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Myrow PM, Goodge JW, Brock GA, Betts MJ, Park TYS, Hughes NC, Gaines RR. Tectonic trigger to the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic: The early Cambrian Sinsk event. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl3452. [PMID: 38552008 PMCID: PMC10980278 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The Cambrian explosion, one of the most consequential biological revolutions in Earth history, occurred in two phases separated by the Sinsk event, the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic. Trilobite fossil data show that Series 2 strata in the Ross Orogen, Antarctica, and Delamerian Orogen, Australia, record nearly identical and synchronous tectono-sedimentary shifts marking the Sinsk event. These resulted from an abrupt pulse of contractional supracrustal deformation on both continents during the Pararaia janeae trilobite Zone. The Sinsk event extinction was triggered by initial Ross/Delamerian supracrustal contraction along the edge of Gondwana, which caused a cascading series of geodynamic, paleoenvironmental, and biotic changes, including (i) loss of shallow marine carbonate habitats along the Gondwanan margin; (ii) tectonic transformation to extensional tectonics within the Gondwanan interior; (iii) extrusion of the Kalkarindji large igneous province; (iv) release of large volumes of volcanic gasses; and (v) rapid climatic change, including incursions of marine anoxic waters and collapse of shallow marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Myrow
- Department of Geology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA
| | - John W. Goodge
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Glenn A. Brock
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Marissa J. Betts
- Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Tae-Yoon S. Park
- Division of Earth Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- Polar Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Nigel C. Hughes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Abdelrahman K, Pham LT, Oliveira SP, Duong VH, Duy TK, Gomez-Ortiz D, Fnais MS, Eldosouky AM. Reliable Tilt-depth estimates based on the stable computation of the tilt angle using robust vertical derivatives. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7392. [PMID: 38548781 PMCID: PMC10978842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The Tilt-depth is a popular approach for determining depths of magnetic sources. As this method is based on the distance between contour levels of the tilt angle, it can lead to inaccurate depth estimates when the contour lines are distorted by the presence of noise. In this paper, we stabilize the Tilt-depth method based on the computation of stable vertical derivative obtained by the β-VDR method. The presented method is demonstrated on synthetic magnetic anomalies and real magnetic data from the Arabian Shield. The results obtained from the synthetic examples coincide well with the actual depths. These results proved the utility of the presented method in cases where the field is corrupted by noise. The real example shows that the presented method can provide valuable information on subsurface structures of the area where the Tilt-depth estimates are consistent with the result of the horizontal tilt angle. The findings show that the presented method is less sensitive to noise and can provide source edges and depths more clearly and with higher accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Abdelrahman
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luan Thanh Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | | | - Van-Hao Duong
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - David Gomez-Ortiz
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group 'Geofísica y Geoquímica Ambiental', Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammed S Fnais
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Eldosouky
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, P.O. Box 43221, Suez, Egypt
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Shebl A, Abdellatif M, Badawi M, Dawoud M, Fahil AS, Csámer Á. Towards better delineation of hydrothermal alterations via multi-sensor remote sensing and airborne geophysical data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7406. [PMID: 37149689 PMCID: PMC10164183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrating various tools in targeting mineral deposits increases the chance of adequate detection and characterization of mineralization zones. Selecting a convenient dataset is a key for a precise geological and hydrothermal alteration mapping. Remote sensing and airborne geophysical data have proven their efficiency as tools for reliable mineral exploration. Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Advanced land imager (ALI), Landsat 8 (L8), and Sentinel 2 data are widely-used data among various types of remote sensing images in resolving lithological and hydrothermal alteration mapping over the last two decades. ASTER is a well-established satellite in geological remote sensing with detailed Short-wave infrared (SWIR) range compared to visible and near-infrared region (VNIR) that controls iron-associated alteration detection. On contrary, ALI has excellent coverage of the VNIR area (6 bands), but does not possess the potentiality of ASTER for the SWIR and thermal regions. Landsat 8 is widely used and highly recommended for lithological and hydrothermal alteration mapping. The higher spatial (up to 10 m) resolution of Sentinel 2 MSI has preserved its role in producing accurate geological mapping. Notwithstanding the foregoing, implementing the four datasets in a single study is time-consuming. Thus, an important question when commencing an exploration project for hydrothermal alterations-related mineralization (orogenic mineral deposits in the current research) is: which dataset should be adopted to fulfill proper and adequate outputs? Here the four widely recommended datasets (ASTER, ALI, L8, and sentinel 2) have