Decreasing Hospital Readmission in Ileostomy Patients: Results of Novel Pilot Program

Two-Center Validation of a Novel Quality Improvement Protocol to Avoid Postileostomy Morbidity Using Home Intravenous Fluids and Structured Daily Calls

BACKGROUND

New ileostomates have higher rates of dehydration and readmission compared to patients undergoing other colorectal procedures.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to show the efficacy of a novel ileostomy-specific quality improvement protocol at an academic center with subsequent validation at another academic center.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX) and University of Florida Health (Gainesville, Florida).

PATIENTS

Patients who underwent elective ileostomy creation were enrolled in 2 phases: phase I (efficacy phase) from 2011 to 2018 at the University of Florida and phase II (validation phase) from 2018 to 2024 at Baylor College of Medicine.

INTERVENTIONS

New ileostomates received an indwelling intravenous line postoperatively. After discharge, daily home visits and administration of intravenous fluid infusions were completed by a registered nurse, and daily phone calls were made for counseling and medication adjustment by an advanced practice provider.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Length of stay, readmission rate, complication rate, and cost of care.

RESULTS

A total of 600 patients were enrolled in the study. There was a significant improvement in postprotocol from preprotocol in hospital length of stay (University of Florida: 3 vs 8 days; Baylor College of Medicine: 2.1 vs 6.9 days, p < 0.01), readmission rates (University of Florida: 9% vs 56%; Baylor College of Medicine: 7% vs 40%, p < 0.01), cost of care (University of Florida: $19,700 vs $53,300; Baylor College of Medicine: $18,100 vs $47,856, p < 0.01), and complication rates (University of Florida: 19% vs 65%; Baylor College of Medicine: 17% vs 46%, p < 0.01). If readmitted, the length of stay and cost decreased by 81% and 83%, respectively. No line-related complication was noted.

LIMITATIONS

This study was not randomized. Resource and insurance limitations may be an impediment to protocol implementation for austere settings.

CONCLUSIONS

Implementation of a novel ileostomy-specific standardized protocol to avoid morbidity from dehydration by implementing home intravenous infusions in conjunction with comprehensive outpatient education and phone follow-up significantly improved the quality of care by decreasing the length of stay, readmissions, complications, and cost of care. These results were validated at another institution. See Video Abstract.

VALIDACIN EN DOS CENTROS DE UN NOVEDOSO PROTOCOLO DE MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD PARA EVITAR LA MORBILIDAD POSILEOSTOMA MEDIANTE LQUIDOS INTRAVENOSOS A DOMICILIO Y LLAMADAS DIARIAS ESTRUCTURADAS

ANTECEDENTES:Los nuevos ileostomizados presentan tasas más elevadas de deshidratación y reingreso en comparación con los pacientes sometidos a otros procedimientos colorrectales.OBJETIVO:Nuestro objetivo era demostrar la eficacia de un nuevo protocolo de mejora de la calidad específico para la ileostomía en un centro académico, con su posterior validación en otro centro académico.DISEÑO:Estudio de cohortes prospectivo.LUGAR:Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, Texas); University of Florida Health (Gainesville, Florida).PACIENTES:Los pacientes sometidos a creación electiva de ileostomía se inscribieron en dos fases; Fase I (fase de eficacia) de 2011 a 2018 en la Universidad de Florida y Fase II (fase de validación) de 2018 a 2024 en el Baylor College of Medicine.INTERVENCIONES:Los nuevos ileostomizados recibieron una vía intravenosa permanente en el postoperatorio. Después del alta, se completaron visitas domiciliarias diarias y administración de infusiones de líquidos intravenosos por parte de una enfermera registrada y llamadas telefónicas diarias para asesoramiento y ajuste de la medicación por parte de un Proveedor de Práctica Avanzada.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Duración de la estancia, tasa de reingresos, tasa de complicaciones y costo de la atención.RESULTADOS:Un total de 600 pacientes participaron en el estudio. Hubo una mejora significativa en la duración de la estancia hospitalaria (Universidad de Florida: 3 frente a 8 días; Baylor College of Medicine: 2,1 frente a 6,9 días, p < 0,01), las tasas de readmisión (University of Florida: 9% frente a 56%; Baylor College of Medicine: 7% frente a 40%, p < 0,01), costo de la atención (Universidad de Florida: 19.700 $ frente a 53.300 $; Facultad de Medicina Baylor: 18.100 $ frente a 47.856 $, p < 0,01) y tasas de complicaciones (Universidad de Florida: 19% frente a 65%; Baylor College of Medicine: 17% frente a 46%, p < 0,01). En caso de reingreso, la duración de la estancia y el costo disminuyeron en un 81% y un 83%, respectivamente. No se observó ninguna complicación relacionada con la vía.LIMITACIONES:Este estudio no fue aleatorizado. Las limitaciones de recursos y seguros pueden ser un impedimento en la implementación del protocolo para entornos austeros.CONCLUSIONES:La aplicación de un novedoso protocolo estandarizado específico de la ileostomía para evitar la morbilidad por deshidratación, mediante la aplicación de infusiones intravenosas domiciliarias junto con una amplia educación ambulatoria y seguimiento telefónico, mejoró significativamente la calidad de la atención al disminuir la duración de la estancia, los reingresos, las complicaciones y el costo de la atención. Estos resultados se validaron en otra institución. (Traducción-Yesenia Rojas-Khalil).

High risk populations for unplanned healthcare utilization following ostomy construction

BACKGROUND

Patients with a new ostomy have high rates of unplanned healthcare utilization (UPHU). We used machine learning to assess which factors contributed the most to UPHU after ostomy construction.

METHODS

We retrospectively studied new ostomy patients between 2018 and 2021 ​at a single institution. The primary outcome was UPHU within 60 days of discharge. Factors that contributed the most to UPHU were assessed using a classification tree machine learning method.

RESULTS

Among 318 patients, 30.8 ​% of patients had an UPHU event. The classification tree identified diabetes mellitus as the most important factor associated with UPHU: 56 ​% of diabetics had UPHU. Smoking history was the next most important factor: 77 ​% of diabetics who smoked had UPHU. Patients who had diabetes, smoked, and had chronic kidney disease had the highest UPHU rate at 86 ​%.

DISCUSSION

Unplanned healthcare utilization after ostomy construction is highest among patients with diabetes, smoking history, and chronic kidney disease.

