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Lin Y, Dai X, Zhang J, Chen X. Metformin alleviates the depression-like behaviors of elderly apoE4 mice via improving glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang J, Lin L, Dai X, Xiao N, Ye Q, Chen X. ApoE4 increases susceptibility to stress-induced age-dependent depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:292-301. [PMID: 34530340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Though apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, its association with depression remains controversial. In present study, 3-month-old and 8-month-old apoE-targeted replacement (TR) mice were both subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for six weeks. The results showed that 8-month apoE4-TR mice were more susceptible to the CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairment than age-matched apoE3-TR mice. Stress induced a loss of GABAergic neurons and decline of Reelin level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both 3-month-old and 8-month-old apoE-TR mice, which were more pronounced in the 8-month-old apoE4-TR mice. Of note, stress decreased the level of PSD95 in the hippocampal synaptosome and increased the phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN2B in the hippocampus of 8-month-old apoE4-TR mice. However, the expressions of apoE and apoE receptor 2 (apoER2) were not affected by stress. The study provides rodent evidence that APOE ε4 may increase the risk of depression and dementia in the elderly population by impairing the GABAergic signaling pathway and enhancing the GluN2B phosphorylation, which signifies that GluN2B inhibitors in clinical settings may be effective for elderly depression patients with APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Lanyan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China; Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 134 Dongjie Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Nai'an Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China.
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Mukku SSR, Dahale AB, Muniswamy NR, Muliyala KP, Sivakumar PT, Varghese M. Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Impairment-An Update. Indian J Psychol Med 2021; 43:286-293. [PMID: 34385720 PMCID: PMC8327864 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620981556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and cognitive impairment often coexist in older adults. The relation between depression and cognitive impairment is complex. The objective of this article is to review recent literature on cognitive impairment in older adults with depression and provide clinicians an update. METHODS We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Psych Info for the articles published in the English language related to late-life depression (LLD)/geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. We considered original research articles, relevant systematic reviews, chapters, and important conceptual articles published in the last 9 years (2011-2019). We selected relevant articles for this narrative review. CONCLUSION The concept pseudodementia, indicating depression with cognitive impairment mimicking dementia, is now seen only as a historical concept. The current literature strongly agrees with fact that cognitive deficits often exist in LLD. The cognitive deficits in depression were initially seen as trait marker; however, some recent studies suggest that cognitive deficits persist even in the remission phase. There is heterogeneity among the studies in terms of the nature of the cognitive deficits, but higher number of studies reported impairment in attention and executive function. LLD with cognitive deficits is at a higher risk of progression to dementia. In older adults, depression with cognitive impairments requires a comprehensive evaluation. Electroencephalography, event-related potentials, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, amyloid positron emission tomography, and CSF amyloid will supplement clinical evaluation in differentiating functional depressive disorder with cognitive impairment from depression with an underlying degenerative condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shanker Reddy Mukku
- Geriatric Clinic and Services, Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ajit Bhalchandra Dahale
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Krishna Prasad Muliyala
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Palanimuthu Thangaraju Sivakumar
- Geriatric Clinic and Services, Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mathew Varghese
- Geriatric Clinic and Services, Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Brzezińska A, Bourke J, Rivera-Hernández R, Tsolaki M, Woźniak J, Kaźmierski J. Depression in Dementia or Dementia in Depression? Systematic Review of Studies and Hypotheses. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:16-28. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200217104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The majority of research works to date suggest that Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a
risk factor for dementia and may predispose to cognitive decline in both early and late onset variants.
The presence of depression may not, however, reflect the cause, rather, an effect: it may be a response to
cognitive impairment or alters the threshold at which cognitive impairment might manifest or be detected.
An alternative hypothesis is that depression may be part of a prodrome to Alzheimer’s Disease
(AD), suggesting a neurobiological association rather than one of psychological response alone. Genetic
polymorphisms may explain some of the variances in shared phenomenology between the diagnoses, the
instance, when the conditions arise comorbidly, the order in which they are detected that may depend on
individual cognitive and physical reserves, as well as the medical history and individual vulnerability.