been tested by applying the widely-accepted techniques (false color combinations, band ratios, directed principal component analysis, and constrained energy minimization) for geological and hydrothermal alteration mapping of Gabal El Rukham-Gabal Mueilha district, Egypt. The study area is covered mainly by Neoproterozoic heterogeneous collection of ophiolitic components, island arc assemblage, intruded by enormous granitic rocks. Additionally, airborne magnetic and radiometric data were applied and compared with the remote sensing investigations for deciphering the structural and hydrothermal alteration patterns within the study area. The results demonstrated a different extent from one sensor to another, highlighting their varied efficacy in detecting hydrothermal alterations (mainly hydroxyl-bearing alterations and iron oxides). Moreover, the analysis of airborne magnetic and radiometric data showed hydrothermal alteration zones that are consistent with the detected alteration pattern. The coincidence between high magnetic anomalies, high values of the K/eTh ratio, and the resultant alterations confirm the real alteration anomalies. Over and above that, the remote sensing results and airborne geophysical indications were verified with fieldwork and petrographic investigations, and strongly recommend combining ASTER and Sentinel 2 results in further investigations. Based on the outputs of the current research, we expect better hydrothermal alteration delineation by adopting the current findings as they sharply narrow the zones to be further investigated via costly geophysical and geochemical methods in mineral exploration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shebl
- Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohamed Badawi
- Institute of Exploration Geosciences, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, 3515, Hungary
- Department of Geology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Maher Dawoud
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shibin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Amr S Fahil
- Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5944, USA
| | - Árpád Csámer
- Department of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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Eldougdoug A, Abdelazeem M, Gobashy M, Abdelwahed M, Abd El-Rahman Y, Abdelhalim A, Said S. Exploring gold mineralization in altered ultramafic rocks in south Abu Marawat, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7293. [PMID: 37147329 PMCID: PMC10163254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold mining is an important strategic sector. The search for mineral reserves is moving deeper as more accessible shallow resources are discovered. Geophysical techniques are now being employed more frequently in mineral exploration because they are quick and can provide crucial subsurface information for discovering potential metal deposits, particularly in high-relief and inaccessible places. The potential for gold in a large-scale gold mining (LSGM) locality in the South Abu Marawat area is investigated using a geological field investigation that includes rock sampling, structural measurements, detailed petrography, reconnaissance geochemistry, and thin section analysis, integrated with various transformation filters of surface magnetic data (analytic signal, normalized source strength, tilt angle), contact occurrence density maps, and tomographic modelling for the subsurface magnetic susceptibilities. The benefits of remote sensing (RS) and its technology in mapping detailed rock differentiation, and characterizing physical objects on the land surface using various spatial, and spectral resolution datasets are integrated. Both aeromagnetic and measured land magnetic profiles are used to investigate the area's present geological conditions and possible future mining localities. Results indicate that gold mineralization in the study area is linked to the altered ultramafic zones that are associated with faulting and shearing and characterized by a low magnetic susceptibility anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maha Abdelazeem
- Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity Department, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Gobashy
- Faculty of Science, Geophysics Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed Abdelhalim
- Faculty of Science, Geology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Said Said
- Faculty of Science, Geology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Abd El‐Wahed M, Attia M. Structural and tectonic evolution of suture‐related belts and post‐accretionary systems in the Arabian‐Nubian Shield. GEOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2023; 58:1776-1809. [DOI: 10.1002/gj.4693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Deforming belts in the Arabian‐Nubian Shield (ANS) are classified into (1) suture‐related belts, including arc–arc and arc‐continental, and (2) post‐accretionary systems, including N‐trending compression zones and NW‐trending strike‐slip faults. Terrane accretion took place in the ANS between 800 and 700 Ma, along arc–arc sutures. Such sutures are directed from E to NE in the northern part of the ANS, and from N to NE in the south, and are aligned in the north and east with N‐ or S‐verging ophiolitic nappes, or in the south with W‐verging nappes. The Asir, Hijaz, and Midyan terranes formed the Western Arabian shield by 715 Ma. The Afif terrane collided with the Hijaz and Asir terranes between 680 and 640 Ma, terminating the subduction along the Nabitah suture. Subduction began west of the Al Amar arc near the margin of the Ar Rayn terrane at 670 Ma. Afif and Ar Rayn terranes collided along the Al Amar‐Idsas suture about 640 Ma, producing the Idsas orogeny that initiated the major faulting and folding. Strike‐slip faults and upright folds related to oblique convergence between terranes and/or post‐accretionary systems deform the southern sutures. The eastern and western boundaries of the ANS are marked by arc‐continental sutures and characterized by N‐trending deformation belts that formed at 750–650 Ma when the ANS collided with East and West Gondwana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Attia