The Readability, Understandability, and Suitability of Online Resources for Ostomy Care

PURPOSE

the purpose of this study was to evaluate the content, readability, understandability, and suitability of online resources for patient specific ostomy care.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SUBJECT AND SETTING

Online websites for ostomy care designed for patients.

METHODS

Ostomy care websites designed for patients were identified by querying three online search engines. Content areas were established following assessment of all websites by two reviewers. Readability of each website was determined using the Flesch Reading Ease Test and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index. Understandability was measured using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT), and suitability was determined using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM). Chi-Square and rank sum tests were used to compare these measures across website type and by number of content areas.

RESULTS

Twenty-three websites met inclusion criteria; 26.1% were for-profit, 13% were government, 26.1% were academic, and 34.8% were non-profit. Nineteen content areas were identified including themes related to pouching, bathing, physical activity, managing output, lifestyle, mental health, and eating. The median number of content areas covered was 8.5 [interquartile range (IQR) 4-13]. The most common content areas were changing/emptying a pouching system (82.6% of websites), preventing/managing peristomal skin irritation (78.3%), eating (60.9%), and odor management (60.9%). Less than 27% of websites had content on irrigation, blockage/constipation, and body image. Readability scores using the Flesch Reading Ease (mean 58, IQR 54.7-69.5) and SMOG Index (mean 9.1, IQR 7.6-9.9) correlated to a high-school or "fairly difficult" reading level. The mean PEMAT measuring understandability was 80 (IQR 78.9-84.0). The mean SAM score checking for suitability (literacy demand, graphics, layout and type, learning stimulation and motivation and cultural appropriateness) was 55% (IQR 48.4%-61.3%), indicating "adequate material." A greater number of content areas on the websites were associated with worse readability (SMOG and Flesch Reading Ease scores) than websites presenting fewer content areas (P = .001 & P < .001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

We found significant variability in the content, readability, understandability, and suitability of online materials for ostomy care. Websites with more content areas were associated with worse readability.

Reducing dehydration-induced readmissions post-colorectal surgery: the impact of a prevention bundle

INTRODUCTION

Ileostomy, frequently created after colorectal resections, hinders the physiologic function of the colon and can lead to dehydration and acute kidney injury due to high stoma outputs. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive measures on ileostomy-induced dehydration and related readmissions in a high-volume unit.

METHODS

In this prospective cohort study at a high-volume colorectal surgery department in Turkiye, the Prospective Ileostomy-induced Dehydration Prevention Bundle Project (PIDBP) was assessed from March 2021 to March 2022. The study enrolled patients undergoing colorectal surgery with ileostomy and involved comprehensive inpatient stoma care, education, and a structured post-discharge follow-up. The follow-up included the "Hydration follow-up scale" to monitor ileostomy output and related complications. The primary outcome was the readmission rate due to dehydration-related complications. The patients receiving the bundle intervention were compared with patients treated in the preceding year, focusing on the effectiveness of interventions such as dietary adjustments, fluid therapy, and pharmacological management.

RESULTS

In the study, 104 patients were analyzed, divided into 54 pre-bundle and 50 bundle group patients, with no significant differences in patient characteristics. While the overall readmission rate due to dehydration was 12.5%, a significant reduction in dehydration-related readmissions was observed in the bundle group compared to the pre-bundle group (2% vs. 22%, p = 0.002). Univariate analysis identified high stoma output (> 800 ml/24 h) (p < 0.001), chronic renal failure (CRF) (p = 0.01), postoperative ileus (p = 0.03), higher ASA status (p = 0.04), extended hospital stays (p = 0.03), and small bowel resections (especially in J-pouch patients) (p < 0.001) as significant predictors of readmission. Multivariate analysis revealed that the mean ileostomy output before discharge was the sole significant predictor of dehydration-related readmission (OR 1.01), with an optimal cutoff of 877.5 ml/day identified with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.947, demonstrating high sensitivity (92.3%) and specificity (86.8%) in predicting readmission risk.

CONCLUSION

The Prospective Ileostomy-induced Dehydration Prevention Bundle Project significantly reduced readmission rates after colorectal surgery.

Patient adherence to an oral rehydration solution intervention to prevent dehydration following ileostomy creation: A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Patients undergoing surgery for ileostomy creation frequently experience postoperative dehydration and subsequent renal injury. The use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) has been shown to prevent dehydration, but compliance may be variable.

METHODS

Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 17 patients who received a postoperative hydration kit and dehydration education to assess barriers and facilitators to compliance with ORS kit instructions.

RESULTS

Qualitative analysis revealed five themes affecting patient adherence to the ORS intervention: (1) patient's perception of the effectiveness of the ORS solution, (2) existing co-morbidities, (3) kit quality and taste of the ORS product, (4) quality of the dehydration education, and (5) social support.

CONCLUSIONS

Given that patient adherence can greatly affect the success of an ORS intervention, the design of future ORS interventions should emphasize the educational component, the "patient friendliness" of the ORS kit, and ways that social supports can be leveraged to increase adherence.

[Morphological predictors of water-electrolyte disorders in patients with preventive ileostomy after rectal resection for cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze morphological changes in wall of functioning and non-functioning small intestine in patients with preventive ileostomy and to determine histological predictors of water-electrolyte disorders.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We prospectively analyzed 57 patients >18 years old who underwent rectal resection with preventive ileostomy between January 2022 and November 2023. Anthropometric data included gender, age, body mass index, ECOG and ASA classes. Complications associated with large losses through ileostomy were water-electrolyte disorders, dehydration and acute renal failure with repeated hospitalization. Morphological analysis implied intraoperative full-layer biopsy of small intestine on anterior abdominal wall (ileostomy). Intraoperative biopsy of efferent and afferent loops was also carried out. Tissue samples were examined by light microscopy. We analyzed mean height of mucous membrane villi and depth of crypts, as well as their ratio. Fibrosis and swelling of submucosa were evaluated too. The results were analyzed in the SPSS Statistics 20 software.

RESULTS

Mean height of intestinal villi <465 microns (p=0.028), ratio of their height to crypt depth <4.38 (p=0.034) and submucosal fibrosis (p=0.031) significantly affected malabsorption and readmission of patients. The risk of readmission was 11.5 and 5.5 times higher in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed in-hospital dehydration with resumption of infusion therapy as a predictor of readmission (p=0.046).

