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Mohammad Aminzadeh F, Zeynizadeh B. Immobilized nickel boride nanoparticles on magnetic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes: a new nanocomposite for the efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepines. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4499-4520. [PMID: 37638163 PMCID: PMC10448344 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00415e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new magnetic nanocomposite consisting of Ni2B nanoparticles anchored on magnetic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4/f-MWCNT/Ni2B) was synthesized and characterized using various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, SEM-based EDX, SEM-based elemental mapping, HRTEM, DLS, SAED, XPS, BET, TGA, and VSM. The as-prepared magnetic nanocomposite was successfully employed for the preparation of bioactive 1,4-benzodiazepines from the three-component reaction of o-phenylenediamine (1), dimedone (2), and different aldehydes (3), in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) as a solvent at 60 °C. The obtained results demonstrated that the current one-pot three-component protocol offers many advantages, such as good-to-excellent yields within acceptable reaction times, favorable TONs and TOFs, eco-friendliness of the procedure, easy preparation of the nanocomposite, mild reaction conditions, a broad range of products, excellent catalytic activity, green solvent, and reusability of the nanocomposite.
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Wang R, Zhang W, Tang Y, Qi ZH, Yu YH, Tan HB, Tang DY, Xu ZG, Chen ZZ. A four-component domino reaction for the synthesis of novel bridgehead nitrogen-containing pyrido[1,2-d][1,4]diazepines. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04233e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An efficient methodology for the synthesis of a new family of novel bridgehead nitrogen-containing pyrido[1,2-d][1,4]diazepines has been described and its mechanism has been proposed, which follows a ring-closure and ring-cleavage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ying Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Ze-Hui Qi
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Yu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Hong-Bo Tan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Dian-Yong Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Zhong-Zhu Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy & IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
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Tachibana M, Inada T, Ichida M, Kojima S, Shioya M, Wakayama K, Ozaki N. Factors associated with the severity of delirium. Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2787. [PMID: 33743182 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various factors affecting the development of delirium have been identified. However, the associations between the severity of delirium and potentially related factors have not been adequately investigated. The aim of the present study was to explore factors associated with the severity of delirium and to identify the reversible contributing factors. METHODS A total of 577 patients with delirium referred to the Department of Psychiatry during the 5 years from May 2015 to April 2020 at a general hospital were included. The Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98 (DRS-R-98) was used to measure the severity of delirium. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether individual factors were associated with the severity of delirium. RESULTS Intensive care unit admission (p = 0.003), use of benzodiazepines (p = 0.01), dementia (p = 0.02), and older age (p = 0.045) were all positively associated the severity of delirium, while use of β-blockers (p = 0.001) was negatively associated with the severity of delirium. CONCLUSIONS Reversible contributing factors, that is use of benzodiazepines, should be avoided as much as possible, especially in elderly patients or patients with dementia or patients who need critical care in ICU. Reducing the dose of benzodiazepines or switching them to other drugs should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tachibana
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Psychobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Ichida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shihori Kojima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shioya
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuki Wakayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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Factors affecting hallucinations in patients with delirium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13005. [PMID: 34155323 PMCID: PMC8217166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Delirium develops through a multifactorial process and include multiple subtypes with different pathological factors. To refine the treatment and care for delirium, a more detailed examination of these subtypes is needed. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the factors affecting delirium in cases in which hallucinations are conspicuous. In total, 602 delirium cases referred to the psychiatry department at a general hospital between May 2015 and August 2020 were enrolled. The Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98 was used to assess perceptual disturbances and hallucinations in patients with delirium. Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine whether individual factors were associated with the hallucinations. A total of 156 patients with delirium (25.9%) experienced hallucinations, with visual hallucinations being the most common subtype. Alcohol drinking (p < 0.0005), benzodiazepine withdrawal (p = 0.004), and the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (p = 0.007) or dopamine receptor agonists (p = 0.014) were found to be significantly associated with hallucinations in patients with delirium. The four factors detected in this study could all be reversible contributing factors derived from the use of or withdrawal from exogenous substances.