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science Kafr El Sheikh University Kafr El‐Shaikh Egypt
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Abd El-Wahed M, Kamh S, Abu Anbar M, Zoheir B, Hamdy M, Abdeldayem A, Lebda EM, Attia M. Multisensor Satellite Data and Field Studies for Unravelling the Structural Evolution and Gold Metallogeny of the Gerf Ophiolitic Nappe, Eastern Desert, Egypt. REMOTE SENSING 2023; 15:1974. [DOI: 10.3390/rs15081974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The gold mineralization located in the southern Eastern Desert of Egypt mostly occurs in characteristic geologic and structural settings. The gold-bearing quartz veins and the alteration zones are confined to the ductile shear zones between the highly deformed ophiolitic blocks, sheared metavolcanics, and gabbro-diorite rocks. The present study attempts to integrate multisensor remotely sensed data, structural analysis, and field investigation in unraveling the geologic and structural controls of gold mineralization in the Gabal Gerf area. Multispectral optical sensors of Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS (L8) and Sentinel-2B (S2B) were processed to map the lithologic rock units in the study area. Image processing algorithms including false color composite (FCC), band ratio (BR), principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction (MNF), and Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) were effective in producing a comprehensive geologic map of the area. The mafic index (MI) = (B13-0.9147) × (B10-1.4366) of ASTER (A) thermal bands and a combined band ratio of S2B and ASTER of (S2B3+A9)/(S2B12+A8) were dramatically successful in discriminating the ophiolitic assemblage, that are considered the favorable lithology for the gold mineralization. Three alteration zones of argillic, phyllic and propylitic were spatially recognized using the mineral indices and constrained energy minimization (CEM) approach to ASTER data. The datasets of ALSO PALSAR and Sentinel-1B were subjected to PCA and filtering to extract the lineaments and their spatial densities in the area. Furthermore, the structural analysis revealed that the area has been subjected to three main phases of deformation; (i) NE-SW convergence and sinistral transpression (D2); (ii) ~E-W far field compressional regime (D3), and (iii) extensional tectonics and terrane exhumation (D4). The gold-bearing quartz veins in several occurrences are controlled by D2 and D3 shear zones that cut heterogeneously deformed serpentinites, sheared metavolcanic rocks and gabbro-diorite intrusions. The information extracted from remotely sensed data, structural interpretation and fieldwork were used to produce a gold mineralization potential zones map which was verified by reference and field observations. The present study demonstrates the remote sensing capabilities for the identification of alteration zones and structural controls of the gold mineralization in highly deformed ophiolitic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir Kamh
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abu Anbar
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Basem Zoheir
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hamdy
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - El Metwally Lebda
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Attia
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 33511, Egypt
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Hamimi Z, Eldosouky AM, Hagag W, Kamh SZ. Large-scale geological structures of the Egyptian Nubian Shield. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1923. [PMID: 36732584 PMCID: PMC9894950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of potential field- and structural data make it possible to trace surface and subsurface large-scale geological structures of the Egyptian Nubian Shield (ENS). Obtained results indicate that the Northern Eastern Desert (NED) of the ENS is dominated by relatively younger (c. 580 Ma) E-W and NE-SW trending extensional structures that were controlled by the evolution and retreat of the Cadomian Arc. Density of such extensional structures increases with depth as displayed by the potential data. The prevailing structural trends in the Central Eastern Desert (CED) are NW-SE and WNW-ESE. Both trends are highly prompted by the timing of deformation upon the Najd Fault System, and are themselves dissected by a relatively younger NE-SW shearing trend. Lineament density in the CED is subordinate for both subsurface and near surface structures. The South Eastern Desert exhibits compressional and extrusion-related structures of two main prominent trends; WNW-to-NW (to the western part) and the N-, NNE- to NE (to the eastern part). The previously mentioned Neoproterozoic trends are remarkably influenced by the Oligocene-Miocene Red Sea-Gulf of Suez rift related fractures in the vicinity of the rift shoulder. The remarkable change in trends and densities of structural trends, especially in the NED, is interpreted in terms of concealing of the older structures by the younger extensional structures which in turns reflect an N-ward progressive deformation in the entire ENS. Gravity data are more appropriate in delineating the structural trends compared to the magnetic data which are largely affected by lithological variations and/or alteration zones and magnetic mineralogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Hamimi
- grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Eldosouky
- grid.430657.30000 0004 4699 3087Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, 43518 Egypt
| | - Wael Hagag
- grid.411660.40000 0004 0621 2741Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518 Egypt
| | - Samir Z. Kamh
- grid.412258.80000 0000 9477 7793Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