CONCLUSION

Ileostomy is a certain stress for the patient's body. Not every patient is able for adaptation. One of the adaptation mechanisms is hypertrophy of mucous membrane villi involved in digestion. This mechanism is less pronounced in patients with repeated hospitalizations. Preoperative morphological examination of ileum mucosa may be an additional objective predictor of possible complications of preventive ileostomy.

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Ileostomy Complications: An Updated Review

An ileostomy is associated with multiple complications that may frequently or persistently affect the life of ostomates. All healthcare professionals should have knowledge of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ileostomy complications. Peristomal dermatitis is caused by watery and highly alkaline effluent. Skin protective products are typically used for local treatment. Ischemia/necrosis occurs due to insufficient arterial blood supply. Retraction is seen in patients with a bulky mesentery and occurs following ischemia. Convex stoma appliances can be used for skin protection against fecal leakage. Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is common and occurs only at the stoma site. Trans-stomal decompression is most effective in these cases. High output stoma (HOS) is defined as a condition when the output exceeds 1,000- 2,000 ml/day, lasting for one to three days. Treatment includes intravenous fluid and electrolyte resuscitation followed by restriction of hypotonic fluid and the use of antimotility (and antisecretory) drugs. Stomal prolapse is a full-thickness protrusion of an inverted bowel. Manual reduction is attempted initially, whereas emergency bowel resection may be needed for incarcerated cases. A parastomal hernia (PSH) is an incisional hernia of the stoma site. Surgery is considered in cases of incarceration, but most cases are manageable with non-surgical treatment.

[Prognostic factors of dehydration and renal damage in patients with formed preventive ileostomy during rectal resection for cancer]

Despite the potential advantages of a preventive intestinal stoma after the formation of a low colon anastomosis during rectal resections, the formation of a preventive loop ileostomy is associated with a significant frequency of complications.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the potential prognostic factors of complications associated with ileostomy dysfunction in patients who have undergone rectal resection for cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed patients over the age of 18 who underwent open and laparoscopic resection of the rectum with the formation of a preventive ileostomy from January 2015 to May 2022. To determine the influence of potential predictors on the frequency of complications associated with large ileostomy losses, a single-factor logistic regression analysis was used. Complications associated with large ileostomy losses were primarily water-electrolyte disorders, dehydration and acute renal failure, which required intensive therapy and re-hospitalization.

RESULTS

Of the 120 patients included in the study, 26 (21.7%) suffered complications associated with large losses of fluid and electrolytes in the stoma. In this group of patients, at least one repeated emergency hospitalization to a medical institution was required (average value 1.6). Factors associated with ileostomy dysfunction in a single-factor analysis were: the presence of signs of intestinal obstruction (OR=2.6; p=0.047), the development of postoperative complications (OR=3; p=0.024), steroid use (OR=4.3; p=0.010), smoking (OR=4.8; p=0.017) the average amount of discharge from the stoma at discharge is more than 1000 ml/24 h (OR=3.2; p=0.016) and the need for Loperamide at the time of discharge (OR=2.8; p=0.032). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed an independent risk factor for complications leading to re-hospitalization: ileostomy losses at discharge ≥1000 ml/24 h (OR=3.3 (1.18-9.37); p=0.023).

CONCLUSION

In our study, those patients whose ileostomy discharge exceeded 1000 ml/24 h at discharge were at increased risk of dehydration, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, acute prerenal renal failure, which led to repeated hospitalization to correct these disorders, sometimes in the intensive care unit.

Obstructive and secretory complications of diverting ileostomy

This review aimed to highlight the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of obstructive and secretory complications associated with diverting ileostomy (DI). Obstructive complications at the stoma site are termed stoma outlet obstruction (SOO) or stoma-related obstruction (SRO). The incidence of SOO/SRO is 5.4%-27.3%, and the risk factors are multifactorial; however, the configuration of the stoma limb and the thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) may be of particular concern. Trans-stomal tube decompression is initially attempted with a success rate of 33%-86%. A thick RAM may carry the risk of recurrence. Surgical refinement, including a wider incision of the anterior sheath and adequate stoma limb length, avoids tension and immobility and may decrease SOO/SRO. Secretory complications of DI are termed high output stoma (HOS). Persistent HOS lead to water and sodium depletion, and secondary hyperaldosteronism, resulting in electrolyte imbalances, such as hypomagnesemia. The incidence of HOS is 14%-24%, with an output of 1000-2000 mL/d lasting up to three days. Treatment of HOS is commenced after excluding postoperative complications or enteritis and includes fluid intake restriction, antimotility and antisecretory drug therapies, and magnesium supplementation. Intensive monitoring and surveillance programs have been successful in decreasing readmissions for dehydration.

Decreasing Readmissions After Ileostomy Creation Through a Perioperative Quality Improvement Program

BACKGROUND

Readmission after ileostomy creation in patients undergoing colorectal surgery creates a significant burden on health care cost and patient quality of care, with a 30-day readmission rate of 40%.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of our perioperative quality improvement program, Decreasing Readmissions After Ileostomy Creation.

DESIGN

Perioperative interventions were administered to patients who underwent ileostomy creation.

SETTINGS

A single tertiary care academic center.

PATIENTS

Eighty patients participated in this program from February 2020 to January 2021.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcomes measured were 30-day readmission rates and causes of readmission, which were compared to a historical national database. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the effectiveness of this quality improvement program.

RESULTS

Eighty patients were enrolled in this prospective quality improvement program. The mean age was 52 (±15.06) years. The most common indication for patients undergoing creation of an ileostomy was colorectal cancer (40%; n = 32). The overall 30-day readmission rate was 8.75% (n = 7) throughout the study period, which was significantly lower than historical cohort data (20.10%; p = 0.01). Among the 7 readmitted patients, 3 (3.75%) were readmitted due to dehydration. The most significant associated risk factor for all-cause readmission was urgent/emergent operative status, which was associated with an increased risk of readmission ( p = 0.01). The 3 readmitted patients with dehydration had a mean Dehydration Readmission After Ileostomy Prediction risk score of 11.71 points, compared to 9.59 points in nondehydrated patients, who did not require readmission ( p = 0.38).

LIMITATIONS

This study is limited by its small sample size (N = 80).

CONCLUSIONS

The Decreasing Readmissions After Ileostomy Creation program has been successful in reducing both the all-cause readmission rate and readmission due to dehydration both within an academic tertiary care referral center and in comparison with historical readmission rates. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B894 .