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Tachibana M, Inada T, Ichida M, Kojima S, Arai T, Naito K, Ozaki N. Significant decrease in delirium referrals after changing hypnotic from benzodiazepine to suvorexant. Psychogeriatrics 2021; 21:324-332. [PMID: 33644945 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of benzodiazepines (BZDs) causes delirium, especially in elderly people. For this reason, suvorexant has been recommended as the first-line hypnotic in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether the first-line use of suvorexant, instead of BZDs, decreases referrals for delirium in elderly patients. METHODS Since May 2016 at Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, suvorexant has been recommended as the first-line hypnotic instead of BZDs. In May 2017, suvorexant was adopted as the first-line hypnotic. The number of delirium cases referred to psychiatry was compared among three consecutive periods: period A (May 2015-April 2016), during which BZDs were mainly used for insomnia; period B (May 2016-April 2017), during which the use of suvorexant was recommended instead of BZDs; and period C (May 2017-April 2018), during which suvorexant was principally adopted as the first-line hypnotic for insomnia. Potential confounding factors that may affect the development of delirium were also examined during the three periods. RESULTS The number of delirium referral cases in elderly patients in each period decreased, from 133 in period A to 86 in period B and 53 in period C. The rate of delirium referral cases decreased significantly every year (P = 9.02 × 10-10 ). Almost no significant confounding factors other than hypnotics were detected during the three periods. CONCLUSION The referrals for delirium in elderly patients decreased significantly after the hypnotic was changed from BZDs to suvorexant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Tachibana
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Psychobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaru Ichida
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shihori Kojima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Arai
- Department of Pharmacy, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Naito
- Medical Safety Management Office, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Farhid H, Khodkari V, Nazeri MT, Javanbakht S, Shaabani A. Multicomponent reactions as a potent tool for the synthesis of benzodiazepines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3318-3358. [PMID: 33899847 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs), a diverse class of benzofused seven-membered N-heterocycles, display essential pharmacological properties and play vital roles in some biochemical processes. They have mainly been prescribed as potential therapeutic agents, which interestingly represent various biological activities such as anticancer, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antituberculosis, muscle relaxant, and antimicrobial activities. The extensive biological activities of BZDs in various fields have encouraged medicinal chemists to discover and design novel BZD-based scaffolds as potential therapeutic candidates with the favorite biological activity through an efficient protocol. Although certainly valuable and important, conventional synthetic routes to these bicyclic benzene compounds contain methodologies often requiring multistep procedures, which suffer from waste materials generation and lack of sustainability. By contrast, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have recently advanced as a green synthetic strategy for synthesizing BZDs with the desired scope. In this regard, MCRs, especially Ugi and Ugi-type reactions, efficiently and conveniently supply various complex synthons, which can easily be converted to the BZDs via suitable post-transformations. Also, MCRs, especially Mannich-type reactions, provide speedy and economic approaches for the one-pot and one-step synthesis of BZDs. As a result, various functionalized-BZDs have been achieved by developing mild, efficient, and high-yielding MCR protocols. This review covers all aspects of the synthesis of BZDs with a particular focus on the MCRs as well as the mechanism chemistry of synthetic protocols. The present manuscript opens a new avenue for organic, medicinal, and industrial chemists to design safe, environmentally benign, and economical methods for the synthesis of new and known BZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Farhid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vida Khodkari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Nazeri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Siamak Javanbakht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P. O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran. and Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6, Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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Ahmadi T, Mohammadi Ziarani G, Masoumian Hoseini SM, Badiei A, Ranjbar MM. Synthesis, characterization, and molecular docking of benzodiazepines in the presence of SrFe12O19 magnetic nanocatalyst. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kawamata Y, Sugawara N, Ishioka M, Kubo K, Suzuki K, Fujii A, Furukori H, Nakagami T, Yasui-Furukori N, Shimoda K. Different Attitudes of Patients and Psychiatrists Toward Benzodiazepine Treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1927-1936. [PMID: 34163166 PMCID: PMC8214561 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s314440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern regarding the benefit/risk ratio of the long-term use of benzodiazepines (BDZs) and Z-drugs is increasing. To prevent the risk of dependence in BDZ long-term use, it is essential to understand the attitudes of patients and psychiatrists toward BDZ treatment. The aims of this investigation were to 1) obtain information on patients' attitudes with long-term BDZ use and their referring psychiatrists' attitudes toward BDZ treatment, including their perception of the difficulty of reducing the dose of BDZs, and 2) identify discrepancies between patients' and psychiatrists' perceptions. METHODS A brief questionnaire was constructed to investigate the attitudes of patients receiving BDZ treatment and their referring psychiatrists. Our sample comprised 155 patients who received BDZ treatment for more than one year and their referring eight psychiatrists. Both the patients and their psychiatrists completed our questionnaire between August 2017 and December 2017. RESULTS Of the patients, 13% felt that it was more difficult to reduce the dose of BDZs than their referring psychiatrists (type A discrepancy), while 25% felt that it was less difficult (type B discrepancy). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the female sex and both the patients' ("psychotherapy plus BDZs was necessary" and "it was necessary to increase the dose of BDZs") and psychiatrists' beliefs ("short-term prescription was justified") were associated with type A discrepancies. Type B discrepancies were associated with psychiatrists' beliefs that the patient's wishes justified the use of BDZs and that the cessation of treatment with BDZs would lead to the deterioration of their rapport with their patients. CONCLUSION To overcome the discrepancies in the attitudes of patients and psychiatrists toward the cessation of BDZ treatment, it is necessary to promote patient-centered care involving patient psychoeducation and practice guidelines for the decision-making process. Further studies investigating the promotion of patient-centered care to reduce BDZ use are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawamata
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Norio Sugawara
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | - Kazutoshi Kubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki-Aiseikai Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Katsuji Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Aomori Central Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akira Fujii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Mutsu General Hospital, Mutsu, Japan
| | - Hanako Furukori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kuroishi-Akebono Hospital, Kuroishi, Japan
| | - Taku Nakagami
- Department of Psychiatry, Nakagami Mental Clinic, Ohdate, Japan
| | - Norio Yasui-Furukori
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shimoda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
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Chen PJ, Yu NW, Tsai HJ, Hwang CW, Chiu YW, Tsay WI, Hsu J, Chang CM. Hospitalized burn injury risk associated with benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in elders: A population-based case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1465-1472. [PMID: 31111978 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs treatment and risk of burn injury in elders. METHODS We designed a nested case-control study. All subjects were aged 65 and older and enrolled in the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan, 2003 to 2012; 813 cases were identified with burn injury for the first time in their inpatient claims, and they were individually matched to 4879 controls based on age, gender, and index year. Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs usage (doses, duration, half-life) and the other covariates including comorbidities, health care utilization, and psychotropic medications used in the 365 days before index events were examined. RESULTS A significant increased risk of burn injury hospitalization in elders was observed among current Z-drugs users compared with nonusers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.23, 2.07]). BZDs at high (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.12, 2.94] and medium dosage (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI [1.15, 2.04] and Z-drugs at medium dosage (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI [1.20, 2.12]) were all significantly increased the burn-related injury requiring hospitalization. Polypharmacy of anxiolytic and hypnotic BZDs, long- and short-acting BZDs, and more than one BZD with or without Z-drugs also increased the risk. CONCLUSIONS BZDs and Z-drugs prescriptions in elders may be associated with increased risk of burn injury hospitalization. When prescribing BZDs and Z-drugs, clinicians should exercise caution with the elderly to minimize risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Wen Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Rehabilitation & Community Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wan Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Rehabilitation & Community Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Rehabilitation & Community Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ing Tsay
- Division of Controlled Drugs, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui Hsu
- Division of Controlled Drugs, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Synthesis and characterization of CoFe2O4@SiO2@NH-NH2-PCuW as an acidic nano catalyst for the synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepines and a powerful dye remover. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:Little is known about the combined use of benzodiazepines and antidepressants in older psychiatric patients. This study examined the prescription pattern of concurrent benzodiazepines in older adults treated with antidepressants in Asia, and explored its demographic and clinical correlates. METHODS The data of 955 older adults with any type of psychiatric disorders were extracted from the database of the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antidepressants (REAP-AD) project. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. Both univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS The proportion of benzodiazepine and antidepressant combination in this cohort was 44.3%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that higher doses of antidepressants, younger age (<65 years), inpatients, public hospital, major comorbid medical conditions, antidepressant types, and country/territory were significantly associated with more frequent co-prescription of benzodiazepines and antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS Nearly, half of the older adults treated with antidepressants in Asia are prescribed concurrent benzodiazepines. Given the potentially adverse effects of benzodiazepines, the rationale of benzodiazepines and antidepressants co-prescription needs to be revisited.