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Abd El-Wahed M, Attia M. Genesis of the gneissic core complexes in the Arabian-Nubian Shield and its tectonic implications: A regional overview. JOURNAL OF ASIAN EARTH SCIENCES 2022; 236:105337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Kamar MS, Ibrahim ME, Dawoud M, Saleh SM. Geochemical Characterizations and Spectrometric Prospecting of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: A Сase Study from Abu Rusheid Area, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362222020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dawood YH, Abd El-Naby HH. Genesis of uranyl mineralization in the Arabian Nubian Shield: A review. JOURNAL OF ASIAN EARTH SCIENCES 2022; 225:105047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Mapping Main Structures and Related Mineralization of the Arabian Shield (Saudi Arabia) Using Sharp Edge Detector of Transformed Gravity Data. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Saudi Arabia covers most of the Arabian Peninsula and is characterized by tectonic regimes ranging from Precambrian to Recent. Using gravity data to produce the lateral boundaries of subsurface density bodies, and edge detection of potential field data, a new subsurface structural map was created to decipher the structural framework controls on the distribution of gold deposits in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, we detected the relationships between major structures and mineral accumulations, thereby simultaneously solving the problem of edge detectors over complex tectonic patterns for both deeper and shallower origins. Analytic signal (ASg), theta map (TM), TDX, and softsign function (SF) filters were applied to gravity data of Saudi Arabia. The results unveil low connectivity along the Najd fault system (NFS) with depth, except perhaps for the central zones along each segment. The central zones are the location of significant gold mineralization, i.e., Fawarah, Gariat Avala, Hamdah, and Ghadarah. Moreover, major fault zones parallel to the Red Sea extend northward from the south, and their connectivity increases with depth and controls numerous gold mines, i.e., Jadmah, Wadi Bidah, Mamilah, and Wadi Leif. These fault zones intersect the NFS in the Midyan Terrane at the northern part of the AS, and their conjugation is suggested to be favorable for gold mineralization. The SF maps revealed the boundary between the Arabian Shield and Arabian Shelf, which comprises major shear zones, implying that most known mineralization sites are linked to post-accretionary structures and are not limited to the Najd fault system (NFS).
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Genesis of Sulfide Mineralization, Atshan and Darhib Areas, South Eastern Desert of Egypt: Evidence of Fluid Pathway Effects Along Shear Zones. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-021-05736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abd El Ghaffar NI. Evolution of mafic enclaves and their host calc-alkaline granite, South Sinai, Egypt. ARABIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 2021; 14:2710. [DOI: 10.1007/s12517-021-09085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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ABD EL‐WAHED M, HAMIMI Z. Neoproterozoic Tectonic Events of Egypt. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA - ENGLISH EDITION 2021; 95:1366-1405. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-6724.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe Egyptian Nubian Shield (ENS) represents the northwestern part of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield and the northern extension of the East African Orogen. The ENS is regarded as being formed due to northward‐directed escape tectonics. It is characterized by mild accretion and suture zones dominated by major strike‐slip zones with a commonly sinistral sense of movement; some shear zones display a dextral sense of shear. It is dominated by gneisses and migmatites in the south, arc volcaniclastic metasediments and highly dismembered ophiolites in the central parts, whereas its northern part is dominated by late‐ to post‐tectonic granitoids. In southern Sinai, the Neoproterozoic rocks are grouped into four complexes, namely Feiran–Solaf, Sa'al–Zaghra, Kid and Taba. The ENS ophiolites were formed between 730–750 Ma, mainly in a supra‐subduction zone setting. The ENS has undergone a Neoproterozoic deformation history involving three successive phases: (1) Early N–S shortening phase (D1), (2) Syn‐accretionary phase (D2) and (3) Post‐accretionary phase (D3). The initial island‐arc stage (780–730 Ma) is a N–S shortening phase initiated by collision between the Eastern Desert tectonic terrane to the north with both the Gebeit and Gabgaba terranes to the south (830–720 Ma). During the arc‐splitting and back‐arc spreading stage (730–620), voluminous syn‐tectonic granitoids intruded into the ENS (750–610 Ma). The E–W‐directed compressional/transpressional phase (620–450 Ma) led to the overall uplift of the central part of the ENS and consequently the development and exhumation of the core complexes in oblique convergent zones. The E–W intense shortening deformation resulted also in the formation of NW‐ and NE‐striking sinistral and dextral strike‐slip shear zones, respectively. The latest periods of the E–W‐directed compressional/transpressional regime were characterized by deposition of the molasse‐type Hammamat Sediments unconformably over the Dokhan Volcanics, or interbedded with them. The combined thrusting, folding and sinistral‐reverse shearing structures have been interpreted to resulted from the E–W‐directed compressional/transpressional phase in response to the oblique shortening of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield between East and West Gondwana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zakaria HAMIMI
- Department of Geology, Faulty of Science Benha University Benha 13518 Egypt