DISMINUCIN DE LA READMISIN DESPUS DE LA CREACIN DE UNA ILEOSTOMA MEDIANTE UN PROGRAMA DE MEJORA DE LA CALIDAD PERIOPERATORIA

ANTECEDENTES:La readmisión después de la creación de una ileostomía en pacientes de cirugía colorrectal crea una carga significativa sobre el costo de la atención médica y la calidad de la atención del paciente, con una tasa de readmisión a los 30 días que llega al 40%.OBJETIVO:Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la implementación de nuestro programa de mejora de la calidad perioperatoria que disminuyen los reingresos después de la creación de ileostomía.DISEÑO:Se administraron intervenciones perioperatorias a pacientes que se sometieron a la creación de una ileostomía.AJUSTE:Se trataba de un único centro académico de atención terciaria.PACIENTES:Participaron 80 pacientes en este programa desde febrero de 2020 hasta enero de 2021.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Los principales resultados medidos fueron las tasas de reingreso a los 30 días y las causas de reingreso, que se compararon con una base de datos histórica nacional. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas para evaluar la eficacia de este programa de mejora de la calidad.RESULTADOS:Ochenta pacientes se inscribieron en este programa prospectivo de mejora de la calidad. La edad media fue de 52 (± 15,06) años. La indicación más común para los pacientes que se sometieron a la creación de una ileostomía fue el cáncer colorrectal (40%, n = 32). La tasa general de reingreso a los 30 días fue del 8,75% (n = 7) durante todo el período de estudio, lo que fue significativamente más bajo que los datos históricos de la cohorte (20,10%, p = 0,01). Entre los 7 pacientes readmitidos, tres (3,75%) fueron readmitidos por deshidratación. El factor de riesgo asociado más significativo para la readmisión por todas las causas fue el estado operatorio urgente / emergencia, que se asoció con un mayor riesgo de readmisión (p = 0,01). Los tres pacientes readmitidos con deshidratación tuvieron una puntuación de riesgo promedio de readmisión por deshidratación después de la predicción de ileostomía de 11,71 puntos, en comparación con los pacientes no deshidratados, que no requirieron readmisión (media, 9,59 puntos, p = 0,38).LIMITACIONES:Este estudio está limitado por su pequeño tamaño de muestra (n = 80).CONCLUSIONES:El programa de disminución de las readmisiones después de la creación de una ileostomía ha logrado reducir tanto la tasa de readmisión por todas las causas como la readmisión por deshidratación, tanto dentro de un centro académico de referencia de atención terciaria como en comparación con las tasas históricas de readmisión. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B894 . (Traducción-Dr Yolanda Colorado ).

Reducing New Ileostomy Readmissions in a Rural Health Care Setting: A Quality Improvement Initiative

BACKGROUND

Readmission after ileostomy creation continues to be a major cause of morbidity with rates ranging from 15% to 30% due to dehydration and obstruction. Rural environments pose an added risk of readmission due to larger travel distances and lack of consistent home health services.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to reduce ileostomy-related readmission rates in a rural academic medical center.

DESIGN

This is a rapid cycle quality improvement study.

SETTING

This single-center study was conducted in a rural academic medical center.

PATIENTS

Colorectal surgery patients receiving a new ileostomy were included in this study.

INTERVENTIONS

Improvement initiatives were identified through Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles (enhanced team continuity, standardized rehydration, nursing/staff education).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Thirty-day readmission, average length of stay, and average time to readmission served as main outcome measures.

RESULTS

Roughly equal rates of ileostomy were created in each time point, consistent with a tertiary care colorectal practice. The preimplementation readmission rate was 29%. Over the course of the entire quality improvement initiative, re-admission rates decreased by more than 50% (29% to 14%). PDSA cycle 1, which involved integrating a service-specific physician assistant to the team, allowed for greater continuity of care and had the most dramatic effect, decreasing rates by 27.5% (29% to 21%). Standardization of oral rehydration therapy and the implementation of a patient-directed intake/output sheet during PDSA cycle 2 resulted in further improvement in readmission rates (21% to 15%). Finally, implementation of nurse and physician assistant (PA)-driven patient education on fiber supplementation resulted in an additional yet nominal decrease in readmissions (15% to 14%). Latency to readmission also significantly increased throughout the study period.

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by its small sample size in a single-center study.

CONCLUSION

Implementation of initiatives targeting enhanced team continuity, the standardization of rehydration therapies, and improved patient education decreased readmission rates in patients with new ileostomies. Rural centers, where outpatient resources are not as readily available or accessible, stand to benefit the most from these types of targeted interventions to decrease readmission rates. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B771.

REDUCCIN EN LAS READMISIONES POR ILEOSTOMAS NE MEDIOS DE ATENCIN MDICA RURAL INICIATIVA DE MEJORA EN LA CALIDAD

ANTECEDENTES:La readmisión después de la creación de una ileostomía sigue siendo una de las principales causas de morbilidad con tasas que oscilan entre el 15% y el 30% debido a la deshidratación y la oclusión. Un entorno rurale presenta un riesgo adicional de readmisión debido a las mayores distancias de viaje y la falta de servicios de salud domiciliarios adecuados.OBJETIVO:Reducir las tasas de reingreso por ileostomía en un centro médico académico rural.DISEÑO:Estudio de mejoría de la calidad de ciclo rápido.AJUSTE:Estudio unicéntrico en una unidad de servicio médico académico rural.PACIENTES:Pacientes de cirugía colorrectal a quienes se les confeccionó una ileostomía.INTERVENCIONES:Iniciativas de mejoría identificadas a través de los ciclos Planificar-Hacer-Estudiar-Actuar (Continuidad del equipo mejorada, rehidratación estandarizada, educación de enfermería / personal).PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:30 días de readmisión, duración media de la estadía hospitalaria, tiempo medio de reingreso.RESULTADOS:Se crearon tasas aproximadamente iguales de ileostomías un momento dado de tiempo, subsecuentes en la práctica colorrectal de atención terciaria. La tasa de readmisión previa a la implementación del estudio fue del 29%. En el transcurso de toda la iniciativa de mejoría en la calidad, las tasas de readmisión disminuyeron en más del 50% (29% a 14%). El ciclo 1 de PDSA, que implicó la integración en el equipo de un asistente médico específico, lo que permitió una mayor continuidad en la atención y tuvo el mayor efecto disminuyendo las tasas en un 27,5% (29% a 21%). La estandarización de una terapia de rehidratación oral y la implementación de una hoja de ingresos / perdidas dirigida al paciente durante el ciclo 2 de PDSA resultó en una mejoría adicional en las tasas de readmisión (21% a 15%). Finalmente, la implementación de la educación del paciente impulsada por enfermeras y AF sobre el consumo suplementario de dietas con fibra dio como resultado una disminución adicional, aunque nominal, de las readmisiones (15% a 14%). La latencia hasta la readmisión también aumentó significativamente durante el período de estudio.LIMITACIONES:Estudio de un solo centro con un muestreo de pequeño tamaño.CONCLUSIONES:La implementación de iniciativas dirigidas a mejorar la continuidad en el equipo, la estandarización de las terapias de rehidratación y la mejoría en la información de los pacientes disminuyeron las tasas de readmisión en todos aquellas personas con nuevas ileostomías. Los centros rurales, donde los recursos para pacientes ambulatorios no están tan fácilmente disponibles o accesibles, son los que más beneficiaron de este tipo de intervenciones específicas para reducir las tasas de readmisión. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B771. (Traducción-Dr. Xavier Delgadillo).

