleviate the symptoms of the disease; however, resolution is often temporary, and long-term usage of some of the medications for AD can be associated with significant side effects. Antibody therapies previously approved for other inflammatory diseases have been evaluated in patients with AD. Unfortunately, they have often failed to result in significant clinical improvement. Monoclonal antibodies and novel small molecules currently in development may provide more consistent benefit to patients with AD by specifically targeting the immune and molecular pathways important for the pathogenesis of AD. Here we review the state-of-the-art therapeutics targeting the Th2 axis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Stemmler S, Hoffjan S. Trying to understand the genetics of atopic dermatitis. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:374-385. [PMID: 27725295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and complex skin disease associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene, encoding a structural protein with an important role in epidermal barrier function, constitutes a well recognised susceptibility locus for AD. Further, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including large meta-analyses, have discovered 38 additional susceptibility loci with genome-wide significance. However, the reported variations only explain a fraction of the overall heritability of AD. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of filaggrin and the epidermal differentiation complex as well as the results of GWAS, with an emphasis on novel findings and observations made in the past two years. Additionally, we present first results of exome sequencing for AD and discuss novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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Cabanillas B, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis and filaggrin. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:1-8. [PMID: 27206013 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cabanillas
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str., 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str., 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Major differences between human atopic dermatitis and murine models, as determined by using global transcriptomic profiling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:562-571. [PMID: 27702671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is caused by a complex interplay between immune and barrier abnormalities. Murine models of AD are essential for preclinical assessments of new treatments. Although many models have been used to simulate AD, their transcriptomic profiles are not fully understood, and a comparison of these models with the human AD transcriptomic fingerprint is lacking. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the transcriptomic profiles of 6 common murine models and determine how they relate to human AD skin. METHODS Transcriptomic profiling was performed by using microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR on biopsy specimens from NC/Nga, flaky tail, Flg-mutated, ovalbumin-challenged, oxazolone-challenged, and IL-23-injected mice. Gene expression data of patients with AD, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis were obtained from previous patient cohorts. Criteria of a fold change of 2 or greater and a false discovery rate of 0.05 or less were used for gene arrays. RESULTS IL-23-injected, NC/Nga, and oxazolone-challenged mice show the largest homology with our human meta-analysis-derived AD transcriptome (37%, 18%, 17%, respectively). Similar to human AD, robust TH1, TH2, and also TH17 activation are seen in IL-23-injected and NC/Nga mice, with similar but weaker inflammation in ovalbumin-challenged mice. Oxazolone-challenged mice show a TH1-centered reaction, and flaky tail mice demonstrate a strong TH17 polarization. Flg-mutated mice display filaggrin downregulation without significant inflammation. CONCLUSION No single murine model fully captures all aspects of the AD profile; instead, each model reflects different immune or barrier disease aspects. Overall, among the 6 murine models, IL-23-injected mice best simulate human AD; still, the translational focus of the investigation should determine which model is most applicable.
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Rerknimitr P, Tanizaki H, Yamamoto Y, Amano W, Nakajima S, Nakashima C, Nonomura Y, Wititsuwannakul J, Miyachi Y, Otsuka A, Kabashima K. Decreased Filaggrin Level May Lead to Sweat Duct Obstruction in Filaggrin Mutant Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:248-251. [PMID: 27591778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Amano
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Nonomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jade Wititsuwannakul
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoshiki Miyachi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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Modena BD, Dazy K, White AA. Emerging concepts: mast cell involvement in allergic diseases. Transl Res 2016; 174:98-121. [PMID: 26976119 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In a process known as overt degranulation, mast cells can release all at once a diverse array of products that are preformed and present within cytoplasmic granules. This occurs typically within seconds of stimulation by environmental factors and allergens. These potent, preformed mediators (ie, histamine, heparin, serotonin, and serine proteases) are responsible for the acute symptoms experienced in allergic conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, allergy-induced asthma, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. Yet, there is reason to believe that the actions of mast cells are important when they are not degranulating. Mast cells release preformed mediators and inflammatory cytokines for periods after degranulation and even without degranulating at all. Mast cells are consistently seen at sites of chronic inflammation, including nonallergic inflammation, where they have the ability to temper inflammatory processes and shape tissue morphology. Mast cells can trigger actions and chemotaxis in other important immune cells (eg, eosinophils and the newly discovered type 2 innate lymphocytes) that then make their own contributions to inflammation and disease. In this review, we will discuss the many known and theorized contributions of mast cells to allergic diseases, focusing on several prototypical allergic respiratory and skin conditions: asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, and some of the more common medication hypersensitivity reactions. We discuss traditionally accepted roles that mast cells play in the pathogenesis of each of these conditions, but we also delve into new areas of discovery and research that challenge traditionally accepted paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Modena
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif; Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Kristen Dazy
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif
| | - Andrew A White
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, Calif.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorder: Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081234. [PMID: 27483258 PMCID: PMC5000632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease resulting from interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. The pathogenesis of AD is poorly understood, and the treatment of recalcitrant AD is still challenging. There is accumulating evidence for new gene polymorphisms related to the epidermal barrier function and innate and adaptive immunity in patients with AD. Newly-found T cells and dendritic cell subsets, cytokines, chemokines and signaling pathways have extended our understanding of the molecular pathomechanism underlying AD. Genetic changes caused by environmental factors have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. We herein present a review of the genetics, epigenetics, barrier dysfunction and immunological abnormalities in AD with a focus on updated molecular biology.
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