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Martínez-Bacaicoa J, Sorrel MA, Gámez-Guadix M. Development and Validation of Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Perpetration and Victimization Scales Among Adults. Assessment 2024:10731911241229575. [PMID: 38380512 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241229575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV) includes different forms of digital violence, such as online gender-based violence, online gender- and sexuality-based violence, digital sexual harassment, online sexual coercion, and nonconsensual pornography. The aim of this study was to design and validate a measure to assess the perpetration and victimization of each dimension of TFSV. The relationships between the different dimensions and differences by gender and sexual orientation were also analyzed. The participants were a sample of 2,486 adults (69% women) from Spain, aged between 16 and 79 (M = 25.95; DT = 9.809) years. The Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence Scales were found to be valid and reliable instruments, supporting our recommendation for the use of these scales. Network analysis and solution-based exploratory factor analyses showed that the dimensions of online sexual coercion and nonconsensual pornography clustered together. All the perpetration variables were related to sexism. Finally, cis women and nonheterosexual people reported higher victimization scores overall compared to cis men and heterosexuals, respectively, while cis men reported higher perpetration scores overall than cis women.
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Costa R, Fávero M, Moreira D, Del Campo A, Sousa-Gomes V. Is the link between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence mediated by sexual machismo? Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22116. [PMID: 37769036 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have established relationships between the Dark Tetrad traits and sexual violence and its acceptance through myths about this type of violence. Sexual violence is positively associated with machismo, with sexist beliefs having been found to be linked with the Dark Tetrad and with the acceptance of sexual violence. Using a community sample comprising 362 adults between the ages of 18 and 70 (M = 35.6, SD = 14.3) and three self-report measures, this cross-sectional study aimed to explore the mediating role of sexual machismo in the relationship between each of the Dark Tetrad traits and the acceptance of sexual violence, both in the overall sample and by gender, as well as whether a significant variance in this acceptance is explained by the "dark" traits, sexual machismo, and gender. In the regression, sexual machismo (the male) gender, and only Machiavellianism were uniquely associated with the acceptance of sexual violence, and sexual machismo partially mediated the associations between the Dark Tetrad and the acceptance of sexual violence. These findings indicate that being male and higher in sexism is more closely linked with the acceptance of sexual violence than most Dark Tetrad traits. Moreover, the associations between the Dark Tetrad, sexual machismo, and the acceptance of sexual violence were stronger in men, consistent with the notion that these traits facilitate a "male" exploitive mating strategy, which likely also extends to victim-blaming and positive attitudes about sexual violence more broadly. Lastly, the results emphasize the pervasiveness of beliefs about male superiority over women and its relationship with victim-blaming even in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Marisalva Fávero
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
- Justice and Governance Research Center of the Law School (JusGov), University of Minho (UM), Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Valéria Sousa-Gomes
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
- Justice and Governance Research Center of the Law School (JusGov), University of Minho (UM), Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto-IPNP, Porto, Portugal
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Ren P, Wang Y, Liang Y, Li S, Wang Q. Bidirectional relationship between bullying victimization and functions of aggression in adolescents: The mediating effect of teacher justice. J Adolesc 2023. [PMID: 37244648 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bullying victimization and aggression are frequent phenomena among adolescents and have been linked to various mental health problems. Although the correlation between bullying victimization and aggression is well-documented, the direction between the two has been debated. Moreover, the underlying mechanism through which victimization influences aggression or vice versa has gained little attention. The current study used data across two-time points to address this gap and explore the reciprocal relationships between victimization and aggression. The mediating role of teacher justice and related gender differences were also examined. METHODS A total of 2462 Chinese adolescents (50.9% boys; Mage = 13.95 years, SD = 0.60) completed measures on two occasions in 1 year with 6-month assessment intervals. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the longitudinal relations among the variables. RESULTS Results found that bullying victimization significantly and positively predicted both reactive and proactive aggression over time among the total sample. Reactive aggression significantly positively predicted victimization, while proactive aggression negatively predicted victimization in boys. Furthermore, teacher justice mediated the relationships between victimization and both functions of aggression. Mediation was gender-specific, with a significant mediating effect on girls. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal the violent cycle of bullying victimization and aggression and underscore the role of teacher justice in this process. These findings have important implications for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Simeng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanquan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Grzejszczak J, Gabryelska A, Gmitrowicz A, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Strzelecki D. Are Children Harmed by Being Locked up at Home? The Impact of Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Phenomenon of Domestic Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13958. [PMID: 36360840 PMCID: PMC9657348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of violence against children is a very complex one. There are many types of child abuse, and they are culturally dependent to a significant degree. Although studies show that children generally only suffer from mild COVID-19 infection, some social restrictions introduced during the pandemic, such as home isolation, may have many severe consequences on the population's mental health. Studies on this topic suggest that violence against children increased during lockdown due to the COVID-10 pandemic. This narrative review summarizes this available literature on the subject and discusses the different forms of violence against children, their cultural aspects, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the phenomenon of violence, the long-term consequences of the above, and forms of assistance for abused minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Grzejszczak