Systematic Review of Ostomy Care Pathways

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate if ostomy care pathways improve outcomes for adults anticipating or living with an ostomy.

DATA SOURCES

In this systematic review, the authors searched the MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, and EMBASE databases.

STUDY SELECTION

Studies were included if they met the following criteria: written in English, targeted adults anticipating or currently living with an ostomy, evaluated the impact of two or more components of an ostomy care pathway, and included one or more of the pertinent outcomes (patient satisfaction, hospital length of stay, hospital readmission rates, and staff satisfaction).

DATA EXTRACTION

Details recorded included design, setting, descriptions of intervention and control groups, patient characteristics, outcomes, data collection tools, effect size, and potential harms.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Of 5,298 total records, 11 met the inclusion criteria: 2 randomized controlled trials and 9 nonrandomized studies. The overall quality of the studies was low. Of the four studies that examined patient satisfaction, all studies reported improvement or positive satisfaction rates. Of the six studies that evaluated hospital length of stay, five noted a decrease in length of stay. Of the eight studies that evaluated hospital readmission rates, five found a reduction in hospital readmission rates. No studies reported on staff satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Ostomy care pathways included preoperative education and counseling, postoperative education and discharge planning, and outpatient home visits and telephone follow-ups. Ostomy care pathways may contribute to patient satisfaction and decrease both hospital length of stay and hospital readmission rates. However, higher-quality literature is needed to be confident in the effectiveness of ostomy care pathways.

Overall readmissions and readmissions related to dehydration after creation of an ileostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Hospital readmissions after creation of an ileostomy are common and come with a high clinical and financial burden. The aim of this review with pooled analysis was to determine the incidence of dehydration-related and all-cause readmissions after formation of an ileostomy, and the associated costs.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted for studies reporting on dehydration-related and overall readmission rates after formation of a loop or end ileostomy between January 1990 and April 2021. Analyses were performed using R Statistical Software Version 3.6.1.

Results

The search yielded 71 studies (n = 82,451 patients). The pooled incidence of readmissions due to dehydration was 6% (95% CI 0.04–0.09) within 30 days, with an all-cause readmission rate of 20% (CI 95% 0.18–0.23). Duration of readmissions for dehydration ranged from 2.5 to 9 days. Average costs of dehydration-related readmission were between $2750 and $5924 per patient. Other indications for readmission within 30 days were specified in 15 studies, with a pooled incidence of 5% (95% CI 0.02–0.14) for dehydration, 4% (95% CI 0.02–0.08) for stoma outlet problems, and 4% (95% CI 0.02–0.09) for infections.

Conclusions

One in five patients are readmitted with a stoma-related complication within 30 days of creation of an ileostomy. Dehydration is the leading cause for these readmissions, occurring in 6% of all patients within 30 days. This comes with high health care cost for a potentially avoidable cause. Better monitoring, patient awareness and preventive measures are required.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10151-022-02580-6.

Readmission after rectal resection in the ERAS-era: is a loop ileostomy the Achilles heel?

BACKGROUND

Rectal resection surgery is often followed by a loop ileostomy creation. Despite improvements in surgical technique and development of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols, the readmission-rate after rectal resection is still estimated to be around 30%. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for readmission after rectal resection surgery. This study also investigated whether elderly patients (≥ 65 years old) dispose of a distinct patient profile and associated risk factors for readmission.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data from patients who consecutively underwent rectal resection for cancer within an ERAS protocol between 2011 and 2016. The primary study endpoint was 90-day readmission. Patients with and without readmission within 90 days were compared. Additional subgroup analysis was performed in patients ≥ 65 years old.

RESULTS

A total of 344 patients were included, and 25% (n = 85) were readmitted. Main reasons for readmission were acute renal insufficiency (24%), small bowel obstruction (20%), anastomotic leakage (15%) and high output stoma (11%). In multivariate logistic regression, elevated initial creatinine level (cut-off values: 0.67-1.17 mg/dl) (OR 1.95, p = 0.041) and neoadjuvant radiotherapy (OR 2.63, p = 0.031) were significantly associated with readmission. For ileostomy related problems, elevated initial creatinine level (OR 2.76, p = 0.021) was identified to be significant.

CONCLUSION

Recovery after rectal resection within an ERAS protocol is hampered by the presence of a loop ileostomy. ERAS protocols should include stoma education and high output stoma prevention.

Hospital Variation in Readmissions and Visits to the Emergency Department Following Ileostomy Surgery

BACKGROUND

Ileostomy surgery is associated with a high readmission rate, and care pathways to prevent readmissions have been proposed. However, the extent to which readmission rates have improved is unknown. This study examined rates of readmission and emergency department visits ("return to hospital," or RTH) across hospitals in Michigan.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing colorectal surgery with ileostomy formation from July 2012 to August 2017 in twenty Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC) hospitals. Primary outcome was RTH within 30 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for RTH. RTH rates over time were calculated, and hospitals' risk-adjusted rates were estimated using a multivariable model. Hospitals were divided into quartiles by risk-adjusted RTH rates, and RTH rates were compared between quartiles.

RESULTS

Of 982 patients, 28.5% experienced RTH. Rates of RTH did not decrease over time. Adjusted hospital RTH rates ranged from 9.4 to 43.3%. The risk-adjusted rate in the best-performing hospital quartile was 17.5% vs. 37.3% in the worst-performing quartile (p < 0.001). Hospitals that were outliers for ileostomy RTH were not outliers for colorectal resection RTH in general.

