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Goodhew SC, Edwards M. A meta-analysis on the relationship between subjective cognitive failures as measured by the cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ) and objective performance on executive function tasks. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02573-6. [PMID: 39249726 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) has been widely used as a measure of subjective cognitive function in everyday life for decades. However, the evidence on how it relates to objective performance on executive function tasks is mixed. One possible reason for these mixed results is that the CFQ has selective relationships with some aspects of executive function and not others. Here, therefore, we classified tasks according to an influential framework of executive functions-switching, updating, inhibition, and we also considered the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) as a category because it was custom designed to gauge cognitive failures. We synthesized a large body of available evidence and performed four Bayesian meta-analyses on the relationship between CFQ scores and objective performance on executive function tasks in these four categories. Results suggested that CFQ scores were associated with objective performance on SART (18 effect sizes, μ = -.19, BF10 = 18.03, i.e., 18.03 times more evidence of a relationship versus no relationship), updating working memory (49 effect sizes, μ = -.06, BF10 = 17.80), and inhibition tasks (41 effect sizes, μ = -.07, BF10 = 15.40), whereas there was not definitive evidence regarding switching (34 effect sizes, μ = -.06, BF10 = .50, i.e., two times greater evidence for no relationship). This suggests that subjective cognitive function can predict objective performance on at least some executive function tasks. We discuss methodological and theoretical factors that constrain the maximum observable correlation and consider the relative insights that subjective measures versus task performance provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Goodhew
- School of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Mark Edwards
- School of Medicine and Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Beauducel A, Scheuble-Cabrera V, Hennig J, Hewig J, Hildebrandt A, Kührt C, Lange L, Mueller EM, Osinsky R, Paul K, Porth E, Riesel A, Rodrigues J, Scheffel C, Short C, Stahl J, Strobel A, Wacker J. The association of dispositional anxiety with the NoGo N2 under relaxation instruction vs. speed/accuracy instruction. Biol Psychol 2024; 192:108850. [PMID: 39074541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that cognitive control, indicated by NoGo N2 amplitudes in Go/NoGo tasks, is associated with dispositional anxiety. This negative association tends to be reduced in anxiety-enhancing experimental conditions. However, anxiety-reducing conditions have not yet been investigated systematically. Thus, the present study compares the effect of a relaxation instruction with the conventional speed/accuracy instruction in a Go/NoGo task on the correlation of the NoGo N2 with two subconstructs of dispositional anxiety, namely anxious apprehension and anxious arousal. As the test of differences between correlations needs considerable statistical power, the present study was included into the multi-lab CoScience Project. The hypotheses, manipulation checks, and the main path of pre-processing and statistical analysis were preregistered. Complete data sets of 777 participants were available for data analysis. Preregistered general linear models revealed that the different instructions of the task (speed/accuracy vs. relaxation) had no effect on the association between dispositional anxiety and the NoGo N2 amplitude in general. This result was supported by Cooperative-Forking-Path analysis. In contrast, a preregistered latent growth model with categorical variables revealed that anxious arousal was a negative predictor of the NoGo N2 intercept and a positive predictor of the NoGo N2 slope. Non-preregistered growth models, allowing for correlations of anxious apprehension with anxious arousal, revealed that higher anxious apprehension scores were associated with more negative NoGo N2 amplitudes with increased relaxation. Results are discussed in the context of the compensatory error monitoring hypothesis and the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Beauducel
- Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Institut für Psychologie, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Vera Scheuble-Cabrera
- Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Institut für Psychologie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hennig
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Fachgebiet Psychologie, Gießen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Psychologie I, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hildebrandt
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Department für Psychologie, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Kührt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Psychologie, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leon Lange
- Universität Osnabrück, Institut für Psychologie, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Roman Osinsky
- Universität Osnabrück, Institut für Psychologie, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina Paul
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Psychologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Porth
- Universität zu Köln, Fachbereich Psychologie, Köln, Germany
| | - Anja Riesel
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Psychologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Rodrigues
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Psychologie I, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Cassie Short
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Psychologie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Universität zu Köln, Fachbereich Psychologie, Köln, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Technische Universität Dresden, Fakultät Psychologie, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Wacker
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Psychologie, Hamburg, Germany