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gmitrowicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Costa R, Fávero M, Moreira D, Del Campo A, Sousa-Gomes V. Dark Tetrad, Acceptance of Sexual Violence, and Sexism. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The Dark Tetrad is a cluster of four “dark” personality traits which are socially aversive, with distinct conceptual roots, but which are intercorrelated: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and sadism. Narcissism is associated with inflated self-esteem and feelings of grandiosity; psychopathy involves reduced empathy and a lack of remorse or guilt; Machiavellianism is characterized by a tendency for manipulation for own personal benefit; sadism involves feelings of pleasure with the pain or suffering of others. Sexism is the group of beliefs linked with the perceived superiority of men over women. Previous studies have found relationships between the Dark Tetrad and the tolerance of the use of sexual violence and between the former and sexism. Furthermore, sexism has been linked with the acceptance of sexual violence. This study aims to revise the literature exploring the link between each of the components of the Dark Tetrad and the legitimation of the use of sexual violence; it also aims to present the associations that have been found between the aforementioned variables and sexism and related concepts, in multiple studies. Based on the previous literature, suggestions for aims of future research in this field (i.e., Dark Tetrad, sexual violence, sexism) are made, more specifically exploring the relative effect of each of the components of the Dark Tetrad in the explanation of the legitimation of sexual violence, as well as exploring a possible, at least partial, mediation of sexism in the link between each of the “dark” traits and the acceptance of sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Costa
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
| | - Marisalva Fávero
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
- Research Centre for Justice and Governance of the of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Portugal
| | - Diana Moreira
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto – IPNP Health, Portugal
- Centro de Solidariedade de Braga/Projecto Homem, Portugal
| | - Amaia Del Campo
- Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Valéria Sousa-Gomes
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia, Portugal
- Research Centre for Justice and Governance of the of the Law School, University of Minho (JusGov/UM), Portugal
- Institute of Psychology and Neuropsychology of Porto – IPNP Health, Portugal
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Pérez-Martínez V, Sanz-Barbero B, Ferrer-Cascales R, Bowes N, Ayala A, Sánchez-SanSegundo M, Albaladejo-Blázquez N, Rosati N, Neves S, Vieira CP, Jankowiak B, Jaskulska S, Waszyńska K, Vives-Cases C. Evaluation of the lights4violence program: reduction in machismo and acceptance of violence among adolescents in Europe. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:426. [PMID: 35241024 PMCID: PMC8895911 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Machismo and acceptance of violence (AV) against women are part of the social construction of hegemonic masculinity and are related to the risk of dating violence. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Lights4Violence program in reducing machismo and AV in secondary school students from different European cities. Methods Quasi-experimental longitudinal study using a convenience sample of 1,146 high school students from different European cities (12–17 years old) including 575 intervention group students (59.1% girls) and 571 control group students (62.7% girls). We performed linear regression models to identify the effect of the intervention, modelling the difference in means in machismo and AV (dependent variables) between wave-2 and wave-1. Results An interaction was identified between the group variable and the empathy variable. In wave-2, girls with high empathy at baseline in the intervention group obtained lower mean AV scores (β: -0.131; p = 0.004). However, the boys in the intervention group (reference: control group) with low empathy at baseline registered a significant increase in the mean values of machismo (β: 0.247; p < 0.001). Conclusion The importance of empathy is shown in the effectiveness of interventions to reduce machismo and AV in adolescents. While the Lights4Violence program focuses on promoting healthy relationships, there were some controversial results. It is possible that some children, especially those with less empathy, may have felt “challenged” during the intervention and/or assessment. This suggests the need for the development of interventions that also consider psychological processes and integrate the promotion of positive expressions of masculinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Pérez-Martínez
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Belén Sanz-Barbero
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosario Ferrer-Cascales
- Health Psychology Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nicola Bowes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alba Ayala
- Department of Statistics, University Carlos III of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Nicoletta Rosati
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA-Libera Universita Maria SS Assunta Di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Neves
- University of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,CIEG (ISCSP-Ulisbon) PT Best, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Barbara Jankowiak
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jaskulska
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Carmen Vives-Cases
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Gender Parity in Spain: Attainments and Remaining Challenges. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to study the progress made in Spain in terms of gender parity and the challenges still pending to be achieved in this regard. To attain this objective, first of all, the authors review the successive legal regulations aimed at reaching gender equality that have been enacted in Spain. Furthermore, the considerations and findings made are based on the use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. On the one hand, from a quantitative viewpoint, different statistical data provided mainly by the Spanish Statistics National Institute are analyzed. From these data, the authors prepare a set of tables and figures that allow them to show that, despite the undoubted legislative advances attained, clear gender inequalities continue in Spain. On the other hand, the authors base their assertions both on their participant observation and on a reinterpretation and reanalysis of the results of two previous qualitative researches. One of the most remarkable outcomes of the use of this qualitative methodology is the persistence in Spain of diverse signs of macho mentality. This persistence not only manifests itself among many men, it is also shared by a large number of women.