CONCLUSIONS

Rates of RTH following ileostomy surgery are high and vary between hospitals. This suggests inconsistent or ineffective use of pathways to prevent these events and potential for improvement. There is clear opportunity to standardize care to prevent RTH after ileostomy surgery.

Interventions to reduce dehydration related to defunctioning loop ileostomy after low anterior resection in rectal cancer: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Defunctioning loop ileostomy (DLI) in low anterior resection (LAR) in rectal cancer patients reduces the morbidity of anastomotic leakages. In our previous study, 30% of patients developed dehydration due to DLI, mostly during the first 6 weeks. This interventional study aimed to reduce these figures by establishing a surveillance programme.

METHODS

An interventional study of rectal cancer patients undergoing LAR and DLI between 2013 and 2015 was carried out. A historical study group was used as control. Stoma care nurses educated the intervention group about high-output stoma. Blood tests, including creatinine and electrolytes, were taken every second week until 8 weeks post-operatively and an additional control in case of subjective high-output stoma.

RESULTS

Eighty-seven patients underwent LAR and DLI during the study period. Twenty-one (24%) developed dehydration episodes, and nine (43%) of them required readmission. There was no difference compared to the control group, where 29% developed dehydration, and about half (52%) needed readmission (P = 0.62 and P = 0.57, respectively). However, when explicitly examining patients demonstrating symptomatic dehydration, there was a significant difference, that is 10 (11%) versus 27 (29%) (P < 0.005). Overall, the dehydrated group was older and more likely to take diuretics compared to the non-dehydrated group.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that reducing dehydration episodes and readmission after DLI is a challenging process. The proposed surveillance was only effective in preventing symptomatic dehydration. Subjects taking diuretics and the elderly are at risk of dehydration and should be followed cautiously.

Effectiveness of the Ileostomy Pathway in Reducing Readmissions for Dehydration: Does It Stand the Test of Time?

BACKGROUND

The ileostomy pathway, introduced in 2011, has proved to be successful in eliminating hospital readmissions for high-output ileostomy or dehydration in the following period of 7 months in a single institution. However, it is unclear whether this short-term success, immediately after the initiation of the program, can be sustainable in the long term.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and the durability of the ileostomy pathway in reducing readmissions for dehydration over a longer period of time.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective review of the patients who entered into the ileostomy pathway, since its introduction on March 1, 2011, until January 31, 2015.

SETTINGS

This study was conducted at a tertiary academic center.

PATIENTS

Patients undergoing colorectal surgery with the creation of a new end or loop ileostomy were included.

INTERVENTION

The long-term sustainability of the ileostomy pathway was assessed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary end point was readmission within 30 days after discharge for a high-output ileostomy or dehydration.

RESULTS

A total of 393 patients (male n = 195, female n = 198, median age 52 (18-87) years) were included: 161 prepathway and 232 on-pathway. Overall 30-day postdischarge readmission rates decreased from 35.4% to 25.9% (p = 0.04). Readmissions due to high output and/or dehydration dropped from 15.5% to 3.9% (p < 0.001). Readmissions due to small-bowel obstructions dropped from 9.9% to 4.3%, (p = 0.03).

LIMITATIONS

The possible limitations of the study included a nonrandomized comparison of the patient groups and those patients who were possibly admitted to different institutions.

CONCLUSIONS

The present ileostomy pathway decreases readmissions for high-output ileostomy and dehydration in patients with new ileostomies and is durable in the long term. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B233. EFICACIA DE VÍA DE ILEOSTOMÍA PARA REDUCIR LOS REINGRESOS POR DESHIDRATACIÓN: ¿RESISTE LA PRUEBA DEL TIEMPO?: La vía de ileostomía, introducida en 2011, ha demostrado ser exitosa en la eliminación de reingresos hospitalarios por ileostomía de alto rendimiento o deshidratación, por un período de 7 meses, en una sola institución. Sin embargo, no se ha aclarado si el éxito es a corto plazo, inmediatamente después del inicio del programa, y de que pueda ser sostenible a largo plazo.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia y la durabilidad de la vía de ileostomía, para disminuir los reingresos por deshidratación, durante un período de tiempo más largo.Esta fue una revisión retrospectiva de pacientes que ingresaron a la vía de ileostomía, desde su introducción el 1 de marzo de 2011 hasta el 31 de enero de 2015.Este estudio se realizó en un centro académico terciario.Se incluyeron pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal con la creación de una nueva ileostomía de extremo o asa.Evaluar la sostenibilidad de la vía de ileostomía a largo plazo.El punto final primario fue el reingreso dentro de los 30 días posteriores al alta, por una ileostomía de alto gasto o deshidratación.Se incluyeron un total de 393 pacientes (hombres n = 195, mujeres n = 198, edad media 52 [18-87] años), 161 antes de la vía y 232 en la vía. En general, las tasas de reingreso después del alta a 30 días, disminuyeron de 35.4% a 25.9% (p = 0.04). Los reingresos por alto rendimiento y / o deshidratación, disminuyeron del 15.5% al 3.9% (p < 0.001). Los reingresos debidos a obstrucciones del intestino delgado, disminuyeron del 9.9% al 4.3% (p = 0.03).Las posibles limitaciones del estudio incluyeron una comparación no aleatoria de los grupos de pacientes, y de aquellos pacientes que posiblemente fueron admitidos en diferentes instituciones.La vía de ileostomía disminuye los reingresos por ileostomía de alto gasto y deshidratación, en nuevos pacientes con ileostomía, y es duradera a largo plazo. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B233.

National Trends in Readmission and Resource Utilization After Pancreatectomy in the United States

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatectomy is a complex operation that has been associated with excess morbidity and mortality. Although acute index outcomes have been characterized, there are limited data available on nonelective readmission after pancreatic surgery. We sought to identify factors associated with 30-day and 30- to 90-day readmission after pancreatectomy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We utilized the National Readmissions Database between 2010 and 2016 to identify adults who underwent a pancreatectomy. The primary outcomes were 30-day (30DR) and 30- to 90-day (90DR) readmission. Secondary outcomes included nonelective readmission trends, diagnosis, length of stay, charges, and mortality.