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Sado M, Park S, Ninomiya A, Sato Y, Fujisawa D, Shirahase J, Mimura M. Feasibility study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders in a Japanese setting. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:653. [PMID: 30189900 PMCID: PMC6127937 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) could be a treatment option for anxiety disorders. Although its effectiveness under conditions of low pharmacotherapy rates has been demonstrated, its effectiveness under condition of high pharmacotherapy rate is still unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of MBCT under the context of high pharmacotherapy rates. Results A single arm with pre-post comparison design was adopted. Those who had any diagnosis of anxiety disorders, between the ages of 20 and 74, were included. Participants attended 8 weekly 2-hour-long sessions followed by 2 monthly boosters. Evaluation was conducted at baseline, in the middle, at end of the intervention, and at follow-up. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-state was set as the primary outcome. Pre-post analyses with mixed-effect models repeated measures were conducted. Fourteen patients were involved. The mean age was 45.0, and 71.4% were female. The mean change in the STAI-state at every point showed statistically significant improvement. The STAI-trait also showed improvement at a high significance level from the very early stages. The participants showed significant improvement at least one point in some other secondary outcomes. Trial registration Retrospectively registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network on 1st August 2013 (ID: UMIN000011347)
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Sado
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Center for Stress Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sunre Park
- Faculty of Nursing and Medicine Care, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Palliative Care Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ninomiya
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stress Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sato
- Department of Nursing, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujisawa
- Palliative Care Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Patient Safety, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joichiro Shirahase
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stress Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stress Research, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Indalkar KS, Patil MS, Chaturbhuj GU. An efficient, environmentally benign, and solvent-free protocol for the synthesis of 4-substituted 1,5-benzodiazepines catalyzed by reusable sulfated polyborate. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Inoue K, Murofushi T, Nagaoka K, Ando N, Hakamata Y, Suzuki A, Umemura A, Yoshida Y, Hirai K, Tsuji D, Itoh K. Influence of Genetic Polymorphisms and Concomitant Anxiolytic Doses on Antidepressant Maintenance Doses in Japanese Patients with Depression. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1508-13. [PMID: 27320498 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To prevent recurrent depression, patients should ideally continue treatment for >6 months with the antidepressant dose that effectively suppressed acute depressive symptoms. However, there are inter-individual differences in the antidepressant doses required to achieve response and maintenance. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the role of clinical features, including genetic polymorphisms, on the antidepressant dose required for maintenance therapy in 82 Japanese patients with depression. We calculated the antidepressant dose using the imipramine equivalent scale and the dose of concomitant anxiolytics and hypnotics using the diazepam equivalent scale. The 82 participants were classified into two groups based on the median imipramine equivalent dose, and we examined the influence of patient characteristics and the presence of genetic polymorphisms of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF; rs6265) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein 1 (CREB1; rs2253306, rs4675690, rs769963) on the antidepressant maintenance dose. Using a multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that the concomitant diazepam equivalent dose and presence of the CREB1 rs4675690 polymorphism were significantly associated with the antidepressant maintenance dose. We concluded that these factors influenced the antidepressant dose in maintenance therapy among Japanese patients with depression. However, further research is required in large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Inoue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders are frequently encountered in the elderly, but they are largely undetected and untreated. Epidemiological studies indicate a prevalence ranging from 1.2 to 15 %. With the exception of generalized anxiety disorder and agoraphobia, which can often start in late life, most anxiety disorders in older patients are chronic and have their onset earlier in life. Anxiety disorders are an often unrecognized cause of distress, disability, and mortality risk in older adults, and they have been associated with cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cognitive decline. The mechanisms of anxiety in older adults differ from that in younger adults due to age-related neuropathology, as well as the loss and isolation so prominent in late life. Our review intends to provide a comprehensive summary of the most recent research done in the field of anxiety disorders in the elderly. Recent findings in clinical research, neuroimaging, neuroendocrinology, and neuropsychology are covered. An update on treatment options is discussed, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological alternatives.