This hypothesis is biologically sound but has not been systematically investigated to date. The current
review highlights how genetic variations are involved in the development of both AD and MDD, and the
risk conferred by these variations on the expression of these two disorders comorbidly is an important
consideration for future studies of pathoaetiological mechanisms and in the stratification of study samples
for randomised controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Brzezińska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julius Bourke
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute for Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London E14NS, United Kingdom
| | - Rayito Rivera-Hernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychology, Legal Medicine and History of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 3rd Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, “George Papanicolaou” Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Joanna Woźniak
- Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Kaźmierski
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Reddy Mukku S, Desai G, Chaturvedi S. Depression and somatic symptoms in dementia: A narrative review. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jgmh.jgmh_4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhao F, Yue Y, Jiang H, Yuan Y. Shared genetic risk factors for depression and stroke. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:55-70. [PMID: 30898617 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and stroke are common in clinic. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting a bi-directional relationship between stroke and depression. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between MDD and stroke are poorly investigated. Considering that both MDD and stroke can be heritable and are influenced by multiple risk genes, shared genetic risk factors between MDD and stroke may exist. OBJECTIVE The objective is to review the existing evidence for common genetic risk factors for both MDD and stroke and to outline the possible pathophysiological mechanisms mediating this association. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Gene association studies regarding stroke and depression were searched in the database PubMed, CNKI, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database before December 2018. Statistical analysis was performed using the software Revman 5.3. RESULTS Genetic polymorphisms of 4 genes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) have been demonstrated to associate with the increased risk for both MDD and stroke, while the association between identified polymorphisms in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and serum paraoxonase (PON1) with depression is still under debate, for the existing studies are insufficient in sample size. These results suggest the possible pathophysiological mechanisms that are common to these two disorders, including immune-inflammatory imbalance, increased oxidative and nitrative stress, dysregulation of lipoprotein and lipid metabolism, and changes of cerebrovascular morphology and function. Other associated genes with few or conflicting results have also been included, and a few studies have investigated the effects of the described polymorphisms on MDD and stroke comorbidity, such as post stroke depression. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that shared genetic pathways may contribute to the comorbidity of MDD and stroke. Studies to evaluate the shared genetic variations between MDD and stroke may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that trigger disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuying Zhao
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medical, Institute of Psychosomatics, Southeast University, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medical, Institute of Psychosomatics, Southeast University, China
| | - Haitang Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medical, Institute of Psychosomatics, Southeast University, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medical, Institute of Psychosomatics, Southeast University, China.
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Chhibber A, Zhao L. ERβ and ApoE isoforms interact to regulate BDNF-5-HT 2A signaling and synaptic function in the female brain. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:79. [PMID: 28934977 PMCID: PMC5607839 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Depression has been reported to be commonly manifested in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is considered a risk factor for AD. The human apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene exists in three major isoforms (coded by ε2, ε3, and ε4), and the ε4 allele has been associated with a greater incidence of both depression and AD. Although mounting evidence points to the potentially complex interaction between these two brain disorders in which ApoE might play a role, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods Using human ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 gene-targeted replacement (hApoE-TR) mouse models, we investigated the role of ApoE isoforms and their potential interactions with estrogen receptor β (ERβ) signaling in modulating the brain mechanisms involved in depression. Results Our initial analyses in 6-month-old female hApoE-TR mice demonstrated that ApoE influenced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) serotonin receptor in an isoform-dependent manner, with the ApoE4 brain exhibiting the lowest level of BDNF and the highest level of 5-HT2A. In addition, both presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins were downregulated, indicating a synaptic deficit in ApoE4 brains. Our subsequent analyses revealed that a 3-month chronic treatment with an ERβ-targeted (83-fold selectivity over ERα) phytoestrogenic diet induced several changes in ApoE2 and ApoE3 brains, including a significant decrease in the expression of 5-HT2A receptors and an increase in BDNF/tropomyosin receptor kinase B and synaptic proteins. In contrast, ApoE4 brains were largely unresponsive to the treatment, with an increase only in select synaptic proteins in the treated group. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that ApoE4 negatively impacts BDNF–5-HT2A signaling in the female brain, which could in part underlie the ApoE4-mediated increased risk for depression. In a larger context, this mechanism could serve as a molecular link between depression and AD associated with ApoE4. Enhancing ERβ activity could provide a greater therapeutic benefit to non-ApoE4 carriers than to ApoE4 carriers in interventions for these brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindit Chhibber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall Room 2046, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall Room 2046, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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8