RESULTS

Of an estimated 130,267 subjects undergoing pancreatectomy, 97% survived index hospitalization. Eighteen percent of patients had nonelective 30DR while 5.6% experienced 90DR. Readmission at the two time points remained stable during the study period. After adjusting for institution, pancreatectomy volume, mortality (2.0% versus 4.9%, P < 0.001), 30DR length of stay (7.3 d versus 7.8 d, P < 0.001), and 90DR rates (6.9% versus 8.1%, P = 0.003) were significantly decreased at high-volume pancreatectomy centers compared to low-volume hospitals. Discharge to a skilled nursing facility (AOR: 1.52) or with home health care (AOR: 1.2) was associated with 30DR (P < 0.001). Patients undergoing total pancreatectomy (AOR: 1.3) or those with a substance use disorder (AOR: 1.4) among others were associated with 90DR (P ≤ 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Readmissions are common and costly after pancreatectomy. Approximately 20% of patients experience readmission within 30 d. 30DR and 90DR rates remained stable during the study. Pancreatectomy at a high-volume center was associated with decreased mortality and 90DR. The present analysis confirms associations between pancreatectomy volume, postsurgical complications, comorbidities, and readmission.

Current Management of Intestinal Stomas and Their Complications

Inappropriate stoma site, improper management of stoma, and stoma complications lead to diminished quality of life of ostomates. Healthcare professionals involved in stoma creation and/or care should have the fundamental and updated knowledge of the management of stomas and their complications. This review article consists of the following major sections: principles of perioperative patient management, early complications, and late complications. In the "principles of perioperative patient management" section, the current concepts and trends in preoperative education, stoma site marking, postoperative education, and patient educational resources are discussed. In the "early complications" section, we have focused on the etiology and current management of ischemia/necrosis, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, mucocutaneous separation, and retraction. In the "late complications" section, we have focused on the etiology and current management of parastomal hernia, stoma prolapse, parastomal varices, and pyoderma gangrenosum. Pre- and postoperative patient education facilitates the patient's independence in stoma care and resumption of normal activities. Healthcare providers should have basic skills and updated knowledge on the management of stomas and complications of stomas, to act as the first crisis manager for ostomates.

Ileostomy Care: A Guide for Home Care Clinicians

This article focuses on the care and management of patients living with an ileostomy. Due to shortened hospital stays, patient teaching related to self-care of ostomies has shifted from the hospital to the home setting. It is important for home care clinicians to be knowledgeable about all aspects of ostomy care. Patients with ileostomies are particularly prone to peristomal skin problems, as well as fluid and electrolyte and nutritional imbalances. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, indications for the creation of an ileostomy, and prevention and treatment of early and late complications. Practical advice on ileostomy care and patient teaching is provided.

A novel patient-centered protocol to reduce hospital readmissions for dehydration after ileostomy

Early hospital readmission for dehydration represents a relevant problem among patients with diverting or terminal ileostomy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new multidisciplinary individualized multistep protocol in terms of reduction of hospital readmission for dehydration. Since January 2016, our institution adopted a new protocol for patients with ileostomy. Protocol key points were: preoperative personalized education in stoma management; early recognition of dehydration symptoms; multidisciplinary counseling; patient autonomy in stoma management through post-operative recall schedule. The study compared a series of consecutive patients treated before (2014-2015) and after (2016-2017) the protocol application. The primary endpoint was hospital readmission rate after protocol use. The secondary endpoint was the identification of possible risk factors for readmission. The entire cohort was composed of 296 patients, 129 in the protocol group and 167 in the control one. The two groups were homogeneous for baseline characteristics. Hospital readmission rate within 30 days post-discharge for dehydration dropped from 9 to 3.9% after protocol application. Specifically, the number of avoided potential readmissions was 29/129 (22.4%). The number needed to treat (NNT) was 20. Univariate analysis identified three relevant variables: patient comorbidities, diuretics use as risk factors and protocol application as the protective one. The multivariate analysis confirmed patient comorbidity as the risk factor. Dehydration related to ileostomy is a potentially avoidable problem, by employing preventive strategies, especially in high-risk patients. Our new protocol could be a simple and cost-saving method, effective in preventing hospital readmissions.

Predictors of dehydration and acute renal failure in patients with diverting loop ileostomy creation after colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND

Despite the potential benefits of fecal diversion after low pelvic anastomosis in colorectal surgery, diverting loop ileostomy construction is related to significant rates of complications.

AIM

To determine potential predictors of high output related complications in patients with diverting loop ileostomy creation after colorectal surgery.

METHODS

Patients who underwent open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery requiring a diverting loop ileostomy from January 2010 to March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. We included patients older than 18 years, who underwent colorectal surgery with primary low pelvic anastomosis, and with the creation of a diverting loop ileostomy, at elective or emergency settings for the treatment of benign or malignant conditions. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of the potential predictors on the rate of high output related complications. The high output related complications were dehydration and acute renal failure that required visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations.

RESULTS

Of the 102 patients included in the study, 23.5% (n = 24) suffered high output related complications. In this group of patients at least one visit to the emergency department (mean 1.6), and at least one readmission to the hospital was needed. The factors associated with high-output ileostomy, in the univariate analysis, were: urgent surgical intervention (OR = 2.6; P = 0.047), the development of postoperative complications (OR = 3; P = 0.024), have ulcerative colitis (OR = 4.8; P = 0.017), use of steroids (OR = 4.3; P = 0.010), mean output at discharge greater than 1000 mL/24 h (OR = 3.2; P = 0.016), and use of loperamide at discharge (OR = 2.8; P = 0.032). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified two independent risk factors for high output related complications: ulcerative colitis [OR = 7.6 (95%CI: 1.81-31.95); P = 0.006], and ileostomy output at discharge ≥ 1000 mL/24 h [OR = 3.3 (1.18-9.37); P = 0.023].

CONCLUSION

In our study, patients with ulcerative colitis and those with an ileostomy output above 1000 mL/24 h at discharge, were at increased risk of high output related complications.

System-Wide Improvement for Transitions After Ileostomy Surgery: Can Intensive Monitoring of Protocol Compliance Decrease Readmissions? A Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND

Hospital readmission is common after ileostomy formation and frequently associated with dehydration.

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to evaluate a previously published intervention to prevent dehydration and readmission.

DESIGN

This is a randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

This study was conducted in 3 hospitals within a single health care system.

PATIENTS

Patients undergoing elective or nonelective ileostomy as part of their operative procedure were selected.