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Vives-Cases C, Pérez-Martínez V, Davó-Blanes MC, Sánchez-SanSegundo M, Gil-González D, G. Abiétar D, Sánchez-Martínez F, Forcadell-Díez L, Pérez G, Sanz-Barbero B. Dating violence and associated factors among male and female adolescents in Spain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258994. [PMID: 34758031 PMCID: PMC8580219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dating Violence (DV) is a public health problem that is on the rise. In this paper, we aim to analyse different factors associated with DV victimization among female and male adolescents in Spain, considering socioeconomic circumstances, sexual orientation and the presence of different attitudes and experiences related to violence. Methods Cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of 640 ever-partnered adolescents aged 13 to 17 at schools in the cities of Alicante (n = 359, 50.1% girls) and Terrassa (n = 281, 51.9%) in the context of an educational intervention to promote healthy relationships. We calculated the prevalence of different forms of DV (physical, sexual and control and fear) and carried out multivariate regression models by sex. Results 5.5% of girls and 8.7% of boys declared having suffered lifetime physical and/or sexual violence, while 22% of girls and 20.5% of boys reported control and/or fear victimization. The likelihood of DV was higher among migrants and those with foreign-born parents (aPR girls = 2.1 CI95%: 1.1–3.9; aPR boys = 1.9: CI95%: 1.0–3.6); prior experiences of abuse (aPR girls = 1.6; CI95%: 1.0–2.6; aPR boys = 1.7; CI95%: 1.1–2.6); and those who showed higher levels of machismo (aPR girls = 1.0; CI95%: 1.0–1.1; aPR boys = 1.0; CI95%: 1.0–1.1). In girls, DV increased among those who reported lesbian/bisexual orientation and poor relationship with teachers. Conclusions DV is socially patterned and increases among LGB adolescents (especially in the case of girls), migrants, and those with foreign-born parents, and adolescents who reported prior experiences of violence in childhood. Future DV prevention programs should consider social inequalities in the likelihood of DV and by reinforcing adolescents’ abilities to recognize social support sources and reject machismo and violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vives-Cases
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Pérez-Martínez
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - MCarmen Davó-Blanes
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Diana Gil-González
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel G. Abiétar
- Barcelona Agency of Public Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Sánchez-Martínez
- Barcelona Agency of Public Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Forcadell-Díez
- Barcelona Agency of Public Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Pérez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Barcelona Agency of Public Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Sanz-Barbero
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Gee KA, Haghighat MD, Vang TM, Cooc N. In the Aftermath of School Victimization: Links Between Authoritative School Climate and Adolescents' Perceptions of the Negative Effects of Bullying Victimization. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 51:1273-1286. [PMID: 34665382 PMCID: PMC9135797 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although authoritative school climate—strict, yet fair enforcement of rules alongside strong adult support—is associated with lower rates of bullying victimization, less is known about whether it influences how negatively adolescents feel after being victimized at school. Further, it is unclear whether boys and girls respond differently to an authoritative climate. Identifying ways that schools can reduce negative feelings after being bullied is important given the long term psychological ramifications of bullying that, if left unaddressed, can extend into adulthood. To address these gaps, this study examined whether authoritative school climate related to how negatively adolescents felt about their schoolwork, relationships, physical health and self-perception after being bullied. Differences between boys and girls were also investigated. Analyses were conducting using national data from the 2017 School Crime Supplement on a sample of 1,331 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (Mage = 14.3 years; 59% girls). Findings from a set of ordinal regression models with a robust set of student, parent and school controls demonstrated that adolescents in more supportive schools were less likely to report that bullying victimization negatively impacted their schoolwork and feelings about themselves. Similar results were found for girls but not boys. By investing in supportive school climates, schools can be potentially transformative places where adolescents, especially girls, can feel more positively about themselves despite being bullied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Gee
- School of Education, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Misha D Haghighat
- Human Development Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tseng M Vang
- Human Development Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - North Cooc
- Department of Special Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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10
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Pérez-Martínez V, Sánchez-SanSegundo M, Ferrer-Cascales R, Lordan O, Bowes N, Vives-Cases C. Psychometric Properties and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Spanish Version of the Maudsley Violence Questionnaire among Adolescent Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158225. [PMID: 34360514 PMCID: PMC8346114 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire (MVQ) is an instrument specifically developed to evaluate violent thinking through two subscales examining macho attitudes and the acceptance of violence. This study analyzed the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Spanish version of the MVQ questionnaire in a large sample of 1933 Spanish adolescents. An online questionnaire was used to collect variables, such as sociodemographic and sexism data. The factor structure showed good fit indices in Spanish adolescents, which were similar to the original scale. The exploratory analysis yielded a first factor that explained 11.3% of the total variance and a second factor that explained 10.8% of the total variance. The Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) (0.902), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) (0.90), Normed Fit Index (NNFI) (0.85), and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (0.86) suggested that the model fit the data adequately (with values ≥ 0.90) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (≤0.10) values indicative of an adequate fit. This study contributes a Spanish-language validated tool to measure machismo and the acceptance of violence among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Pérez-Martínez
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, 03009 Alicante, Spain; (V.P.-M.); (C.V.-C.)