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Harrington KD, Gould E, Lim YY, Ames D, Pietrzak RH, Rembach A, Rainey-Smith S, Martins RN, Salvado O, Villemagne VL, Rowe CC, Masters CL, Maruff P. Amyloid burden and incident depressive symptoms in cognitively normal older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 32:455-463. [PMID: 27114112 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have reported that non-demented older adults with clinical depression show changes in amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and on neuroimaging that are consistent with those observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that Aβ may be one of the mechanisms underlying the relation between the two conditions. We sought to determine the relation between elevated cerebral Aβ and the presence of depression across a 54-month prospective observation period. METHODS Cognitively normal older adults from the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle study who were not depressed and had undergone a positron emission tomography scan to classify them as either high Aβ (n = 81) or low Aβ (n = 278) participated. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale - Short Form at 18-month intervals over 54 months. RESULTS Whilst there was no difference in probable depression between groups at baseline, incidence was 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-16.4) times greater within the high Aβ group (9%) than the low Aβ group (2%) by the 54-month assessment. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that elevated Aβ levels are associated with a 4.5-fold increased likelihood of developing clinically significant depressive symptoms on follow-up in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. This underscores the importance of assessing, monitoring and treating depressive symptoms in older adults with elevated Aβ. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karra D Harrington
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Gould
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan Rembach
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olivier Salvado
- CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, The Australian e-Health Research Centre-BioMedIA, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,CogState Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tsang RSM, Mather KA, Sachdev PS, Reppermund S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:129-139. [PMID: 28137459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Late-life depression (LLD) is thought to be multifactorial in etiology, including a significant genetic component. While a number of candidate gene studies have been carried out, results remain inconclusive. We undertook a systematic review of all genetic association studies of depression or depressive symptoms in late life published before February 2016, and performed meta-analyses on polymorphisms investigated in three or more independent studies. A total of 46 candidate gene studies examining 56 polymorphisms in 23 genes as well as a genome-wide association study (GWAS) were included. Meta-analyses were conducted for four polymorphisms using random effects models, of which three (APOE, BDNF, SLC6A4) were associated with LLD. These genes are implicated in hippocampal plasticity and stress reactivity, suggesting that dysregulation of these pathways may contribute to LLD. Despite using a large sample, the only GWAS published to date identified only one genome-wide significant locus in the 5q21 region. In the future, larger genetic studies specifically examining LLD, including non-hypothesis-driven GWAS, are required to further identify genetic determinants of LLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby S M Tsang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Ye Q, Bai F, Zhang Z. Shared Genetic Risk Factors for Late-Life Depression and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1-15. [PMID: 27060956 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence has been reported for the comorbidity between late-life depression (LLD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), both of which are very common in the general elderly population and represent a large burden on the health of the elderly. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the link between LLD and AD are poorly understood. Because both LLD and AD can be heritable and are influenced by multiple risk genes, shared genetic risk factors between LLD and AD may exist. OBJECTIVE The objective is to review the existing evidence for genetic risk factors that are common to LLD and AD and to outline the biological substrates proposed to mediate this association. METHODS A literature review was performed. RESULTS Genetic polymorphisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, apolipoprotein E, interleukin 1-beta, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase have been demonstrated to confer increased risk to both LLD and AD by studies examining either LLD or AD patients. These results contribute to the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms that are common to both of these disorders, including deficits in nerve growth factors, inflammatory changes, and dysregulation mechanisms involving lipoprotein and folate. Other conflicting results have also been reviewed, and few studies have investigated the effects of the described polymorphisms on both LLD and AD. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that common genetic pathways may underlie LLD and AD comorbidity. Studies to evaluate the genetic relationship between LLD and AD may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that trigger disease progression as the population ages.