INTERVENTION

Surgeons, advanced practice providers, inpatient and outpatient nurses, and wound ostomy continence nurses participated in a robust ileostomy education and monitoring program (Education Program for Prevention of Ileostomy Complications) based on the published intervention. After informed consent, patients were randomly assigned to a postoperative compliance surveillance and prompting strategy that was directed toward the care team, versus usual care.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Unplanned hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge, readmission for dehydration, acute renal failure, estimated direct costs, and patient satisfaction were the primary outcomes measured.

RESULTS

One hundred patients with an ileostomy were randomly assigned. The most common indications were rectal cancer (n = 26) and ulcerative colitis (n = 21), and 12 were emergency procedures. Although intervention patients had better postdischarge phone follow-up (90% vs 72%; p = 0.025) and were more likely to receive outpatient intravenous fluids (25% vs 6%; p = 0.008), they had similar overall hospital readmissions (20.4% vs 19.6%; p = 1.0), readmissions for dehydration (8.2% vs 5.9%; p = 0.71), and acute renal failure events (10.2% vs 3.9%; p = 0.26). Multivariable analysis found that weekend discharges to home were significantly associated with readmission (OR, 4.5 (95% CI, 1.2-16.9); p = 0.03). Direct costs and patient satisfaction were similar.

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by the heterogeneous patient population and by the potential effect of the intervention on providers taking care of patients randomly assigned to usual care.

CONCLUSIONS

A surveillance strategy to ensure compliance with an ileostomy education program tracked patients more closely and was cost neutral, but did not result in decreased hospital readmissions compared with usual care. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A812.

Readmission After Elective Ileostomy in Colorectal Surgery Is Predictable

Background and Objectives:

Patients who undergo colorectal surgery have high postoperative morbidity, with ileostomates being the most disadvantaged. Recent studies assessing readmission risk factors do not provide a specific prediction model and, if so, do not focus on patients who have had colorectal surgery; thus, the results of these studies have limited applicability to our specialized practice. We wanted to develop a prediction model for readmission within 30 days of discharge after ileostomy creation.

Methods:

Patients who underwent elective ileostomy creation from 2013 to 2016 at the University of Florida were included in this retrospective study. Factors significantly associated with readmission within 30 days after discharge were identified by comparing a cohort that was readmitted within 30 days with one that was not. A practical, predictive model that stratified a patient's risk of readmission after the index procedure was developed.

Results:

A total of 86 iliostomates were included; of those, 22 (26%) were readmitted within 30 days. Factors significantly associated with readmission included preoperative steroid use, history of diabetes, history of depression, lack of a hospital social worker or postoperative ostomy education, and the presence of complications after the index procedure. A model predicting readmission within 30 days of discharge that comprised the first 4 factors was developed, with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 77%.

Conclusion:

Prediction of readmission in patients who undergo ileostomy creation is possible, suggesting interventions addressing predictive factors that may help decrease the readmission rate. Prospective validation of the model in a larger cohort is needed.

Readmissions With Dehydration After Ileostomy Creation: Rethinking Risk Factors

BACKGROUND

Twenty-nine percent of postileostomy discharges are readmitted, most commonly because of dehydration. However, there is a lack of detailed data specifically evaluating factors associated with readmission with dehydration. In addition, patients with a history of an ileostomy have often been excluded from previous studies and therefore represent a group of understudied ileostomates.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate factors available at discharge associated with 30-day readmission for dehydration, rather than all-cause readmissions.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Study patients received ileostomies at a tertiary academic medical center from 2014 to 2016.

PATIENTS

Patients with a preexisting ileostomy that was not recreated per the operative note were excluded, whereas those who received a new ileostomy were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The primary outcome measured was 30-day readmission for dehydration as defined by objective clinical criteria.

RESULTS

A total of 262 patients underwent ileostomy creation and were discharged alive. Twenty-five percent were ≥65 years of age, 53% were men, 14% had a history of ileostomy, 18% had a creatinine >1.0 on discharge, and 26% had high ileostomy output at any time during the index admission. Among all ileostomates, the all-cause readmission rate was 30%. Mean days to readmission for any cause was 8.5, whereas for dehydration it was 11.6 days. Of the readmissions, 37% were readmitted with a diagnosis of dehydration, and dehydration was the sole reason in 26%. Among those with dehydration, the most common length of stay was 2 days. In multivariable logistic regression, 30-day readmission with dehydration was associated with older age, male sex, history of an ileostomy, high ileostomy output during index admission, and a discharge creatinine >1.0.

LIMITATIONS

This study was limited by its retrospective design.

CONCLUSIONS

Ileostomy dehydration efforts have focused on new ileostomy patients; however, our data suggest that patients with a history of an ileostomy are actually at risk for readmission with dehydration. Further studies aimed at the reduction of readmission with dehydration after ileostomy are warranted and should include patients with a history of an ileostomy. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A643.

Use of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker is a major risk factor for dehydration requiring readmission in the setting of a new ileostomy

PURPOSE

Diverting ileostomies help prevent major complications related to anastomoses after colorectal resection but can cause metabolic derangement and hypovolemia, leading to readmission. This paper aims to determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) use increased the risk of readmission, or readmission specifically for dehydration after new ileostomy creation.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing diverting ileostomy at a tertiary-care hospital, 2009-2015. Primary outcome was 60-day readmission for dehydration; secondary outcomes included 60-day readmission for any cause, or for infection obstruction.

RESULTS

Ninety-nine patients underwent diverting ileostomy creation, 59% with a primary diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The 60-day readmission rate was 36% (n = 36). Of readmitted patients, 39% (n = 14) were admitted for dehydration. Other readmission reasons were infection (33%) and obstruction (3%). The majority (64%, n = 9) of patients readmitted for dehydration were taking either an ACEi or an ARB. Compared to patients not readmitted for dehydration, those who were readmitted for dehydration were more likely to be on an ACEi or an ARB (11/85, 13% vs. 9/14, 64%). After controlling for covariates, ACEi or ARB use was significantly associated with risk of readmission (p < 0.0001, odds ratio = 13.56, 95% confidence interval 3.54-51.92,). No other diuretic agent was statistically associated with readmission for dehydration.

CONCLUSIONS

ACEi and ARB use is a significant risk factor for readmission for dehydration following diverting ileostomy creation. Consideration should be given to withholding these medications after ileostomy creation to reduce this risk.