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Quettier T, Ippolito G, Però L, Cardellicchio P, Battaglia S, Borgomaneri S. Individual differences in intracortical inhibition predict action control when facing emotional stimuli. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1391723. [PMID: 38933575 PMCID: PMC11199899 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1391723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient inhibitory control in the context of prepotent actions is vital. However, such action inhibition may be profoundly influenced by affective states. Interestingly, research indicates that action control can be either impaired or improved by emotional stimuli. Thus, a great deal of confusion surrounds our knowledge of the complex dynamics subtending emotions and action control. Here, we aimed to investigate whether negative stimuli, even when non-consciously presented and task-irrelevant, can affect action control relative to neutral stimuli. Additionally, we tested whether individual differences in intracortical excitability may predict action control capabilities. To address these issues, we asked participants to complete a modified version of the Stop Signal Task (SST) in which fearful or neutral stimuli were subliminally presented before the go signals as primes. Moreover, we assessed participants' resting-state corticospinal excitability, short intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF). Results demonstrated better action control capabilities when fearful stimuli were subliminally presented and interindividual SICI predicted stronger action inhibition capabilities. Taken together, these results shed new light on the intricate dynamics between action, consciousness, and motor control, suggesting that intracortical measures can be used as potential biomarkers of reduced motor inhibition in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quettier
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Però
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cardellicchio
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simone Battaglia
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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Wang Y, Wu D, Sun K, Zhu Y, Chen X, Xiao W. The Effect of Rhythmic Audio-Visual Stimulation on Inhibitory Control: An ERP Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:506. [PMID: 38790484 PMCID: PMC11119230 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control, as an essential cognitive ability, affects the development of higher cognitive functions. Rhythmic perceptual stimulation has been used to improve cognitive abilities. It is unclear, however, whether it can be used to improve inhibitory control. This study used the Go/NoGo task and the Stroop task to assess various levels of inhibitory control using rhythmic audio-visual stimuli as the stimulus mode. Sixty subjects were randomly divided into three groups to receive 6 Hz, 10 Hz, and white noise stimulation for 30 min. Two tasks were completed by each subject both before and after the stimulus. Before and after the task, closed-eye resting EEG data were collected. The results showed no differences in behavioral and EEG measures of the Go/NoGo task among the three groups. While both 6 Hz and 10 Hz audio-visual stimulation reduced the conflict effect in the Stroop task, only 6 Hz audio-visual stimulation improved the amplitude of the N2 component and decreased the conflict score. Although rhythmic audio-visual stimulation did not enhance response inhibition, it improved conflict inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.W.); (D.W.); (K.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
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Zhou W, Long F, Wang F, Zhou R. Subsyndromal depression leads to early under-activation and late over-activation during inhibitory control: an ERP study. Biol Psychol 2024; 186:108742. [PMID: 38191070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with depressive disorders have deficits in inhibitory control and exhibit symptoms of impaired cognitive and emotional functioning. Individuals with subsyndromal depression are intermediate between the healthy group and clinically diagnosed patients with depressive disorders, and studying the characteristics of their inhibitory control functioning can help to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of depressive disorders. Using two classical paradigms of inhibitory control, Flanker and Go/NoGo, the present study explored the differences in inhibitory control between individuals with subsyndromal depression and healthy individuals from the perspectives of both response inhibition and interference control. Behavioral results showed that both groups did not differ in response time and accuracy; in terms of event-related potentials, individuals with subsyndromal depression presented smaller N2 amplitudes as well as larger P3 amplitudes in the NoGo condition of the Go/NoGo paradigm; and smaller N2 amplitudes in the incongruent condition of the Flanker paradigm. Moreover, the depression-prone group showed lower theta power compared to the healthy group in the NoGo condition of the NoGo paradigm and the incongruent condition of the Flanker paradigm. The present study reveals that the depression-prone group may have a compensatory mechanism in the response inhibition, which is mainly manifested as early under-activation as well as late over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangfang Long
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence Production Technology and Systems, Beijing, China.
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Battaglia S, Cardellicchio P, Di Fazio C, Nazzi C, Fracasso A, Borgomaneri S. The Influence of Vicarious Fear-Learning in “Infecting” Reactive Action Inhibition. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:946263. [PMID: 35941933 PMCID: PMC9355887 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.946263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the dawn of cognitive neuroscience, emotions have been recognized to impact on several executive processes, such as action inhibition. However, the complex interplay between emotional stimuli and action control is not yet fully understood. One way to measure inhibitory control is the stop-signal task (SST), which estimates the ability to cancel outright an action to the presentation of a stop signal by means of the stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs). Impaired as well as facilitated action control has been found when faced with intrinsic emotional stimuli as stop signals in SSTs. Here, we aimed at investigating more deeply the power of negative stimuli to influence our action control, testing the hypothesis that a previously neutral stimulus [i.e., the image of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)], which has been conditioned through vicarious fear learning, has the same impact on reactive action inhibition performance as an intrinsically negative stimulus (i.e., a fearful face or body). Action control capabilities were tested in 90 participants by means of a SST, in which the stop signals were represented by different negative stimuli. Results showed that the SARS-CoV-2 image enhanced the ability to suppress an ongoing action similarly to observing fearful facial expressions or fearful body postures. Interestingly, we found that this effect was predicted by impulsivity traits: for example, the less self-control the participants had, the less they showed emotional facilitation for inhibitory performance. These results demonstrated that vicarious fear learning has a critical impact on cognitive abilities, making a neutral image as threatening as phylogenetically innate negative stimuli and able to impact on our behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Battaglia,
| | - Pasquale Cardellicchio
- IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Fazio
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Nazzi
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Fracasso
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Sara Borgomaneri,
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