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El-Naby HHA. Evidence for Mesoproterozoic Components in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. THE GEOLOGY OF THE ARABIAN-NUBIAN SHIELD 2021:343-358. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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16
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Abd El-Wahed M, Hamimi Z. The Egyptian Nubian Shield Within the Frame of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. REGIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEWS 2021:15-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49771-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abd El-Wahed M, Hamimi Z. The Infracrustal Rocks in the Egyptian Nubian Shield: An Overview and Synthesis. REGIONAL GEOLOGY REVIEWS 2021:107-160. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49771-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abd El Monsef M, Slobodník M, Salem IA. Characteristics and nature of gold-bearing fluids in Fatira area, North Eastern Desert of Egypt: possible transition from intrusion-related to orogenic deposits. ARABIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 2020; 13:1034. [DOI: 10.1007/s12517-020-05982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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MacRae CM, Pearce MA, Wilson NC, Torpy A, Glenn MA, Russo SP. Soft X-Ray and Cathodoluminescence Examination of a Tanzanian Graphite Deposit. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:814-820. [PMID: 32248881 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral soft X-ray emission (SXE) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrometry have been used to investigate a carbonaceous-rich geological deposit to understand the crystallinity and morphology of the carbon and the associated quartz. Panchromatic CL maps show both the growth of the quartz and the evidence of recrystallization. A fitted CL map reveals the distribution of Ti4+ within the grains and shows subtle growth zoning, together with radiation halos from 238U decay. The sensitivity of the SXE spectrometer to carbon, together with the anisotropic X-ray emission from highly orientated pyrolytic graphite, has enabled the C Kα peak shape to be used to measure the crystal orientation of individual graphite regions. Mapping has revealed that most grains are predominantly of a single orientation, and a number of graphite grains have been investigated to demonstrate the application of this new SXE technique. A peak fitting approach to analyzing the SXE spectra was developed to project the C Kα 2pz and 2p(x+y) orbital components of the graphite. The shape of these two end-member components is comparable to those produced by electron density of states calculations. The angular sensitivity of the SXE spectrometer has been shown to be comparable to that of electron backscatter diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M MacRae
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Microbeam Laboratory, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Pearce
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources Research Centre, Kensington, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas C Wilson
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Microbeam Laboratory, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Torpy
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Microbeam Laboratory, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew A Glenn
- CSIRO Mineral Resources, Microbeam Laboratory, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne3000, VIC, Australia
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Abdelkareem M, Bamousa AO, Hamimi Z, Kamal El-Din GM. Multispectral and RADAR images integration for geologic, geomorphic, and structural investigation in southwestern Arabian Shield, Al Qunfudhah area, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1741957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gamal M. Kamal El-Din
- Geology Department, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Hamimi Z, Abd El-Wahed MA. Suture(s) and Major Shear Zones in the Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt. THE GEOLOGY OF EGYPT 2020:153-189. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Neoproterozoic Magmatism in the Southern Arabian-Nubian Shield: Implications for Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-03949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fanka A, Sutthirat C. Petrochemistry, Mineral Chemistry, and Pressure–Temperature Model of Corundum-Bearing Amphibolite from Montepuez, Mozambique. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-018-3172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abd El-Wahed MA, Thabet IA. Strain geometry, microstructure and metamorphism in the dextral transpressional Mubarak Shear Belt, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. GEOTECTONICS 2017; 51:438-462. [DOI: 10.1134/s0016852117040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Gürsu S, Möller A, Usta D, Köksal S, Ateş Ş, Sunkari ED, Göncüoğlu MC. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry U-Pb Dating of Detrital and Magmatic Zircons of Glacial Diamictites and Pebbles in Late Ordovician Sediments of the Taurides and Southeast Anatolian Autochthon Belt, Turkey: Indications for Their Arabian-Nubian Provenance. THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY 2017; 125:165-202. [DOI: 10.1086/690199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
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Abd El-Wahed MA, Harraz H, El-Behairy MH. Transpressional imbricate thrust zones controlling gold mineralization in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. ORE GEOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 78:424-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Abd El-Wahed MA. Oppositely dipping thrusts and transpressional imbricate zone in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. JOURNAL OF AFRICAN EARTH SCIENCES 2014; 100:42-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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