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Naeimi H, Foroughi H. Efficient, environmentally benign, one-pot procedure for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidonium hydrogen sulphate as an ionic liquid catalyst under solvent-free conditions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fujii K, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mimura M. Dependence on benzodiazepines in patients with panic disorder: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:93-9. [PMID: 24836178 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the prevalence of psychological dependence on benzodiazepines in outpatients with panic disorder and elucidate demographic and clinical characteristics associated with this condition. METHODS Subjects were eligible if they were outpatients in four clinics in Tokyo, Japan, aged 18 years or older and met the diagnostic criteria for panic disorder according to the ICD-10. The subjects received the following assessments: the Severity of Dependence Scale, Japanese Version (SDS), the Self-Report Version of Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Japanese Version (PDSS-SR), and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report, Japanese Version. The following information was also collected: age, sex, ethnicity, duration of illness, physical and psychiatric comorbidities, and details of prescribed psychotropic medications. RESULTS The data from 51 outpatients showed that 31 patients (60.8%) showed psychological dependence (i.e. a total score of ≥5 in the SDS). The proportion of patients with dependence was significantly lower in remitted patients (i.e. a total score of ≤4 in the PDSS) (44.1%, n = 15/34) than those who were not (94.1%, n = 16/17) (Pearson χ(2) = 11.9, P < 0.001). A multiple regression analysis showed that the PDSS scores showed a positive correlation with the SDS total scores (β = 0.60, 95% confidence interval = 0.30-0.90, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION These findings emphasize the need for enhanced awareness about benzodiazepine dependence in patients and psychiatrists, as well as especially close attention to patients with panic disorder who present severe symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Fujii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Azumabashi New Tower Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Naeimi H, Foroughi H. ZnS nanoparticles as an efficient recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 4-substituted-1,5-benzodiazepines. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and novel method was developed for the synthesis of 4-substituted-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives via a one-pot three-component catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Naeimi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Kashan
- Kashan
- I. R. Iran
| | - Hossein Foroughi
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Kashan
- Kashan
- I. R. Iran
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Addressing the Issue of Chronic, Inappropriate Benzodiazepine Use: How Can Pharmacists Play a Role? PHARMACY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy1020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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20
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Brandt NJ, Pythtila J. Psychopharmacological medication use among older adults with dementia in nursing homes. J Gerontol Nurs 2013; 39:8-14. [PMID: 23616986 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20130315-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the use of psychopharmacological medications, such as antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anxiolytic agents, have been scrutinized due to concerns with safety and efficacy especially in older adults with dementia. Over the past year, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services launched a national initiative to improve the behavioral health of older adults residing in America's nursing homes with a focus on reducing the inappropriate use of these medications to inform the practitioner of the importance of not just evaluating antipsychotic agents but all medications that an older person with dementia may be prescribed. This is critical due to the increased vulnerability of this population to adverse effects coupled with varying degrees of efficacy. Online national resources are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Brandt