| | - Miriam Sánchez-SanSegundo
- Health Psychology Department, University of Alicante, 03009 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-5903400-2236
| | | | - Oriol Lordan
- Business Organization Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Nicola Bowes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK;
| | - Carmen Vives-Cases
- Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science Department, University of Alicante, 03009 Alicante, Spain; (V.P.-M.); (C.V.-C.)
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11
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Martos Martínez Á, Molero Jurado MDM, Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Simón Márquez MDM, Barragán Martín AB, Gázquez Linares JJ. The Complex Nature of School Violence: Attitudes Toward Aggression, Empathy and Involvement Profiles in Violence. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:575-586. [PMID: 34040462 PMCID: PMC8141403 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s313831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive behavior in adolescents has become a concern in education, where adapting to and going through high school may generate important behavior problems in adolescents. Purpose Analyze the relationships between parental and adolescent attitudes toward aggression and empathy. Identify profiles of direct and indirect involvement in school violence and determine differences between groups with respect to the components of empathy and attitudes toward aggression. Methods The sample was comprised of 1287 high school students who were administered the Beliefs about Aggression and Alternatives questionnaire, the Parental Support for Fighting and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Results The results show that beliefs in favor of the use of aggression in adolescents correlate positively with the perception of strong support from parents for aggression in response to conflict. Similarly, higher levels of support for the use of nonviolent strategies are positively related to the perception of strong support from parents. The relationships established with the components of empathy analyzed, both cognitive and emotional, were negatively correlated with favorable attitudes toward aggression. Results concerning the groups directly involved indicated that there were significant differences in the components of empathy between the groups. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis applied to the direct involvement groups showed significant differences between the groups in taking perspective. Between-group differences in empathic concern were also statistically significant for the group of active observers. Conclusion Taking perspective and empathic concern are moderating variables both for observers and victims and their parents in situations of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- África Martos Martínez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - José Jesús Gázquez Linares
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería, 04120, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, 7500000, Chile
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12
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Dating Violence Victimization among Adolescents in Europe: Baseline Results from the Lights4Violence Project. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041414. [PMID: 33546373 PMCID: PMC7913580 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Dating violence (DV) among adolescents is a public health issue because of its negative health consequences. In this study, we aimed to analyse the prevalence and the psychosocial and socioeconomic risk and protective factors associated DV among male and female adolescents in Europe. It was performed a cross-sectional study based on a non-probabilistic sample of 1555 students aged 13–16 years (2018–2019). The global prevalence of DV victimization was significantly greater among girls than boys (girls: 34.1%, boys: 26.7%; p = 0.012). The prevalence of DV in both girls and boys was greater for those over age 15 (girls: 48.5% p < 0.001; boys: 35.9%; p = 0.019). There was an increased likelihood of DV victimization among girls whose fathers did not have paid employment (p = 0.024), who suffered abuse in childhood, and reported higher Benevolent Sexism [PR (CI 95%): 1.01 (1.00–1.03)] and machismo [1.02 (1.00–1.05)]. In the case of boys, the likelihood of DV increased with abuse in childhood (p = 0.018), lower parental support [0.97 (0.96–0.99)], high hostile sexism scores (p = 0.019), lower acceptance of violence (p = 0.009) and high machismo (p < 0.001). Abuse in childhood was shown to be the main factor associated with being a victim of DV in both population groups, as well as sexism and machismo attitudes. These results may contribute to future DV prevention school programs for both, teenagers and children of elementary school ages.
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