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Tully PJ, Péres K, Berr C, Tzourio C. The APOE epsilon 4 polymorphism does not predict late onset depression: the Three-City Study. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 40:191.e9-191.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Skoog I, Waern M, Duberstein P, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Börjesson-Hanson A, Östling S, Guo X, Kern J, Gustafson D, Gudmundsson P, Marlow T, Kern S. A 9-year prospective population-based study on the association between the APOE*E4 allele and late-life depression in Sweden. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:730-6. [PMID: 25708227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that there is an association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele (APOE*E4) and Alzheimer's disease. It is less clear whether there is also an association with geriatric depression. We examined the relationship between APOE*E4 and 5-year incidence of depression in a Swedish population-based sample of older adults without dementia and excluding older adults who developed dementia within 4 years after the diagnosis of depression. METHODS In 2000-2001, 839 women and men (age range, 70-92 years; mean age, 73.8 years) free from dementia and depression underwent neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological examinations and genotyping of the APOE*E4 allele. Follow-up evaluations were conducted in 2005 and 2009.The association between APOE*E4 allele and 5-year incidence of depression was examined, while avoiding possible confounding effects of clinical or preclinical dementia by excluding participants who had dementia at study entry, subsequently developed dementia during the 9-year follow-up period, or had a decline in Mini-Mental State Examination score of ≥5 points. RESULTS Among subjects without depression at study entry and without dementia or significant cognitive decline during the subsequent 9 years, APOE*E4 was prospectively associated with more severe depressive symptoms (b = 1.56, p = .007), incident minor depression (odds ratio = 1.99 [confidence interval = 1.11-3.55], p = .020), and any depression (odds ratio = 1.75 [confidence interval = 1.01-3.03], p = .048). CONCLUSIONS The presence of the APOE*E4 allele predicted future depression in this Swedish population study, even after excluding depressed individuals who later developed dementia, suggesting that the APOE*E4 allele could potentially identify people at high risk for clinically significant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Duberstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Silke Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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Arango Viana JC, Valencia AV, Páez AL, Montoya Gómez N, Palacio C, Arbeláez MP, Bedoya Berrío G, García Valencia J. [Prevalence of Variants in the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) Gene in a General Population of Adults from an Urban Area of Medellin (Antioquia)]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 43:80-86. [PMID: 26574962 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the allelic and genotype frequencies of apolipoproteine E (APOE) gene in a representative sample of the adult population of Medellin in 2010. METHODS A representative sample of the adult population of Medellin, was obtained by means of a multi-stage, stratified, conglomerate based sampling method. APOE genotyping was carried out on each of the participants. The sampling design was taken into consideration for the frequencies and association analysis. RESULTS The frequencies of the APOE alleles E2, E3 and E4 were 3.9, 92.0 and 4.1%, respectively. The frequencies of the different APOE genotypes were as follows: 2/2, 0.2%; 2/3, 6.8%; 2/4, 0.6%; 3/3, 85.0%; 3/4, 7.2%, and 4/4, 0.3%. CONCLUSIONS The allelic and genotype frequencies of APOE in an adult population of Medellin did not differ substantially from other series reported in South America. These data are important to determine the real impact of APOE on the population risk of several psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Arango Viana
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Victoria Valencia
- Docente Investigadora, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Lucía Páez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nilton Montoya Gómez
- Gestión de Información y Bases de Datos, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Palacio
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Patricia Arbeláez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya Berrío
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jenny García Valencia
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Vaingankar JA, Rekhi G, Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Chong SA. Age of onset of life-time mental disorders and treatment contact. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:835-43. [PMID: 23076588 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early onset of mental disorders is a major social and public health concern as it affects individuals in their most formative years. The impact is more pronounced when early onset is also associated with treatment delay. Little is known about the age of onset (AOO) for mental disorders and its predictors in Singapore. METHOD A national mental health survey was conducted among adult residents aged 18 years and above in Singapore. The composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI 3.0) was used to establish the life-time diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and alcohol abuse and dependence, and the age of onset as well as any subsequent treatment contact. RESULTS A total of 6,616 respondents (mean age of 43.9 years) participated in the survey giving a response rate of 75.9 %. The median AOO for having any one of the mental disorders was 22 years with variation among the different disorders. Predictors for AOO varied across the mental disorders. Only 8 % had sought any treatment in the first year after onset. Males, those belonging to Malay and Indian ethnicities and 50+ age cohorts were less likely to have made treatment contact in the year of onset. CONCLUSION Nearly half of the respondents with any life-time mental disorder would have its onset by age of 22 years, and very few had sought treatment within the first year from onset. The study also identified socio-demographic predictors associated with AOO for mental disorders and delayed treatment contact, thus highlighting a vulnerable subpopulation that can be targeted for outreach and early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Ajit Vaingankar
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747, Singapore.
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