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Tsutsumi C, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Watanabe K, Takeuchi H, Nakajima S, Kimura Y, Tsutsumi Y, Ishii K, Imasaka Y, Kapur S. The evolution of antipsychotic switch and polypharmacy in natural practice--a longitudinal perspective. Schizophr Res 2011; 130:40-6. [PMID: 21624824 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most patients with schizophrenia first start with a single antipsychotic, and yet most finally end up 'switching' or using 'polypharmacy'. The objective of this study was to examine the evolution of antipsychotic switch and polypharmacy in the real-world from a longitudinal perspective. METHODS A systematic review of longitudinal antipsychotic prescriptions in 300 patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10) for up to 2 years after their first visit to one of the 4 participating psychiatric clinics in Tokyo, Japan between January, 2007 and June, 2008, was conducted. Reasons for prescription change were also examined. The evolution of switching and polypharmacy was studied, and prescribed doses were compared to suggested dose ranges by the Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP). RESULTS 208 patients started their antipsychotic treatment with monotherapy. 34.1% of the patients gave up monotherapy with an initial antipsychotic to move to antipsychotic switch (27.4%) and/or polypharmacy (17.8%) within 2 years. The main reason for antipsychotic switch was 'ineffectiveness'; interestingly, this happened despite the fact that the monotherapy dose was below the recommended range in 47.4% of the antipsychotic switch. In a subgroup of 100 patients who started as antipsychotic-free, 2-year prevalence rates of switching and antipsychotic polypharmacy were 27.0% and 18.0%, respectively, and polypharmacy was resorted to after a median of 1 antipsychotic had been tried for 84 days (median). CONCLUSIONS These findings raise a concern that physicians may perform an antipsychotic switch without exploring the entire dose range and resort to antipsychotic polypharmacy without trying an adequate number of antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Tsutsumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Abstract
Minimally effective doses of antipsychotics are likely influenced by several clinical and demographic characteristics of patients, with age being one of the most important elements. In light of age-related physiologic changes as well as interindividual differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic systems, individualized dosing with regard to age will be critically important for safer drug treatment for older patients with schizophrenia. In the present review, we propose the following cautious psychopharmacologic interventions for this population: 1) simple regimen (avoid polypharmacy), 2) be aware of the presence of patients who are very sensitive to drugs, 3) gradual dose titration, and 4) timely and thorough assessments of therapeutic and side effects. The age-related antipsychotic sensitivity highlights the importance of finding the lowest possible effective dose of antipsychotic drugs as patients with schizophrenia age to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Préville M, Vasiliadis HM, Bossé C, Dionne PA, Voyer P, Brassard J. Pattern of psychotropic drug use among older adults having a depression or an anxiety disorder: results from the longitudinal ESA study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2011; 56:348-57. [PMID: 21756449 DOI: 10.1177/070674371105600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the use of psychotropic drugs in Quebec older adult population with a depressive or anxiety disorder. METHOD Data from the Enquête sur la Santé des Aînés (ESA) study conducted between 2005 and 2008 using a representative sample (n = 1869) of community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older were used to examine the use of psychotropic drugs in the Quebec older adult population. RESULTS Our results indicate that only 46.9% of the older adults with a diagnosis of depression or anxiety during the 24-month period studied according to the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Quebec (RAMQ) register used antidepressants (AD) for 400 days (12.9 months) on average during this period. Also, 59% of the RAMQ's mental health disorder patients used a mean daily dose of 5 mg of a diazepam equivalent for 338 days (10.9 months) on average during the same period. However, 10.0% of the older adults without any symptoms (ESA) at T1 and at T2 and any RAMQ depression and anxiety diagnosis between T0 and T2 were AD users during the 24-month period studied. They represent 26.2% of the AD users and consumed them for 494 days (15.9 months) on average during the 24-month period studied. Finally, the number of days of AD and benzodiazepine use was not associated with partial or total remission. CONCLUSIONS This result questions the population effectiveness of these drugs in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Préville
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec; Researcher, Research Centre, Charles LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, Quebec.
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Tsunoda K, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Watanabe K, Yamashima T, Kashima H. Effects of discontinuing benzodiazepine-derivative hypnotics on postural sway and cognitive functions in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 25:1259-65. [PMID: 20054834 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Benzodiazepines (BZDs) have been reported to cause negative impacts on body stability and cognitive functions, which in turn could result in lethal incidents, including falls, especially in the elderly. This fact notwithstanding, no systematic trial has evaluated the feasibility and benefits of discontinuing BZD-derivative hypnotics in this population, which was addressed in this study. METHODS In this 8-week open-label study, subjects aged ≥ 60 living in a nursing home who received BZD as a hypnotic were recruited. The BZD dose was tapered off over 3 weeks. The following assessments were performed 12 h post-dose at baseline and at endpoint: the Clinical Stabilometric Platform (CSP), the Critical Flicker Fusion Test (CFF), the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ). RESULTS Thirty subjects were enrolled (mean ± SD age = 79.1 ± 8.9 years, mean ± SD flurazepam equivalent BZD dose = 19.5 ± 10.9 mg/day). Psychiatric diagnoses (DSM-IV) of subjects were as follows: schizophrenia (n = 12), primary insomnia (n = 9), dementia (n = 7), and bipolar disorder (n = 2). In 26 completers, significant changes were found in a total length and a range of trunk motion with eyes closed. Significant improvements were also observed in the CFF and RBANS immediate memory, language, and attention index scores. Subjective worsening in sleep was not reported in those completers, assessed with the LSEQ. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that discontinuation of BZD hypnotics is feasible in a majority of elderly persons and leads to an improvement in the stability of body and a recovery in cognitive functions during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsunoda
- Department of Psychiatry, Minamihanno Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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Baldoni ADO, Chequer FMD, Ferraz ERA, Oliveira DPD, Pereira LRL, Dorta DJ. Elderly and drugs: risks and necessity of rational use. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502010000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the world has undergone a demographic transformation with a rapid growth of the elderly population, resulting in an increased demand for funds to maintain their health and drug consumption. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes occurring in the elderly can interfere directly in the adverse effects of drugs and increase the risk of intoxication. In addition, there are external factors interfering with the pharmacotherapy of the elderly, such as inappropriate use and the lack of access to information. Many therapeutic classes of drugs should be used with caution or avoided in the elderly population, such as anti-inflammatory and some anti-hypertensive drugs, diuretics and digitalis. If not managed carefully, these medicines can affect the safety and quality of life in the elderly. Thus, the aim of this review was to identify drugs that should be used with caution in elderly patients in order to avoid intoxication and/or adverse drug events.
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Borisov RS, Polyakov AI, Medvedeva LA, Khrustalev VN, Guranova NI, Voskressensky LG. Concise Approach toward Tetrazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines via a Novel Multicomponent Isocyanide-Based Condensation. Org Lett 2010; 12:3894-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101590w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119991, Russia, N.N. Blohin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 28, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Russian People’s Friendship University, 6, Miklukho-Maklaia Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Anatoliy I. Polyakov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119991, Russia, N.N. Blohin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 28, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Russian People’s Friendship University, 6, Miklukho-Maklaia Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Lidia A. Medvedeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119991, Russia, N.N. Blohin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 28, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Russian People’s Friendship University, 6, Miklukho-Maklaia Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119991, Russia, N.N. Blohin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 28, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Russian People’s Friendship University, 6, Miklukho-Maklaia Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Natalia I. Guranova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119991, Russia, N.N. Blohin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 28, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Russian People’s Friendship University, 6, Miklukho-Maklaia Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, 29, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119991, Russia, N.N. Blohin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 28, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Russian People’s Friendship University, 6, Miklukho-Maklaia Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
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